FSD1195. EU Membership Referendum in Finland Codebook

Transkriptio

1 FSD1195 EU Membership Referendum in Finland 1994 Codebook FINNISH SOCIAL SCIENCE DATA ARCHIVE

2 The bibliographic citation for this codebook: EU Membership Referendum in Finland 1994 [codebook]. Finnish Social Science Data Archive [producer and distributor], This codebook has been generated from the version 2.0 ( ) of the data. Finnish Social Science Data Archive FIN University of Tampere FSD User Services: Aila Data Service Portal: Finnish Social Science Data Archive $ Koodikirjoitin.py :42: $

3 To the reader This codebook is part of the data FSD1195 archived at the FSD (Finnish Social Science Data Archive).The dataset has been described in as much detail as possible in Finnish and English. Variable frequencies, variable and value labels, and missing values have been checked. If necessary, the data have been anonymised. The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication. The bibliographic citation suggested by the archive: Pesonen, Pertti (University of Tampere) & Sänkiaho, Risto (University of Tampere): EU Membership Referendum in Finland 1994 [dataset]. Version 2.0 ( ). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor]. FSD1195 The user shall notify the archive of all publications where she or he has used the data. The original data creators and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretations arising from the reuse of the data. The codebook contains information on data content, structure and data collection, and includes a list of publications wholly or in part based on the data, according to publication information received by the FSD. The second part of the codebook contains information on variables: question texts, response options, and frequencies. The third part contains indexes. Variable distributions presented in this codebook have been generated from the SPSS files. Distribution tables present variable values, frequencies (n), frequency percentages (%), and valid percentages (v. %) which take into account missing data. All distributions are unweighted. If the data contain weight variables, these will be found at the end of the variables list. In some cases frequency distributions have been substituted by descriptive statistics. Categorised responses to open-ended questions are not always included in the codebook. Distributions may contain missing data. The note "System missing (SYSMIS)" refers to missing observations (e.g. a respondent has not answered all questions) whereas "Missing (User missing)" refers to data the user has defined as missing. For example, the user may decide to code answer alternatives don t want to say or can t say as missing data. The codebook may contain attached files, the most common one being the questionnaire.

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5 Contents 1 Study description Titles Subject description Structure and collection of the data Use of data Variables 7 3 Indexes Variables in the order of occurrence Variables in alphabetical order A naire in Finnish 155 B naire in English 183 i

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7 Chapter 1 Study description 1.1 Titles Titles and data version: EU Membership Referendum in Finland 1994 Titles and data version in Finnish: Suomen EU-kansanäänestys 1994 This codebook has been generated from the version 2.0 ( ) of the data. 1.2 Subject description Authoring entity Pesonen, Pertti (University of Tampere) Sänkiaho, Risto (University of Tampere) Copyright statement for the data According to the agreement between FSD and the depositor. Depositor Pesonen, Pertti (University of Tampere) Date of deposit

8 1. Study description Keywords Europe; integration; political action; political behaviour; political participation; referendum; voting; voting behaviour Topic Classification Fields of Science Classification: social sciences CESSDA Classification: international politics and organisations; media; political behaviour and attitudes Series description The data belong to the series: Individual datasets Individual datasets that do not belong to any series. Abstract The survey studied Finnish political participation and attitudes to the EU membership referendum pre- and post-referendum. Other questions examined what respondents thought of referendums on the whole, what were their political leanings and attitudes to different groups (e.g. refugees, police, certain nationalities). Respondents stated their views on e.g. exercising influence by voting, decision-makers attitudes to voters, the need to supervise industry and commerce, immigration, equality between men and women and income disparity. They were asked about maintaining the traditional Finnish values, scaling down the public sector, restricting women s right to abortion and increasing the price of alcoholic beverages. Some questions dealt with the level of confidence in politicians, the position of Finnish parties on the left-right axis and the most important objectives of political activity. The survey queried how often respondents read about political and foreign affairs in the newspaper, watched news or current affairs programmes on the television or listened to Finnish Broadcasting Company s (YLE) radio news. Respondents were asked whether the media had affected their opinion of Finland s EU membership, how important the membership was to them and would they have preferred to leave the decision to the government and parliament. The opinions of the respondents friends and relatives on EU membership were examined. Respondents were asked how interested and how well informed they were of EU issues, what was their stand on Finland s membership and did they intend to vote in the referendum. Respondents views on the consequences of EU membership on various matters, e.g. Finland s environment, economic life, employment, agriculture, social security, equality, military security, national independence and living conditions were also surveyed. The final themes explored 2

9 1.3. Structure and collection of the data opinions about Finland s foreign policy, policy of neutrality, armed defence, armed forces financing and EU s effect on Finland s security situation. Background variables included knowledge of foreign languages, income, education, gender and region of residence. 1.3 Structure and collection of the data Country: Finland Geographic coverage: Finland Analysis or observation unit type: Individual Universe: Finns born before 1976, excluding the Åland Islands Collection date: September 1994 November 1994 Data collector(s): Gallup Finland Data producer(s): University of Tampere Mode of data collection: Face-to-face interview, Telephone interview, Self-administered questionnaire: Paper Type of research instrument: Structured questionnaire Time period covered: 1994 Time method of the data collection: Cross-section Number of variables and cases: The data contain 257 variables and 1559 cases. Sampling procedure: Probability: Multistage The stratified sampling design was three-staged. Firstly the number of subjects required by the survey was divided regionally by province. In the second stage the number of subjects was divided within each province into municipality subgroups, depending on the municipality type. City municipalities were grouped into big and small cities and rural municipalities into three different subgroups based on the occupational structure of the population. The third stage consisted of sampling starting points from the sample municipalities according to their population size. The interviews were conducted with the random-walk method. Six interviews were made starting from the randomly selected starting points. One member corresponding to the age and gender eligibility criteria was chosen for the interview from every sample household persons were interviewed. Nine interviews were excluded because the respondent did not have the right to vote, so the data contain 1559 subjects. Of these 1316 participated in the post-referendum survey, which was conducted over the telephone or in some cases by mailed questionnaire. 1.4 Use of data Data appraisal The data contain both pre-referendum questions (q1-q97) and post-referendum questions (p1- p22). The variables connected to open-ended questions are excluded: respondent s occupation 3

10 1. Study description (q3, q4), spouse s occupation (q8), which newspapers the respondent reads (q40), reasons for opposing or supporting EU membership (q59), reasons why Finland should join or not join the EU (q61a, q61b, q62a, q62b), best debaters on television (p2), most convincing public figures (p4), main reasons for voting for or against the EU (p9, p10) and the reason for not voting at all (p12). Related publications Becker, Julia: The Permanent Blues? Comparing Participation and Vote Choice in EU Referendums between 1972 and Master thesis, University of Konstanz Borg, Sami (2006). Käsitykset kansalaisuudesta ja omista vaikuttamismahdollisuuksista. Teoksessa: Suomen demokratiaindikaattorit (toim. Sami Borg), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 2006:1. Kaczmarek, Krzysztof (2017). The Process of Europeanization of Finland With a Particular Purpose of Lapland. Politiikantutkimuksen väitöskirja. Moen, Kathrine L. & Øyangen, Irene & Jenssen, Anders Todal (1996). The 1994 Nordic EU Referendums Study: Study description and codebook. Trondheim: Norwegian University of Science and Technology: Department of Sociology and Political Science. ISS-Rapport; 44. Paloheimo, Heikki (2006). Asenteet poliittisia instituutioita ja toimijoita kohtaan. Teoksessa: Suomen demokratiaindikaattorit (toim. Sami Borg), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 2006:1. Rapeli, Lauri (2010). Politiikkatietämyksen ajallinen vaihtelu Suomessa. Politiikka, 52(2), Rapeli, Lauri & Borg, Sami (2016). Kiinnostavaa mutta monimutkaista. Tiedot, osallistuminen ja suhtautuminen vaikuttamiseen. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Suomen demokratiaindikaattorit (2006). Toim. Sami Borg. Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 2006:1. Suomen EU-kansanäänestys 1994: raportti äänestäjien kannanotoista (1994). Toim. Pesonen, Pertti. Helsinki: Ulkoasiainministeriö, eurooppatiedotus. To join or not to join: three Nordic referendums on membership in the European Union (1998). Toim. Anders Todal Jenssen & Pertti Pesonen & Mikael Gilljam. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Valentini, Chiara (2008). Promoting the European Union. Comparative analysis of EU communication strategies in Finland and in Italy. Germany, Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Muller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. Valentini, Chiara (2008). Promoting the European Union. Comparative analysis of EU communication strategies in Finland and in Italy. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä. Jyväskylä University Printing House. Updated list of publications in the study description at 4

11 1.4. Use of data Location of the data collection Finnish Social Science Data Archive Weighting There are no weight variables in the data. Restrictions The dataset is (B) available for research, teaching and study. 5

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13 Chapter 2 Variables [FSD_NO] FSD study number FSD study number Descriptive statistics statistic value number of valid cases 1559 minimum maximum mean standard deviation 0.00 [FSD_VR] FSD edition number FSD edition number Descriptive statistics statistic value number of valid cases 1559 minimum 2.00 maximum 2.00 mean 2.00 standard deviation

14 2. Variables [FSD_ID] FSD case id FSD case id Descriptive statistics statistic value number of valid cases 1559 minimum 1.00 maximum mean standard deviation [Q1] Which alternative on this card offers best describes your current main activity? Which alternative on this card offers best describes your current main activity? Employee Farmer, self-employed, entrepreneur Unemployed In military service Student On old age pension On early retirement Homemaker Something else Can t say [Q2] How many employees do you have? How many employees do you have? 8

15 Q6 No employees employees employees or more Irrelevant Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q5] In which branch do you/did you work? In which branch do you/did you work? Agriculture, forestry, fishing Industry, handicraft, mining Construction Commerce Banking, insurance and real estate Private services (hotels, restaurants, hairdressers) Transportation, mail and telecommunication Municipal and state administration Teaching and research Public services (police, defence, health care, church) Other branch Irrelevant/not in employment Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q6] Which of the alternatives in this card best describes your present or last employer? Which of the alternatives in this card best describes your present or last employer? 9

16 2. Variables The state Municipality, federation of municipalities, parish State-owned company Private manufacturing company Private service company Other private enterprise Own farm Own business Something else Is not/not in employment Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q7] Respondent s marital status Respondent s marital status Married Cohabiting Single Widowed Divorced System missing (SYSMIS) [Q9] Are you a member of any trade union, professional association or employer organization? Are you a member of any trade union, professional association or employer organization? 10

17 Q11_1 SAK Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions AKAVA Confederation of Unions for Academic Professionals STTK Finnish Confederation of Salaried Employees MTK Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners SYKL Confederation of Finnish Entrepreneurs Other organization, which? Not a member Can t say [Q10] (IF A MEMBER) Do you participate actively or are you only a member? (IF A MEMBER) Do you participate actively or are you only a member? Active member Non-active member Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q11_1] Which non-governmental/voluntary organizations do you belong to: Political party organization Which non-governmental/voluntary organizations do you belong to: Political party organization Not a member Non-active member (continued on next page) 11

18 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Active member Can t say [Q11_2] Which non-governmental/voluntary organizations do you belong to: Religious organization Which non-governmental/voluntary organizations do you belong to: Religious organization Not a member Non-active member Active member Can t say [Q11_3] Which non-governmental/voluntary organizations do you belong to: Sports club Which non-governmental/voluntary organizations do you belong to: Sports club Not a member Non-active member Active member Can t say

19 Q11_6 [Q11_4] Which non-governmental/voluntary organizations do you belong to: Women s organization Which non-governmental/voluntary organizations do you belong to: Women s organization Not a member Non-active member Active member Can t say [Q11_5] Which non-governmental/voluntary organizations do you belong to: Charity organization Which non-governmental/voluntary organizations do you belong to: Charity organization Not a member Non-active member Active member Can t say [Q11_6] Which non-governmental/voluntary organizations do you belong to: Veteran and reservist organization Which non-governmental/voluntary organizations do you belong to: Veteran and reservist organization 13

20 2. Variables Not a member Non-active member Active member Can t say [Q11_7] Which non-governmental/voluntary organizations do you belong to: Song, music, or other cultural organization Which non-governmental/voluntary organizations do you belong to: Song, music, or other cultural organization Not a member Non-active member Active member Can t say [Q12_1] Are there other non-governmental/voluntary organizations, in which you are an active/non-active member: No Are there other non-governmental/voluntary organizations, in which you are an active/nonactive member: No Not mentioned Mentioned

21 Q12_4 [Q12_2] Are there other non-governmental/voluntary organizations, in which you are an active/non-active member: Yes, other organizations in which a non-active member Are there other non-governmental/voluntary organizations, in which you are an active/nonactive member: Yes, other organizations in which a non-active member Not mentioned Mentioned [Q12_3] Are there other non-governmental/voluntary organizations in which you are an active/non-active member: Yes, other organizations in which an active member Are there other non-governmental/voluntary organizations in which you are an active/nonactive member: Yes, other organizations in which an active member Not mentioned Mentioned [Q12_4] Are there other non-governmental/voluntary organizations, in which you are an active/non-active member: Can t say Are there other non-governmental/voluntary organizations, in which you are an active/nonactive member: Can t say 15

22 2. Variables Not mentioned Mentioned [Q13] How interested are you in politics? How interested are you in politics? Very interested Rather interested Not very interested Not at all interested Can t say [Q14] When discussing politics with people who disagree with you, have you tried to make them agree with you? When discussing politics with people who disagree with you, have you tried to make them agree with you? Often Sometimes Never Can t say

23 Q15_3 [Q15_1] Have you during the past four years done the following, and if not, would you do so if the matter was important: Signed a petition or equivalent? Have you during the past four years done the following, and if not, would you do so if the matter was important: Signed a petition or equivalent? Have done Could do Would not do Can t say [Q15_2] Have you during the past four years done the following, and if not, would you do so if the matter was important: Participated in a demonstration? Have you during the past four years done the following, and if not, would you do so if the matter was important: Participated in a demonstration? Have done Could do Would not do Can t say [Q15_3] Have you during the past four years done the following, and if not, would you do so if the matter was important: Written about politics in a newspaper? Have you during the past four years done the following, and if not, would you do so if the matter was important: Written about politics in a newspaper? 17

24 2. Variables Have done Could do Would not do Can t say [Q15_4] Have you during the past four years done the following, and if not, would you do so if the matter was important: Contacted a MP, municipal councillor or other politician? Have you during the past four years done the following, and if not, would you do so if the matter was important: Contacted a MP, municipal councillor or other politician? Have done Could do Would not do Can t say [Q15_5] Have you during the past four years done the following, and if not, would you do so if the matter was important: Worn a political button? Have you during the past four years done the following, and if not, would you do so if the matter was important: Worn a political button? Have done Could do Would not do (continued on next page) 18

25 Q16 (cont. from previous page) Can t say [Q15_6] Have you during the past four years done the following, and if not, would you do so if the matter was important: Attended a political meeting or event? Have you during the past four years done the following, and if not, would you do so if the matter was important: Attended a political meeting or event? Have done Could do Would not do Can t say [Q16] Do you generally think yourself as a supporter of a particular political party? Do you generally think yourself as a supporter of a particular political party? Yes No Can t say System missing (SYSMIS)

26 2. Variables [Q17] What party do you support? What party do you support? Centre Party (KESK) Social Democratic Party (SDP) National Coalition Party (KOK) Left Alliance (VAS) Green League (VIHR) Swedish People s Party (RKP) Finnish Rural Party (SMP) Christian League (SKL) Liberal Party (LKP) Other party Refused to say Irrelevant System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_1] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: The Church On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: The Church -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (continued on next page) 20

27 Q18_3 (cont. from previous page) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_2] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Parliament On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Parliament -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_3] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is attitude towards: Small entrepreneurs On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is attitude towards: Small entrepreneurs 21

28 2. Variables -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say [Q18_4] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Refugees On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Refugees -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS)

29 Q18_6 [Q18_5] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Feminist movement On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Feminist movement -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_6] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: The police On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: The police -5 (very negative) (continued on next page) 23

30 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) 0 (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_7] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Gypsies On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Gypsies -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS)

31 Q18_9 [Q18_8] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Citizen movements for the EU membership On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Citizen movements for the EU membership -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_9] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Citizen movements against the EU membership On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Citizen movements against the EU membership -5 (very negative) (continued on next page) 25

32 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) 0 (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_10] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Centre Party On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Centre Party -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS)

33 Q18_12 [Q18_11] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Social Democratic Party of Finland On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Social Democratic Party of Finland -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_12] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: National Coalition Party On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: National Coalition Party -5 (very negative) (continued on next page) 27

34 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) 0 (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_13] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Left Alliance On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Left Alliance -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS)

35 Q18_15 [Q18_14] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Green League On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Green League -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_15] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Swedish People s Party On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Swedish People s Party -5 (very negative) (continued on next page) 29

36 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) 0 (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_16] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Finnish Rural Party On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Finnish Rural Party -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS)

37 Q18_18 [Q18_17] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Christian League of Finland On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Christian League of Finland -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_18] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Liberal Party On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Liberal Party -5 (very negative) (continued on next page) 31

38 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) 0 (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_19] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions (SAK) On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions (SAK) -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS)

39 Q18_21 [Q18_20] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Central Organization of Industry and Employers On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Central Organization of Industry and Employers -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_21] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (MTK) On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (MTK) -5 (very negative) (continued on next page) 33

40 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_22] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Norwegians On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Norwegians -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS)

41 Q18_24 [Q18_23] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Swedes On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Swedes -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_24] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Germans On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Germans -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (continued on next page) 35

42 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_25] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Frenchmen On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Frenchmen -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_26] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Estonians On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Estonians 36

43 Q18_27-5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_27] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Poles On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Poles -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS)

44 2. Variables [Q18_28] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Russians On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Russians -5 (very negative) (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q18_29] On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Americans On a scale of from -5 (very negative) to +5 (very positive), what is your attitude towards: Americans -5 (very negative) (continued on next page) 38

45 Q19_2 (cont. from previous page) 0 (neither negative nor positive) (very positive) Can t say System missing (SYSMIS) [Q19_1] Those who sit in Parliament making decisions don t much care what ordinary people think Those who sit in Parliament making decisions don t much care what ordinary people think Strongly agree Agree to some extent Disagree to some extent Strongly disagree Both agree and disagree Can t say [Q19_2] Political parties are only intrested in people s votes, not in their opinions Political parties are only intrested in people s votes, not in their opinions Strongly agree (continued on next page) 39

46 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Agree to some extent Disagree to some extent Strongly disagree Both agree and disagree Can t say [Q19_3] By voting people can really have a say about how things are run in this country By voting people can really have a say about how things are run in this country Strongly agree Agree to some extent Disagree to some extent Strongly disagree Both agree and disagree Can t say [Q19_4] In Finland s present economic situation we must know how to cut down environmental demands In Finland s present economic situation we must know how to cut down environmental demands Strongly agree Agree to some extent Disagree to some extent Strongly disagree (continued on next page) 40

47 Q19_6 (cont. from previous page) Both agree and disagree Can t say [Q19_5] Society needs to control business so that banks and industry do not become too influential Society needs to control business so that banks and industry do not become too influential Strongly agree Agree to some extent Disagree to some extent Strongly disagree Both agree and disagree Can t say [Q19_6] People like me can vote but that is the only way we can have any say about politics People like me can vote but that is the only way we can have any say about politics Strongly agree Agree to some extent Disagree to some extent Strongly disagree Both agree and disagree Can t say

48 2. Variables [Q19_7] Finland s national identity is seriously threatened by immigration Finland s national identity is seriously threatened by immigration Strongly agree Agree to some extent Disagree to some extent Strongly disagree Both agree and disagree Can t say [Q19_8] Finnish culture compares favorably with the culture of other countries Finnish culture compares favorably with the culture of other countries Strongly agree Agree to some extent Disagree to some extent Strongly disagree Both agree and disagree Can t say [Q19_9] Sometimes politics seems so complicated that I cannot quite understand what is going on Sometimes politics seems so complicated that I cannot quite understand what is going on 42

49 Q19_11 Strongly agree Agree to some extent Disagree to some extent Strongly disagree Both agree and disagree Can t say [Q19_10] In this country, real power is not in the hands of the Government and Parliament but somewhere else In this country, real power is not in the hands of the Government and Parliament but somewhere else Strongly agree Agree to some extent Disagree to some extent Strongly disagree Both agree and disagree Can t say [Q19_11] In order to enhance people s own initiative and enterprise we have to accept widening income differences In order to enhance people s own initiative and enterprise we have to accept widening income differences Strongly agree Agree to some extent Disagree to some extent (continued on next page) 43

50 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Strongly disagree Both agree and disagree Can t say [Q19_12] Those elected to Parliament soon lose touch with voters Those elected to Parliament soon lose touch with voters Strongly agree Agree to some extent Disagree to some extent Strongly disagree Both agree and disagree Can t say [Q19_13] When times are hard, the most important thing is to take care of employment of the Finns When times are hard, the most important thing is to take care of employment of the Finns Strongly agree Agree to some extent Disagree to some extent Strongly disagree Both agree and disagree Can t say

51 Q21_1 [Q19_14] Whether Finland acts wisely or wrongly I shall always support my country Whether Finland acts wisely or wrongly I shall always support my country Strongly agree Agree to some extent Disagree to some extent Strongly disagree Both agree and disagree Can t say [Q20] Equality between men and women has been highlighted in the past few years. What is your opinion on the issue, should equality be developed further or has it gone too far? Equality between men and women has been highlighted in the past few years. What is your opinion on the issue, should equality be developed further or has it gone too far? Must be developed further Has been developed far enough Has gone too far No opinion Can t say [Q21_1] What do you think of the following suggestions: We must create a society which safeguards traditional Finnish values What do you think of the following suggestions: We must create a society which safeguards traditional Finnish values 45

52 2. Variables Very good Rather good Neither good nor bad Rather bad Very bad Can t say [Q21_2] What do you think of the following suggestions: We must cut down the public sector What do you think of the following suggestions: We must cut down the public sector Very good Rather good Neither good nor bad Rather bad Very bad Can t say [Q21_3] What do you think of the following suggestions: We must promote an environmentally friendly society even if it means slow or no economic growth What do you think of the following suggestions: We must promote an environmentally friendly society even if it means slow or no economic growth (continued on next page) 46

53 Q21_5 (cont. from previous page) Very good Rather good Neither good nor bad Rather bad Very bad Can t say [Q21_4] What do you think of the following suggestions: Right to free abortion must be restricted What do you think of the following suggestions: Right to free abortion must be restricted Very good Rather good Neither good nor bad Rather bad Very bad Can t say [Q21_5] What do you think of the following suggestions: We must raise the price of alcohol considerably to decrease alcohol misuse and damages caused by it What do you think of the following suggestions: We must raise the price of alcohol considerably to decrease alcohol misuse and damages caused by it 47

54 2. Variables Very good Rather good Neither good nor bad Rather bad Very bad Can t say [Q21_6] What do you think of the following suggestions: We must create a society which has rapid economic growth and high productivity What do you think of the following suggestions: We must create a society which has rapid economic growth and high productivity Very good Rather good Neither good nor bad Rather bad Very bad Can t say [Q21_7] What do you think of the following suggestions: We must reduce aid given to developing countries What do you think of the following suggestions: We must reduce aid given to developing countries Very good Rather good Neither good nor bad (continued on next page) 48

55 Q22 (cont. from previous page) Rather bad Very bad Can t say [Q21_8] What do you think of the following suggestions: We must work toward a multi-cultural society in which people from other countries and people with different religions and other life styles are well tolerated What do you think of the following suggestions: We must work toward a multi-cultural society in which people from other countries and people with different religions and other life styles are well tolerated Very good Rather good Neither good nor bad Rather bad Very bad Can t say [Q22] In general, how much do you trust Finnish politicians? In general, how much do you trust Finnish politicians? Very much Quite a lot Not very much Not at all (continued on next page) 49

56 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Can t say [Q23A_1] Where would you place this political party on a scale from left to right: Centre Party Where would you place this political party on a scale from left to right: Centre Party Left Neither lef nor right Right Can t say [Q23A_2] Where would you place this political party on a scale from left to right: Social Democratic Party Where would you place this political party on a scale from left to right: Social Democratic Party Left (continued on next page) 50

57 Q23A_3 (cont. from previous page) Neither lef nor right Right Can t say [Q23A_3] Where would you place this political party on a scale from left to right: National Coalition Party Where would you place this political party on a scale from left to right: National Coalition Party Left Neither lef nor right Right Can t say