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2 Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion Faculty Laitos/Institution Department Oikeustieteellinen tiedekunta Yksityisoikeus Tekijä/Författare Author Antti Holopainen Työn nimi / Arbetets titel Title Asiantuntijalausunnon antajan vahingonkorvausvastuu sopimuskumppanille ja kolmannelle Oppiaine /Läroämne Subject Velvoiteoikeus Työn laji/arbetets art Level Pro gradu Aika/Datum Month and year 11/2017 Sivumäärä/ Sidoantal Number of pages 76 Tiivistelmä/Referat Abstract Pro gradu-tutkielmani käsittelee asiantuntijalausunnon antajan vahingonkorvausvastuuta sopimuskumppanille ja kolmannelle. Työn karkea jako on: mikä on asiantuntijalausunto, kuinka vahingonkorvausvastuu syntyy ja millaiseksi vastuu muodostuu eri henkilösuhteissa. Näille kysymyksille on omat päälukunsa. Lopuksi olen selvittänyt kuinka näitä edellä käsiteltyjä vastuuperusteita on käsitelty tapauksessa KKO 2017:15. Asiantuntijalausunto toimeksiantona kuuluu laajempaan asiantuntijapalveluiden alaan. Asiantuntijapalveluista lausunnon kuitenkin erottaa se, että velvollisuus aktiivisesti toimia päämiehen puolesta on nimenomaisesti rajattu toimeksiannosta pois. Näin asiantuntijalausunnon sisällöksi jää ainoastaan informaation välittäminen päämiehelle. Asiantuntijan on kuitenkin myös opastettava päämiestä, jotta toimeksiannon rajaus on tarkoituksenmukainen ja päämies ymmärtää sen sisällön. Vahingonkorvausvastuun osalta aloitan selvittämällä sekä sopimukseen perustuvan, että sopimuksenulkoisen vahingonkorvausvastuun yleiset edellytykset. Sopimuksenulkoisen vastuun osalta päähuomio kiinnittyy puhtaiden varallisuusvahinkojen korvattavuuden edellytyksiin. Oikeuskirjallisuudessa esitettyjä kantoja mukaillen, katson että VahL 5:1 tarkoitetut erityisen painavat syyt voidaan katsoa olevan käsillä, kun ei ole hallitsemattomiin vastuuriskeihin liittyviä syitä rajoittaa puhtaiden varallisuusvahinkojen korvattavuutta. Sopimusperusteisen vastuun osalta kiinnostavaksi muodostuu asiantuntijan mahdollisuus rajoittaa vastuutaan vastuunrajoitusehdoilla, erityisesti jos toimeksiannon sisällöllinen rajaaminen katsotaan vastuunrajoitukseksi. Suoritusvelallisen kvalifioitu tuottamus syrjäyttää vastuunrajoituksen, mutta miten käy toimeksiannon rajauksen? Katson, että tahallisesti aiheutetun vahingon tulisi aina tulla korvattavaksi, mutta törkeäkään huolimattomuus ei nähdäkseni syrjäyttäisi toimeksiannon sisällöllistä rajausta kuin poikkeuksellisesti. Eri henkilötahoihin kohdistuvan vastuun olen jakanut kolmeen tapaustyyppiin, sen perusteella aiheutuuko vahinko: toimeksiantajalle; toimeksiantosuhteen ulkopuoliselle, jonka hyväksi on lausuttu; vai kokonaan ulkopuoliselle kolmannelle henkilölle. Toimeksiantajaan kohdistuvan vastuun yhteydessä olen käsitellyt myös tilannetta, jossa lausunnon antajana on viranomainen, jolloin vastuuasetelmat nähdäkseni ovat muodollisesta eroavaisuudestaan huolimatta lopulta melko samanlaiset. Kolmannen hyväksi annettujen lausuntojen osalta en näe erityisiä ongelmia. Toimeksiantosopimus määrittää kolmannen oikeudet ja vastuunrajoitusten tulisi olla normaalisti käytettävissä. Erityistä huomiota on kuitenkin kiinnitettävä siihen, että lausunnon käyttäjää informoidaan vastuunrajoituksista ja vastaavista ehdoista itse lausuntoon kirjattavin varaumin. Kokonaan ulkopuoliselle kolmannelle aiheutuneiden vahinkojen osalta katson korvattavuuden edellyttävän lausunnon käyttäjän perusteltua luottamusta ja toisaalta lausunnon antajan kannalta vahinkojen ennakoitavuutta. Työn viimeisessä pääluvussa käsittelen tapausta KKO 2017:15, jossa ammattiliitto joutui korvaamaan jäsenilleen aiheutuneen vahingon, joka johtui liiton antamasta tiedotteesta. Alemmat oikeusasteet tuomitsivat korvauksen sopimuksenulkoisena ja erona oikeusasteissa oli lähinnä puhtaan varallisuusvahingon korvattavuuden peruste. Korkein oikeus kuitenkin päätyi soveltamaan sopimusperusteista vastuuta, katsoen että ammattiliiton antama ilmoitus muodosti käytännössä toimeksiantosopimusta vastaavan toimimisvelvollisuuden, jonka laiminlyönnistä seurasi korvausvastuu. Tässä tapauksessa korkeimman oikeuden ratkaisu onkin perusteltu. Jos kuitenkin ilmoituksen sisältö olisi ollut toisenlainen, tilannetta olisi nähdäkseni arvioitava sopimuksenulkoisesti annetun asiantuntijalausunnon aiheuttamana vahinkona. Tähän kuvitteelliseen asetelmaan voidaan soveltaa edellisessä pääluvussa esittämiäni korvausvastuun perusteita, kun vahinko aiheutuu sopimuksen ulkoisesti. Avainsanat Nyckelord Keywords Asiantuntijalausunto, asiantuntijapalvelu, vahingonkorvaus, velvoiteoikeus, sopimusoikeus. Säilytyspaikka Förvaringställe Where deposited Muita tietoja Övriga uppgifter Additional information

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