FSD2720. Finnish EU Attitudes Codebook

Transkriptio

1 FSD2720 Finnish EU Attitudes 2012 Codebook FINNISH SOCIAL SCIENCE DATA ARCHIVE

2 c Finnish Social Science Data Archive, 2012 The bibliographic citation for this codebook: Finnish EU Attitudes 2012 [codebook]. Tampere: Finnish Social Science Data Archive [producer and distributor], This codebook has been generated from the version 1.0 ( ) of the data. Detailed and specific data description in Finnish and English. Variable frequencies, filter variables, variable and value labels, and missing values are checked. If necessary, the data are anonymised. FSD Finnish Social Science Data Archive FIN UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE tel fax fsd@uta.fi URI: Typeset by L A TEX $ Koodikirjoitin.py :11: $

3 To the reader This codebook is part of the data FSD2720 archived at the FSD (Finnish Social Science Data Archive). The source must be acknowledged in any publication based wholly or in part on the data. The bibliographic citation may be in the form required by the publication, or in the form suggested by the archive. The bibliographic citation suggested by the archive: Finnish EU Attitudes 2012 [computer file]. FSD2720, version 1.0 ( ). Helsinki: Taloustutkimus [data collection], Helsinki: Finnish Business and Policy Forum (EVA) [producer], 2012.Tampere: Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor], The depositor and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretations arising from the secondary use of the data. The archive must be informed of all publications where the data have been used. The beginning of the codebook contains information on data content, structure and collection, and includes a list of publications where the data have been used. The second part of the codebook contains information on variables: question texts, response options, and frequencies. The third part contains indexes. Variable distributions presented in this codebook have been generated from the SPSS files. Distribution tables present variable values, frequencies (n), frequency percents (%), and valid percents (v. %) which take into account missing data. All distributions are unweighted. If the data contain weight variables, these will be found at the end of the variables list. In some cases frequency distributions have been substituted by descriptive statistics. Distributions may contain missing data. The note "System missing (SYSMIS)" refers to missing observations (e.g. a respondent has not answered all questions) whereas "Missing (User missing)" refers to data the user has defined as missing. For example, the user may decide to code answer alternatives don t want to say or can t say ) as missing data. This codebook has been produced automatically with Python, L A TEXand dvipdfm software. Source files include data description files in DDI format, and SPSS files.

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5 Contents 1 Study description Titles Subject description Structure and collection of the data Use of data Variables 5 3 Indexes Variables in the order of occurrence Variables in alphabetical order A naire in Finnish 69 i

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7 Chapter 1 Study description 1.1 Titles Title of the study: Finnish EU Attitudes 2012 Title of the study in Finnish: EVAn EU-asennetutkimus 2012 This codebook has been generated from the version 1.0 ( ) of the data. Detailed and specific data description in Finnish and English. Variable frequencies, filter variables, variable and value labels, and missing values are checked. If necessary, the data are anonymised. 1.2 Subject description Extent of collection Data: SPSS portable file. Data available also in other file formats. Other material naire: pdf file in Finnish Authoring entity Finnish Business and Policy Forum (EVA) Yhdyskuntatutkimus Copyright statement for the data According to the agreement between FSD and the depositor. 1

8 1. Study description Depositor Haavisto, Ilkka (Finnish Business and Policy Forum (EVA)) Date of deposit Keywords defence and state security policy; economic integration; European economic and monetary union; European integration; European Union; NATO; political awareness; single European currency Topic Classification Classification by FSD vocabulary: international politics; political studies Classification by CESSDA vocabulary: government, political systems and organisations; international politics and organisations; mass political behaviour, attitudes/opinion Series description The data belong to the series: Finnish EU Attitudes The research series, launched by the Finnish Business and Policy Forum (EVA) in 1992, studies Finnish public opinion on EU integration. Views are probed on Finland s EU membership, the future and enlargement of the EU, European economic and fiscal policy, EMU, the European Parliament, Finnish security policy, EU subsidies and European integration as a whole. In addition, the surveys canvass citizen satisfaction with the availability of EU-related information, as well as with the way the Finnish Government and Parliament have handled EU issues. Starting from 2001, the surveys also cover opinions on international issues in general. Background information includes age, gender, education, economic activity, occupational group and trade union membership. Respondents have been asked which party they would vote for if the parliamentary elections were held at the time of the study. Data are collected once a year, although for the first three years, the surveys were conducted twice a year. The surveys are commissioned by EVA, and usually carried out by Yhdyskuntatutkimus. Abstract The survey charted Finnish public opinion on the country s European Union membership, potential NATO membership, defense policy, relations with other countries, EU decision-making, European integration, and the financial and economic crisis. 2

9 1.3. Structure and collection of the data First, the respondents were asked how interested they were in matters related to the EU and Finnish EU membership, and how well informed they were of these issue. The survey carried a large number of statements relating to the EU membership, decision-making in the EU, Finland s role and policy in the EU, European integration and defence policy, European Monetary Union (EMU), the financial and economic crisis and Finnish policies on the issue. Other statements related to environmental policy, climate change, Finland s foreign policy, potential NATO membership, cooperation with other Nordic countries, relations with Russia, immigration and its effects, and national and European identity. The respondents were asked to what extent they agreed with these statements. The respondents were asked how likely and how desirable certain scenarios were in the EU, for instance, that the EU would disintegrate or the weakest countries would leave the eurozone. Views were probed on the impact of the single currency. One question focused on perceptions of the EU ( democratic, bureaucratic etc). Opinions were charted on Finland s EU membership, transfer to the single currency and bailout policy to aid EU countries in financial difficulties. The respondents were also asked whether the euro and EMU membership benefited or harmed Finland at the time of the financial crisis and whether their attitude towards the EU membership had become more critical or favourable. Background variables included the respondent s gender, age, basic and vocational education, economic activity and occupational status, industry of employment, region of residence (NUTS), type of neighbourhood, membership in a federation of trade unions, self-perceived social class, and the candidate of which party R would vote for if parliamentary elections were held at that moment. 1.3 Structure and collection of the data Country: Finland Geographic coverage: Finland Unit of analysis: Individual Universe: People aged living in Finland, excluding the Åland Islands Collection date: Data collector: Taloustutkimus Data producer: Finnish Business and Policy Forum (EVA) Mode of data collection: Internet survey Type of research instrument: Structured questionnaire Time period covered: 2012 Time method of the data collection: Longitudinal: Trend/Repeated cross-section Response rate: 30% Number of variables and cases: The data contain 118 variables and 1271 cases. Sampling procedure: The original Internet panel sample of Taloustutkimus, randomly drawn from Finland s population register, consisted of people aged who had entered their demographic and sociographic information when registering to the panel and had given their 3

10 1. Study description consent to Taloustutkimus to invite them to participate in different surveys. Answering any survey was voluntary. The sample in this study was formed from the Internet panel of Taloustutkimus, to be representative of people aged living in Finland in terms of age, gender, region of residence, education and occupation/occupational status. The sampled persons received an inviting them to participate. Two reminder s were sent to non-respondents. Four days before the end of data collection, an additional sample (correcting the sample of respondents so far) was formed and s sent to persons sampled at that stage. Altogether, there were 1,271 respondents. 1.4 Use of data Related publications Haavisto, Ilkka (2012). EU vai ei? EVAn arvo- ja asennetutkimus 2012 [verkkodokumentti]. Helsinki: Taloustieto. [viitattu ]. Updated list of publications in the study description at Location of the data collection Finnish Social Science Data Archive Weighting The data contain two weights, paino_1 and paino_2. The weight variables have been calculated based on the following: gender, age, region of residence, education, occupational group and which party R would vote for if parliamentary elections were held at that point. Paino_1 calculates the population estimates based on the actual numbers and paino_2 rounds the estimates to the nearest thousand (.000). There is also a third variable paino_3 which weights the sample to the population distribution but does not give estimates. Restrictions Access to the data granted for scientific and teaching purposes. FSD s access application procedure. 4

11 Chapter 2 Variables [FSD_NO] FSD study number FSD study number Descriptive statistics statistic value number of valid cases 1271 minimum maximum mean standard deviation 0.00 [FSD_VR] FSD edition number FSD edition number Descriptive statistics statistic value number of valid cases 1271 minimum 1.00 maximum 1.00 mean 1.00 standard deviation

12 2. Variables [FSD_PRO] FSD processing level FSD processing level A (see codebook) 1 B (see codebook) C (dataset has not been checked at FSD) [FSD_ID] FSD case id FSD case id Descriptive statistics statistic value number of valid cases 1271 minimum 1.00 maximum mean standard deviation [SAM_NO] Original case id Original case id Descriptive statistics statistic value number of valid cases 1271 minimum maximum (continued on next page) 6

13 Q3_A (cont. from previous page) statistic value mean standard deviation [Q1] At the moment, how interested are you in issues relating to Finland s EU membership? At the moment, how interested are you in issues relating to Finland s EU membership? Very interested, follow actively Fairly interested, follow to some extent Not very interested, do not follow much Not at all interested, do not follow at all Cannot say [Q2] How well informed do you feel you are of these issues? How well informed do you feel you are of these issues? Very well informed Fairly well informed Not very well informed Not at all informed Cannot say [Q3_A] Finland has been able to influence decision-making in the EU Finland has been able to influence decision-making in the EU 7

14 2. Variables Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3_B] The EU should have a common foreign policy in order to have credibility in international politics The EU should have a common foreign policy in order to have credibility in international politics Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3_C] Although the EU has its problems, it is nevertheless the only power that can lead and control Europe s development Although the EU has its problems, it is nevertheless the only power that can lead and control Europe s development Strongly agree Agree (continued on next page) 8

15 Q3_E (cont. from previous page) Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3_D] EU decision-making should be based more on majority voting and the veto powers of individual member states should be limited EU decision-making should be based more on majority voting and the veto powers of individual member states should be limited Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3_E] Climate change is the greatest environmental threat of our time and in order to prevent it, every country must take immediate and effective measures Climate change is the greatest environmental threat of our time and in order to prevent it, every country must take immediate and effective measures Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree (continued on next page) 9

16 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Strongly disagree [Q3_F] Being a small country, Finland should be much more actively involved in EU policy-making to really be able to influence the Union s decisions Being a small country, Finland should be much more actively involved in EU policy-making to really be able to influence the Union s decisions Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3_G] The EU should have a common defence The EU should have a common defence Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree

17 Q3_J [Q3_H] I am satisfied with the actions of our current government in EU issues I am satisfied with the actions of our current government in EU issues Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3_I] The EU member states should be able to influence the policy of the European Central Bank The EU member states should be able to influence the policy of the European Central Bank Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3_J] Joining EMU (Economic and Monetary Union) was the right decision for Finland Joining EMU (Economic and Monetary Union) was the right decision for Finland 11

18 2. Variables Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3_K] Finland should be more active in looking out for its own national interests in the EU Finland should be more active in looking out for its own national interests in the EU Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3B_A] Finland has been able to retain its national identity even as an EU member Finland has been able to retain its national identity even as an EU member Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree

19 Q3B_D [Q3B_B] EU membership obliges Finns to comply with many norms and regulations which we neither want nor need EU membership obliges Finns to comply with many norms and regulations which we neither want nor need Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3B_C] Finland should leave the EU altogether Finland should leave the EU altogether Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3B_D] The EU must be the leading actor in international environmental policy The EU must be the leading actor in international environmental policy 13

20 2. Variables Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3B_E] International environmental agreements and regulations threaten Finland s competitiveness International environmental agreements and regulations threaten Finland s competitiveness Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3B_F] Swedes were wise to vote no to the Euro and EMU Swedes were wise to vote no to the Euro and EMU Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree

21 Q3B_I [Q3B_G] In the future, the EU will become a tight federation where nation states no longer have any significance In the future, the EU will become a tight federation where nation states no longer have any significance Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3B_H] The actions and policies of the United States in international politics are legitimate and deserve the support of Finns The actions and policies of the United States in international politics are legitimate and deserve the support of Finns Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3B_I] Within the EU, there is a continuous shift in the balance of power towards the large member states Within the EU, there is a continuous shift in the balance of power towards the large member states 15

22 2. Variables Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3B_J] Finnish decision-makers focus too much on international issues, forgetting domestic problems Finnish decision-makers focus too much on international issues, forgetting domestic problems Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3B_K] Finland has the moral responsibility to be in the vanguard of tackling the climate change Finland has the moral responsibility to be in the vanguard of tackling the climate change Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree (continued on next page) 16

23 Q3C_C (cont. from previous page) [Q3C_A] Finland should join NATO Finland should join NATO Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3C_B] Even though Finland is part of the EU, Nordic cooperation is still very important to us Even though Finland is part of the EU, Nordic cooperation is still very important to us Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3C_C] Increasing immigration to Finland brings us useful international influences Increasing immigration to Finland brings us useful international influences 17

24 2. Variables Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3C_D] Even though Russia has its own problems, Finns have nowadays no reason to have a negative attitude towards our large neighbour Even though Russia has its own problems, Finns have nowadays no reason to have a negative attitude towards our large neighbour Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3C_E] The fact that our population is ageing and diminishing requires that Finland make immigration easier The fact that our population is ageing and diminishing requires that Finland make immigration easier Strongly agree Agree (continued on next page) 18

25 Q3C_G (cont. from previous page) Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3C_F] In all circumstances, Finland has to be capable of taking care of its own security, others cannot help us In all circumstances, Finland has to be capable of taking care of its own security, others cannot help us Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3C_G] The Finnish media is not objective in EU membership matters and restricts publication of anti-eu material The Finnish media is not objective in EU membership matters and restricts publication of anti- EU material Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree (continued on next page) 19

26 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) [Q3C_H] Finland s EU membership opened up our borders, which has weakened our moral backbone Finland s EU membership opened up our borders, which has weakened our moral backbone Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3C_I] Finns should effectively protect their unique culture from the everincreasing internationalisation Finns should effectively protect their unique culture from the ever-increasing internationalisation Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree

27 Q3D_A [Q3C_J] Nowadays I feel that I am not only Finnish, but increasingly also European Nowadays I feel that I am not only Finnish, but increasingly also European Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3C_K] The wariness Finnish people show towards foreigners is wise guardedness, not ignorance or racism The wariness Finnish people show towards foreigners is wise guardedness, not ignorance or racism Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3D_A] Finland should be pursuing its own interests in the EU even if it means paralyzing the decision-making abilities of the EU or the euro area Finland should be pursuing its own interests in the EU even if it means paralyzing the decisionmaking abilities of the EU or the euro area 21

28 2. Variables Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3D_B] Euro countries should not be saddled with the responsibility of individual member countries economic problems Euro countries should not be saddled with the responsibility of individual member countries economic problems Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3D_C] Europe can only prosper in the future by continuing to deepen its integration Europe can only prosper in the future by continuing to deepen its integration Strongly agree Agree Hard to say (continued on next page) 22

29 Q3D_E (cont. from previous page) Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3D_D] The real problem of Europe is the lack of economic growth and enterprise The real problem of Europe is the lack of economic growth and enterprise Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3D_E] The problems of Europe cannot be solved through increased integration, because its current problems are caused by excessive integration The problems of Europe cannot be solved through increased integration, because its current problems are caused by excessive integration Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree

30 2. Variables [Q3D_F] The current discussion on the EU is characterised by populism and hindsight The current discussion on the EU is characterised by populism and hindsight Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3D_G] In the current situation, there is a risk that Finland turns inwards and is left out of international development In the current situation, there is a risk that Finland turns inwards and is left out of international development Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3D_H] I would support Finland s membership in NATO if our country s top government leaders supported it I would support Finland s membership in NATO if our country s top government leaders supported it 24

31 Q3D_J Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3D_I] To ensure compliance with common rules, euro countries should give the EU the right to audit their national budgets To ensure compliance with common rules, euro countries should give the EU the right to audit their national budgets Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3D_J] Returning to the Finnish mark as a result of the euro crisis would be unfortunate for ordinary consumers and people with debts Returning to the Finnish mark as a result of the euro crisis would be unfortunate for ordinary consumers and people with debts Strongly agree Agree (continued on next page) 25

32 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q3D_K] The lack of decision-making ability is one of the biggest problems facing the EU The lack of decision-making ability is one of the biggest problems facing the EU Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q4A_A] What is the likelihood of the following happening in the next 10 years: The EU will be dissolved What is the likelihood of the following happening in the next 10 years: The EU will be dissolved Very likely Fairly likely Hard to say Not very likely Not at all likely

33 Q4A_D [Q4A_B] What is the likelihood of the following happening in the next 10 years: The euro will be abolished and national currencies reintroduced What is the likelihood of the following happening in the next 10 years: The euro will be abolished and national currencies reintroduced Very likely Fairly likely Hard to say Not very likely Not at all likely [Q4A_C] What is the likelihood of the following happening in the next 10 years: All member states will change over to the euro What is the likelihood of the following happening in the next 10 years: All member states will change over to the euro Very likely Fairly likely Hard to say Not very likely Not at all likely [Q4A_D] What is the likelihood of the following happening in the next 10 years: Finland will give up the euro What is the likelihood of the following happening in the next 10 years: Finland will give up the euro 27

34 2. Variables Very likely Fairly likely Hard to say Not very likely Not at all likely [Q4A_E] What is the likelihood of the following happening in the next 10 years: The EU will become a federation What is the likelihood of the following happening in the next 10 years: The EU will become a federation Very likely Fairly likely Hard to say Not very likely Not at all likely [Q4A_F] What is the likelihood of the following happening in the next 10 years: Finland will leave the EU What is the likelihood of the following happening in the next 10 years: Finland will leave the EU Very likely Fairly likely (continued on next page) 28

35 Q4A_H (cont. from previous page) Hard to say Not very likely Not at all likely [Q4A_G] What is the likelihood of the following happening in the next 10 years: The weakest euro countries leave the Monetary Union What is the likelihood of the following happening in the next 10 years: The weakest euro countries leave the Monetary Union Very likely Fairly likely Hard to say Not very likely Not at all likely [Q4A_H] What is the likelihood of the following happening in the next 10 years: The strongest euro countries leave the Monetary Union What is the likelihood of the following happening in the next 10 years: The strongest euro countries leave the Monetary Union Very likely Fairly likely Hard to say Not very likely Not at all likely (continued on next page) 29

36 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) [Q4B_A] How desirable do you consider that: The EU will dissolve How desirable do you consider that: The EU will dissolve Very desirable Fairly desirable Hard to say Not very desirable Not at all desirable [Q4B_B] How desirable do you consider that: The euro will be abolished and national currencies reintroduced How desirable do you consider that: The euro will be abolished and national currencies reintroduced Very desirable Fairly desirable Hard to say Not very desirable Not at all desirable

37 Q4B_E [Q4B_C] How desirable do you consider that: All member states will change over to the euro How desirable do you consider that: All member states will change over to the euro Very desirable Fairly desirable Hard to say Not very desirable Not at all desirable [Q4B_D] How desirable do you consider that: Finland will give up the euro How desirable do you consider that: Finland will give up the euro Very desirable Fairly desirable Hard to say Not very desirable Not at all desirable [Q4B_E] How desirable do you consider that: The EU will become a federation How desirable do you consider that: The EU will become a federation 31

38 2. Variables Very desirable Fairly desirable Hard to say Not very desirable Not at all desirable [Q4B_F] How desirable do you consider that: Finland will leave the EU How desirable do you consider that: Finland will leave the EU Very desirable Fairly desirable Hard to say Not very desirable Not at all desirable [Q4B_G] How desirable do you consider that: The weakest euro countries leave the Monetary Union How desirable do you consider that: The weakest euro countries leave the Monetary Union Very desirable Fairly desirable Hard to say Not very desirable Not at all desirable

39 Q5_B [Q4B_H] How desirable do you consider that: The strongest euro countries leave the Monetary Union How desirable do you consider that: The strongest euro countries leave the Monetary Union Very desirable Fairly desirable Hard to say Not very desirable Not at all desirable [Q5_A] There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: The solidarity between EU countries citizens has become stronger There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: The solidarity between EU countries citizens has become stronger Strongly agree Agree to some extent Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q5_B] There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: The euro has become a strong rival to the dollar as a global currency There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: The euro has become a strong rival to the dollar as a global currency 33

40 2. Variables Strongly agree Agree to some extent Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q5_C] There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: The EU has become comparable to the U.S. as a global player There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: The EU has become comparable to the U.S. as a global player Strongly agree Agree to some extent Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q5_D] There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: The EU s development towards a federal state has progressed There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: The EU s development towards a federal state has progressed 34

41 Q5_F Strongly agree Agree to some extent Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q5_E] There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: Economic ties between the EU countries have increased There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: Economic ties between the EU countries have increased Strongly agree Agree to some extent Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q5_F] There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: Economic policies in the EU countries have become more unified/integrated There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: Economic policies in the EU countries have become more unified/integrated Strongly agree Agree to some extent (continued on next page) 35

42 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q5_G] There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: EU has become divided into upstairs and downstairs folks There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: EU has become divided into upstairs and downstairs folks Strongly agree Agree to some extent Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q5_H] There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: Finland s influence in the EU/weight in Europe has increased There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: Finland s influence in the EU/weight in Europe has increased Strongly agree Agree to some extent (continued on next page) 36

43 Q5_J (cont. from previous page) Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q5_I] There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: Euro area has reached a dead end that will be expensive to get out of There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: Euro area has reached a dead end that will be expensive to get out of Strongly agree Agree to some extent Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q5_J] There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: Interest rates have remained low and price increases/inflation moderate There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: Interest rates have remained low and price increases/inflation moderate Strongly agree Agree to some extent (continued on next page) 37

44 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q5_K] There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: Finland s position and influence in the world has improved There are different views on the consequences of the implementation of the euro. Do you agree or disagree: Finland s position and influence in the world has improved Strongly agree Agree to some extent Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree [Q6_A] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Tells openly about its objectives and activities People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Tells openly about its objectives and activities Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not (continued on next page) 38

45 Q6_C (cont. from previous page) Does not characterise very well Cannot say [Q6_B] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Enhances the preservation of peace in Europe People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Enhances the preservation of peace in Europe Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not Does not characterise very well Cannot say [Q6_C] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Takes environmental protection seriously People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Takes environmental protection seriously Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not Does not characterise very well Cannot say

46 2. Variables [Q6_D] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Democratic People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Democratic Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not Does not characterise very well Cannot say [Q6_E] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Keeps things secret People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Keeps things secret Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not Does not characterise very well Cannot say [Q6_F] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Diminishes disparity in welfare and living standards in Europe People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Diminishes disparity in welfare and living standards in Europe 40

47 Q6_H Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not Does not characterise very well Cannot say [Q6_G] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Strong countries dictate its policies too much People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Strong countries dictate its policies too much Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not Does not characterise very well Cannot say [Q6_H] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: EU is necessary to prevent Germany from gaining supremacy People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: EU is necessary to prevent Germany from gaining supremacy Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not (continued on next page) 41

48 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Does not characterise very well Cannot say [Q6_I] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Overemphasises economic values, neglects social ones People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Overemphasises economic values, neglects social ones Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not Does not characterise very well Cannot say [Q6_J] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Bureaucratic People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Bureaucratic Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not Does not characterise very well Cannot say

49 Q6_M [Q6_K] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Threatens the national existence of small countries People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Threatens the national existence of small countries Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not Does not characterise very well Cannot say [Q6_L] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Is today s Soviet Union, a utopia destined to fail People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Is today s Soviet Union, a utopia destined to fail Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not Does not characterise very well Cannot say [Q6_M] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Functions well only when the economy is strong, disunited during economically difficult times People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Functions well only when the economy is strong, disunited during economically difficult 43

50 2. Variables times Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not Does not characterise very well Cannot say [Q6_N] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Consolidates the position of Europe in global competition People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Consolidates the position of Europe in global competition Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not Does not characterise very well Cannot say [Q6_O] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Steadfast defender of Western civilisation and values People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Steadfast defender of Western civilisation and values 44

51 Q6_Q Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not Does not characterise very well Cannot say [Q6_P] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Enriches Finnish everyday life (food, culture, fashion, art) People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Enriches Finnish everyday life (food, culture, fashion, art) Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not Does not characterise very well Cannot say [Q6_Q] People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Erodes national cultures People have different views on the EU. How well do you think the following characterises the EU: Erodes national cultures Characterises very well On one hand characterises, on the other does not Does not characterise very well Cannot say

52 2. Variables [Q7A] What is your present attitude towards Finland s EU membership? What is your present attitude towards Finland s EU membership? Very positive Fairly positive Neutral Fairly negative Very negative Cannot say [Q7B] And what is your attitude towards the fact that our currency was changed from the Finnish mark to euro? And what is your attitude towards the fact that our currency was changed from the Finnish mark to euro? Very positive Fairly positive Neutral Fairly negative Very negative Cannot say [Q7C] Do you think that the euro and the EMU membership are an advantage or disadvantage to Finland in the current economic situation? Do you think that the euro and the EMU membership are an advantage or disadvantage to Finland in the current economic situation? 46

53 Q7E A great advantage An advantage to some extent Neither an advantage nor disadvantage A disadvantage to some extent A great disadvantage Cannot say [Q7D] Has your attitude towards the EU become more favourable or critical in recent years? Has your attitude towards the EU become more favourable or critical in recent years? Has become much more favourable Has become somewhat more favourable There has been no change Has become somewhat more critical Has become much more critical Cannot say [Q7E] How do you see Finland s stance on supporting euro countries that are in financial difficulties? How do you see Finland s stance on supporting euro countries that are in financial difficulties? Finland s stance has been much too negative Finland s stance has been a bit too negative (continued on next page) 47

54 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Finland has taken an appropriate stance Finland s stance has been a bit too accommodating Finland s stance has been much too accomodating Cannot say [Q7F] If the referendum on Finland s EU membership were held now, would you be in favour of the membership or against it? If the referendum on Finland s EU membership were held now, would you be in favour of the membership or against it? In favour Against Cannot say [T1] The respondent s gender The respondent s gender Male Female [T2] The respondent s age group The respondent s age group 48

55 T years years years years years Over 65 years [T3] Number of inhabitants in the respondent s municipality of residence Number of inhabitants in the respondent s municipality of residence Less than inhabitants inhabitants inhabitants inhabitants More than inhabitants [T4] The respondent s basic education The respondent s basic education Primary education Lower secondary education Upper secondary education (matriculation examination)