Tutkimus- ja kehittämismenojen vaikutus seutukuntien taloudelliseen suorituskykyyn 1997 1999

HELSINGIN KAUPUNGIN TIETOKESKUKSEN verkkojulkaisuja 2004 14 Heikki A. Loikkanen & Ilkka Susiluoto Tutkimus- ja kehittämismenojen vaikutus seutukuntien taloudelliseen suorituskykyyn 1997 1999 Verkkojulkaisu ISSN 1458-5707 ISBN 952-473-302-1 LISÄTIETOJA Ilkka Susiluoto Puh. 09-169 3688 ilkka.susiluoto@hel.fi

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>717+)9)<519<4-+'*26.(4<-.1()/+)-C)3,(<5/4<((.()9/))/6/.-)9<4-..(%B55+7-5-8/)-..(4<((.()-6 C/<<99))(?()-<+54)7)-C/<<99))(%B<((.()-C/<<99))()9)<5)((+)3F+)/54-44(,(5C--44(P<9+)-C/<6 <994-8/?(4-.5)-)77+11%(.9-5:-+,7-4)F17785..7%V/4(.9-)(./9<45..(/+1-8<5))7,57</</(.9-))(</46 <-,5(98I(+54(()5/-)9?(P,7<585<<(5:-+(.9-5:-+)-C/<<994.9<9?-+05)7545/..(05-+570(5<<(<9+)5(4996 8-105(%B(1(44(C-+G-447,/513F4-451-8<5<45<3437P45?/5))9,()</3.5/054)/<(909+G5))-C/<<994?(6 <(91(+3.7077C7+%>7175.1-+)7545</8<-(+/0-)9<4-+?()9)<519<4-+(.9--..545(9.</54,(5<9)9<45(P?/)<(-5,7))9.-)7345+15)()95<45-451%</9.9)94077/1((15))((,5-+199))9?5-+(,9..(% c..7<9,())9<((,5/$%&%,(./))((3<45+<-8)(545+)(1(c:/..54)(0-894)(0(94)(p?/44(4-<70(+/<45(-))7 )9/)/<45(/+,(5+3<45%_7-11-P-))7<343134/+)(,(..((+-:9..54511(+K)9/)/4f0(+/4N649C:-.9,9+.F3)7154-4)7%>/:-..5499:-44((.9-)(./9:-..54544(4(1/5+<95+1/+544(19544(<5+4/,-..9<4544(4-<7 0(+/<45(-))7)9/)/<45(,/5/..(94-5)(P?/../5+)5.(+)--4)()9.--1/+59./))-5+-+%_55+07)717+)9)<519<6 4-+'*261(..-544(-85.(54)-+0(+/4)-+.9<917787,(5C)-.--<(C:-4)(+-.?77+?()9/)/<45(/+3<45)(5 <(<45% 2.2. DEA:n aiempia sovellutuksia aluetalouden tutkimukseen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cC:34,(../544(P'*264/,-..9<454)(49985/4(/+</4<-+9) 2(45(+1(5)(P,(5<<(13F4*98//0(+1(5C5+.55))3,57)9)<519<45(/+)-C)3%J9)-+4-98((,(4)(/.-,(4)( 3C)--+,-:/4)(5.1-+--P'*264/,-..9<4-)-5,7)94-5115)-+/.-/..--)09C)(5)()9/)(+)/6 W9+<)5/)9)<519<45(% LC(8+-45+PL//0-85+?(T5+K&H@HN(5+-54)/<//4)95$@J55+(+<(909+G54)(?(,9/454)(&H@"?(&H@D% R3F4>/+G/+<(C:-44()9)<519<4-44((+)(8<(4)-..9)J55+(+(.9-5)(P+515))75+1((+08/,5+445-+</</6 +(54)(./9))(K>/+G&HH=N4-<71((4-9:9+?(05-+)-+<(909+<5-+385)3<457K>/+G&HHQN%`-8+(8:5+?( L(+)+-85+K&HH=N)3F447</C)--+(/,()M(+4<(+$&1((<9+)((?((?(+?(<4/+(,9/:-)&H=@6&H@H% LC(+GP^h(+G?(LC-+GK&HH#N4/,-.)(,()1-+-)-.177>(5h(+5+$"1((<9++(+<-C5)3<4-+(8,5/5+)55+,9/45+(&H@"?(&HHA%R(9:/4PE(4)/8?(B-88(+/K$AAAN)(8<(4)-.-,())-C/<<99:-+?()9/)(+)/8(<-+6 )--+49C:-))(*40(+?(+(.9-5..(,9/45+(&HQD6H"%J51K&HH=N<745))-.--49C)--..54-+.((?(4)5<(909+<56 (.9-5:-+)9/))(,99:-+/+G-.1((?(4-+15))((154)(-85)354-4)5'*2;+(,9..(%B)/.0K&HHAN09/.-4)((+ 0/C)553.-54-4)5'*2;+C3F:3..5433))7<(909+<56?((.9-)(./9:-+)9)<519<4-..-% R99)(1()4/,-..9<4-)<745))-.-,7)1(()(./9))(%R5..(+5+?(2.:(i5+K&HH@N</C)--+(/+1(()(./94*46 0(+?(+&=1((<9++(44(,9/45+(&H==6@@%R(/+?(J//+K&HH=N)(8<(4)-.9</C:54)95J55+(+1((<9+)56 =

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Kuvio 2.1.: Seutukunnat niiden keskimääräisen tehokkuusluvun mukaan järjestettynä vuosina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c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eNP?(4-98((,5(/.5,()V7147+KDP&eN?(]9.9+4-9)9<9++()K"PQeN%B99854)(<(909+<54-9:954)( <311-+-+0(8C((+?/9<<//+1(C)95,()13F4>(10-8-?(^-.45+<5% >(./9:-..5+-+)-C/<<994C-5?(4)9513F4(.9-5:-+)(./9:-..54--+<-C5)3<4--+% >-C/<<((105-+(.9-5:-+ )3F..54334 <-C5))35 3.--+47 195)( (.9-5)( 49/)954(115+?( +75:-+ (.9-5:-+ 199))/)(4--) /.5,() 94-5+ 195)((.9-5)(0/45)55,54-105(%>(./94<-C5)3<4-+?()-C/<<99:-+3C)-34+7<334-.,5115+,(C,5105-+?( C-5</5105-+4-9)9?-+</C:(..(%*451-8<5<45(8,/+.54734<(4,/5<311-+-..7,(C,511(..((.9--..($H 08/4-+))5(,9/45+(&H@@6HHP19))(<311-+-..7C-5</511(..(,(5+3C:-<47+08/4-+))5(% H

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3. Seutukuntien tehokkuuserojen selittäminen tilastollisten mallien avulla >7447.9,944(-45)-..77+.3C3-4)5-1055854-+(+(.3345+4-.5)-))7,7199))9?(P4-.5))7,7)199))9?()?(</</ <73)-))7,5447/.-,(+)9)<5194(5+-54)/+8(<-++-4-<7)5.(4)/..54-44((+(.33454474/,-..-))(,()1(..5)%B-+?7.<--+-45)-..77+-85)3300545..71(..-5..(4((:9))9./<4-)% 3.1. Selitettävä muuttuja ja käytetyt tilastolliset mallit T9,944($8(0/8)/5)55+4-9)9<9+)5-+)-C/<<994-8/?(</4<-,5()9./<45(P?/)<(5.1-+5,7))-C/<<994.9<96?-+-8/5+(%J9+3C)7K,55:-4)7N'*261(..5+,(85(+))5(4/,-..-))55+?/+(5+0/5<<5.-5<<(94,9/)-+(P3.--+6 4794-(105<95+3<454-9)9<9+)(45?/5))95)-C/<<99485+)(1(..-?(4(5+75+/..-+)-C/<<994.9,9+(8,/<45 3<45K&AAe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k)(508/4-+)-544(5.1(54)9+(,7.5..7 KAP&AAk-.5<34--447/+,(5C)-.9,7.5.)77+8(?/5)-))9199))9?(% B-9)9<9+)5-+385))7?7)/515++(+49/85)94<3<37<9,((,(+)-C/<<994.9,9+45?(4)(4-.5)-))7,7<45199))96?(<45KcN)717+.9,9+)5.(4)/..54544(1(..-544(/)-)((+)-C/))/1994.9<9P?/<(17785)-..77+K08/4-+))56 19/:/44(N4-98((,(4)5 >-C/))/1994.9<9cS&AAZ)-C/<<994.9<9% V/44-9)9<9+)(/+'*26,-8)(5.944()(./9:-..54-4)5)7345+)-C/<(4K,-88())9+(195C5+4-9)9<9+)55+NP-.5 4-+)-C/<<994/+&AAP4-4(()-C/))/1994.9,9+(8,/++/..(%R5)7(.-11(<4549C)--..5+-+)-C/<<994.(4<--P45)7</8<-(11(<45+/94--)-C/))/1994%>-C/))/1994.9<9c;+,(5C)-.9,7.5/+lAP&AAN%O9/456 -+&HH=6&HHH4-9)9<9+)5-+(.C(545+<-4<5177875+-+K3.51(..5-+?(,9/45-+N)-C/<<994.9<9/.5+/5+#=P -.5,(4)((,()-C/))/1994.9<9/.5D"%>7171-8<5)4--<(8<-(4)5/))(-+45)7P-))7)-C/))/1511(+4-9)96 <9++(+385))7?74-<)/85)9/))58-49844-5..((+#=08/4-+))5(455)7)9/)/<4-4)(K?(./4)94(8,/+?(0(.<<()9./+ 3C:54)-.174)7NP?/+<()7345+)-C/<(4(.9-/.5454((+9)+55..7(5<((+% >5.(4)/..54544(1(..-544(4-.5)-))7,7199))9?(c/+4554)-C/))/1994(4)-))(<9,((,(P,(5C)-.9.)((+,7.5..- lap&aan8(?/5)-))9199))9?(%>-c/))/1994.9<9?(/+'*26(+(.3345-+)9./<4-+(?/<(54-..-4-9)9<9++(..- <9.)(<5+,9/:-.)(3<451(..5,(85(+))5(</C)5%>7..(54-)1(..540-45W5)(5+-54)/)19/:/4)(,())-C/))/19946.9<9?-+4-9)9<9+)(</C)(54-+(5<(4(8?(6(5+-54)/+P?/+<(C(,(5+)/?(,/5)(5455+1-8<5)7431I/.5..(c k P it 154475/+4-9)9<9++(++91-8/K5S&PmP@"NP)/+,9/45K)S&HH=6HHN?(<,55))(('*21(..5+,(85(+)6 )55+K<S&PmP#N45)-+-))73.75+:-<45)F+c it,55))((,55:-+1(..5+)-c/))/1994.9<9?-+<-4<5(8,//+,9/)6 )(%B31I/.5..(c i 1-8<5)77+4-9)9<9++(+5<-4<51778754)7)-C/))/1994.9<9(,55:-+1(..5+,(./44( <-4<517785+</</)(8<(4)-.9(?(+?(<4/+(&HH=6HH% &&

E385))7-4474-.5))7177+3..717785)-.)3?7)-C/))/1994.9<9?(+55:-+8(?/5)-))9,(5C)-.9,7.5)9.--/))(( C9/15//+%V/))(+7C:77+15..(5+-+,(5<9)948(?/5)94)-+C9/15//+/))(154-..(/+P.55<<--..-.7C:-)77+ -4)51/51(..(05-+5117++-.5F4911(+K]TBN1(..-?(<-4<5177875457,9/45))(545()-C/))/1994.9<9?( c it 4-.5))7-+% B-98((,(44(,(5C--44(-4)51/5:((+,9/45))(545..(0/5<<5.-5<<(94(5+-54)/5..(<-4<51778754)7)-C/))/199)6 )(Kc it N4-.5))7,571(..-?(/))(-+4-.5)-))7,7+199))9?(+8(?/5)-))9.9/++-C9/15//+%J9+/4/5))(9)95P -))7)-C/))/199:-+3.78(?/5))--..(K&AAe)-C/))/1994/+1(<4515N-5/.-15)77+,(5<9)94)()9./<455+P 8(0/8)/5)(,()1(..5)/,()4-98((,(+)33005457>/I5)61(..-?(% >/I5)61(..5+)(94)(..(/+/.-)94.()-+)5+199))9?(+cn/.-1(44(/./4)(45)-+P-))7 Y n SIoXpUP 15447 X /+ 4-.5))7,5-+ 199))9?5-+,-<)/85?(,58C-)-815 U /+ _KAP4 $ N?(<(9)9+9) -C:/..( X% T()-+))5 199))9?(Y n,/5:((+4/,-..9<4-44(11-(?()-..(4-9)9<9++(+(.))59:-<45/..()-c/)/+%t()-+))5199))9?( Y n C(,(5)((+?/4Y n qa%r-8<5)77+)/:-..54)(4-.5)-))7,77199))9?((-.5)-c/))/1994.9<9(431i/.5..(yp?/../5+4-.5)-))7,7199))9?(?(4(1(..(>/i5)1(..5,/5:((+17785)-..74-98((,(4)5 YS1(rKAPY n N O9/45))(5454)( 0/5<<5.-5<<(94(5+-54)/54)( >/I5)61(..5+ 0(8(1-)85) Io,/5:((+ -4)51/5:( 4998511(+ 946 </))(,99:-+K1(r5191.5<-.5C//:N1-+-)-.17..7% J/.1-+,9/:-+C(,(5++/)-5,7)19/:/4)(C3,770/C?((4-9)9<9+)5-+(5<(4(8?(6(5+-54)/+C3F:3+)7156 4-<45%J55+)-5:-+,(5<9)94)-+KW5r-:-WW-X)4N1(..55+-5,/54547..3))77.(5+<((+(?(44(,(<5/+(0343,57 199))9?5(K<9)-+45?(5+)5)-<5?7)N?(19544(<5+199))9?544(/+,(5+,7C7+,(85(()5/)(3.5(?(+%>7)71(..56 )3305+)9./<45(-58(0/8)/5:()7447.(5+<((+% $ >9)<5194(5+-54)/+(5<(4(8?(.9/++-))(C3F:3++-)77+-4)56 1/51(..(4()9++(54)-+,(5<9)94)-+>/I5)60(+--.51(..-?(P?/../5+,/5:((+4(1(..(/))((C9/15//+P-))7 )-C/))/1994/+(.C((.)(+/..((+8(?/5)-))9%>7..(5+-+1(..5,/5:((+17785)-..74-98((,(4)5; c n it SIob it po it pu i c it S1(rlAPY n it k% 15447c n it /+.()-+)5+199))9?(+(8,/C(,(5++/..-5,9/++()?(4-8550099.5+-((854-4)5 4-.5))7,54)7199))9?54)(Kb6,-<)/85N4-<7C(,(5+)/6?(,9/45</C)(54-4)517785)-..34)7,58C-)-8154)7O it Ks_KAPt $ N4-<7C(,(5+)/</C)(54-4)(,58C-)-8154)7U i Ks_KuPv $ NN% $ R3F4<77+)5.(4)/..54-))-4)5)-5,7))9<-+--)<55+)-5:-+,(5<9)94)-+>/I5)61(..5-+<73))F7%^(941(+5+K&H=@N)-4)5..7,/5:((+ 4-.,5))77,55))((</(5+-54)/05<-115+W5r-:-WW-X)4,(58(+:/1-WW-X)461(..55+%`8-94XC6E(G(+5+T(G8(+G-+)-4)5..7/+09/6.-4)((+1(C:/..54)(4-.,5))77P<9105/+(5+-54)/+0-894)--..(94</))(,(105,(5C)/-C)/P4()9++(54,(5<9)941(..5,(5)(,(..5+-+ 8-G8-445/P?/44(,9/:-)/+3C:54)-))3% ^(941(+5+)-4)5+19<((+?()</44(-45)-))7,70-8941(..5,55))(4549C)--..54-+4-.<-74)54()9++(54,(5<9)94)-+499+)((+P?/4<5+ 199))9?5(,(5C:-.)(-44(<9,(,(5C)-.5?/44(5+17785+%>/54((.)(^(941(+5+)-4)5..7/+)(509194C3.7)74()9++(54,(5<9)941(.6.5.55(+C-.0/4)5%`8-94XC6E(G(+5+)-4)5+)9./4)-+0-894)--..(4()9++(54,(5<9)941(..509/.-4)((+/+4-.,74)594</))(,(105,(5C)/-C)/<95+)(,(..5+-+3C:54)-))38-G8-445/%J9+.547<45(.94)(,()W5r-:-WW-X)461(..5)(+)/5,()<(5<-+<(5<<5((+<5+,(845+ -0794</))(,5()9./<45(P077)-))55+-4)51/5++5)49/85))((4()9++(54,(5<9)94)-+1(..5-+(,9..(% &$

3.2. Seutukuntien tehottomuutta selittävät muuttujat J9)-+-:-..7)/:-))55+P'*26)9./<45(C3F:3+)7,7447)9)<519<4-+)/54-44(,(5C--44(4-.5)-))7,7+7199)6 )9?(+(/+4-9)9<9++(+385))7?7)/515++(+)-C/))/1994.9<9KS&AA6)-C/<<994.9<9N%B-+,(5C)-.9(4-.56 )-)77+4-98((,5..(199))9?5..(% B-9)9<9++(+väkiluku/+(.9--+<//+15))(85+(,(845+.9/++/..5+-+)-C/<<99:-+0/)-+)5((.5+-+4-.5))76?7%R5)74998-105(.9-/+P45)7)-C/<<((115+4-+)(./9:-+,/5:((+3.-54-4)5/))(-+/:/))(()/515,(+P -.5/.-)(11-4-9)9<9+)()(4/..(-455+)3,7)(.9--..54--+<(4(9)9154--+.55))3,5798I(+54(()5/-)9?(% Etäisyystekijä <9,(( 4-9)9<9++(+ )(./9:-..54-+ 45?(5++5+ 438?75433))7 </)51((44(% *)75433415))(85 /+ )5-)3..-4-9)9<9++(..-4(()9.(4<-1(..(0(5+/)-))9<-4<5(8,/4-9)9<9++(+-)75433:-4)71((+)-5)4-<(5<6 <55+195C5+4-9)9<9+)55+P0(5+/5+(077)-(.9-5:-+(8,/+.5473<4-)<9+(<5+,9/++(%R5)74998-105-)756 43345+:-<45+(8,//+P45)7<(9-10(+(1((+)(./9:-..5454)(<-4<9<454)(4-9)9<9+)(45?(5)4--% B-.5))7?7+7 +55+ 5<77+ <73)-))37 seutukunnan tuotannon erikoistumisastetta /+ 15)())9 +55+ 4(+/)9..( ^-8W5+:(C.5+5+:-<45..7P?/<(17785)-..77+4-98((,(4)5; ^S0 i $ 15447.9,9)0 i /,()-854-<)/85-+/499<45(4-9)9<9++(+385))7?76)/515++(+(8,/+6.5473<4-4)7% ^-8W5+:(C.5+5+:-<45^/+4<((.())9+55+P-))74-+1(<4515/+&AA?()-/8--))5+-+15+515+/5+$PQK&AA?(-))9+(4-<)/85-+.9<917787..7P?/<(/+"#N%^-8W5+:(C.5+5+:-<45+.547<45-851(..-544(</<-5.)55+13F4,(5C)/-C)/54)(15))(85(%B-4(()55+,7C-+)717..7-854-<)/85-+)9/)(+)/6/499<454)()(4(54)(?(<(91((<96,((,()/499:-)K&f+NP15447+/+4-<)/85-+.9<917787P?(.(4<-1(..(45))-+3C)--++75:-+.9<9?-+5)6 4-54(8,/)%_75+4((:9))9./<4-)-5,7)?99850/5<-++--)^-8W5+:(C.5+5+:-<45+(+)(154)()9./<454)(% Tutkimus- ja kehitystoiminnan menot4547.)7,7))(./9:-+<(5<<5-+4-<)/85-+3c)--+.(4<-)9)>yj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nhimillisen pääoman indeksi/+0-87545+^9/,(85+pj(+g(4c(8?9+?(2.(4-+k$aa&n)9)<519<4-4)(p?( 4-+<-4<5177875+-+(8,/-85(.9-5..(/+&AA%a+:-<45<//4)99,55:-4)7/4()-<5?74)7P?/)<(/,())3F5<7546 )-+ 17787P)3FCF+/4(..54)9154(4)-P/054<-.5?/5:-+ 17787P)-<+55<(+/054<-.5?/5:-+ 17787 4-<7 </8<-(6 &"

(4)--+)9)<5+)/?-+17787K^9/,(85PJ(+G(4C(8?9?(2.(+-+$AA&P"AN%_75+/..-+4-.9/++-C)55(.9-))( 4-<7,7-4)F+8(<-+)--+-))7</9.9)9<4-++7<F<9.1(4)(% >-/..5499:-+huipputeknologia-alat/+17785)-.)3]*L';+49/45)94)-+19<(54-4)5P</8<-(+)-<+/./G56 (+0(.,-.9?-+17785))-.3447/+09/.-4)((+<73)-))3</)51(54)-+(45(+)9+)5?/5:-++7<-13<457%Korkean teknologian aloista09c9))(-44()(8</5)-)((+?()</44()-/..5499:-+c95009)-<+/./g5(+?(</8<-(+)-<+/6./g5(+0(.,-.9?-+19/:/4)(1((</</+(5499))(%_717)5-:/)/,()0-87545+>5.(4)/<-4<9<4-4)(p?(/4996 :-)/,()08/4-+))-?((.9--+(8,/+.5473<4-4)7%J(5<54)(C950096?(</8<-(+)-<+/./G5(+83C154)743+)3,57 1(C:/..545(4-.5)34</1I5+(()5/5)(-53.--+47<77+/.-,/5)9-45))77P,((+,(.5+)((/+)-C)31(..5-+?78<-6,33:-+?( 4-.5))7,33:-+ 0-894)--..(% ^950096?( </8<-( )-<+/./G5( /,() )717+ )9)<519<4-+ <(++(.)( /+G-.1(..545( 4-.5))7?57 45<7.5P -))7 +55:-+ 17787 8550099,(C,(4)5 )9)<51946?( <-C5))71540(+/<4-4)(% _754)7 <(C:-4)( /+ )9)<51946?( <-C5))7154)3F?78<-,77 +7C:7 199)/<4-+ 433+7P </4<( >YJ6 0(+/<4-..(.9/:((+?(3..705:-)77+</8<-(()-<+/./G5((% T5477<F)(./94-.717+)-C/<<99))(45))-+4-P-))7(.9--..(45?(5)4--yliopisto tai korkeakouluw_75+,/56 )(5455+/.-))((/.-,(+%O(5<9)94)()-4)())55+49C)--..54-+.((?(4)5</.1-..()(,(..(;3.5/054)/(<9,((,(..( :9113 6199))9?(..( K&S(.9--..(/+ 3.5/054)/P AS-5 /.-NP 4-<73.5/054)/6/054<-.5?/5:-+?(3.5/054)/6?( (11())5</8<-(</9.9/054<-.5?/5:-+/499:-..(4-9)9<9++(+,7-4)F4)7% 2.94)(,544(.(4<-.1544(-877+74-.5))7?7+7<73)-))55+13F4)5-))3?-+[1/:-8+5-+[-85)354(./?-+/499<45( </</ 3<45)354-+ 4-<)/85+ (8,/+.5473<4-4)7% >7..(545( (./?( /.5,() 47C<F)-<+5+-+?( /0)5+-+ )-/..54994P.55<-6-.717+0(.,-.9)?()9)<5194)/515+)(P0/4)5?()-.-.55<-++- 4-<7 5.1(.55<-++-%_75:-+ )/515(./?-+,/.3315-5-85..54-+7199))9?(+(434)-1(())54-4)54-.5))7+3))-C/<<994,(5C)-.95)(%T547<45+-/+?/<-86 )((..--+C9/15/5)9^-8W5+:(C.5+(.9--+-85</54)9154(4)-))(15))((,(44(5+:-<45447P?/<(4-.5))7?7+7)/56 15C9/1())(,(4)50(8-115+% R3F4 4-9)9<9++(+,7-4)F+ koulutustaso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r0-894</9.9+?7.<-54-)</9.9)94,9/:-)N/+4-.5))7?7+7 19<(+(%B(1/5+4-9)9<9+)5-+0()-+))5-+1778574-.5)-))7,54471(..-544(</9.9)94)(4/(<73)-)77+3C)-+7 4-.5))7?7+7% &D

4. Tuloksia: tehottomuuden ja tuottavuuden taustatekijät 4.1. Pienimmän neliösumman regressiomalleja vuosille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h+?(`8-94XC6E(G(+5+)-4)5)N%>-4)5-+ )9./<4-)/.5,()?/44(5+17785+-074-.,57P?/C)9-+5.1-54-4)54-.5)-))7,7+199))9?(+8(?/5))9154-4)(+/..(+?(3<<F4-+,7.55+%25+-54)/<95)-+<5+0//.())55+</-15-.-447?(.547)-4)5-+K^(941(+P`8-94XC6E(G(+N?7.<--+0(+--.5(5+-54)//+4/,-..-))55+4()9++(54,(5<9)941(..5(%>9)<51946?(<-C5)341-+/?(0-8X(05)( 15)())55+</.1-..(-85)(,(..(P?(+55:-+49C)--+)9./<4-)/.5,()/:/)94)-+499+)(545(?(/4(44()(0(9<454)( )5.(4)/..54-4)51-8<5)4-,57% >7C7+(4)54-)1(..5++9<4-)/.5,().9/+)--.)((+(.94)(,5(%>/54((.)(+515))75+)5.(4)/..54-))-4)5),55))(45,() <-C5))3+--1055+-4)51/5+)51-+-)-.155+P)/54((.)(8-G8-445/1(..5-+4/,-.)(154-..(/.5/1()/+G-.1(+4(% _754)74354)7)-C/))/199:-+)(4/+4-.5))7154-447077)-))55+?()</44(4/,-.)((>/I5)61(..-?(P?/5:-+)96./<4-)-45)-)77+4-98((,(<45% 4.2. Tehottomuuden taustatekijät Tobit-mallien valossa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

Taulukko 4.1: Tehottomuutta selittävät tekijät vuosina 1997, 1998 ja 1999, kolme Tobit-mallia O9/45))(54-)(5+-54)/) &HH= &HH@ &HHH <-88/5+ )6(8,/ <-88/5+ )6(8,/ <-88/5+ )6(8,/ O7<5.9<9P&AAA(4% 6APA&& 6$PAA *85</54)9154(4)-KA6&AAN 6APQ#& 6#PA@ 6AP@$A 6#P#& 6AP=&D 6DP$@ *)754334)-<5?7P<1 APA"$ =PDH APA$& DP#Q APA$" #P#" a+c515..5+-+077/1( 6AP&&& 6$PA# T&K-menot, 100 /as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

Taulukko 4.2: Tehottomuutta selittävät tekijät neljän Tobit-satunnaisvaikutusmallin mukaan paneeliaineistossa 1997-99 3 (NB-.5))7?7).((6 INc.5/054)/?( XNR3F4 :NR3F4</8<-(?5115+19<(+( 5+C%077/1(0.%,7<5.9<90.% )-<+/./G5(0.% <-88/5+ )6(8,/ <-88/5+ )6(8,/ <-88/5+ )6(8,/ <-88/5+ )6(8,/ O7<5.9<9P&AAA(4% 6APAAD 6&P$A 6APAAD 6&P$" *85</54)9154(4)- 6AP@&= 6@P&& 6AP@"D 6@PA# 6AP@"& 6@P&= 6AP@$H 6@P$# *)754334)-<5?7P<1 APA$# =P@D APA$Q =P@= APA$Q @P&$ APA$Q @P"= c.5/054)/(.9--..( $P""D &PA# a+c515..5+-+077/1( 6APA#$ 6APH& Korkean teknologian osuus tuotannosta, % -0,676-3,24-0,652-2,68-0,670-2,95 T&K-menot, 100 /as. -0,568-2,17-0,615-2,65-0,673-3,22-1,075-6,22 O(<5/)-815 $=P#Q= #P@= $"PQ"= &"PQQ $"PDDQ &"P=@ $$P@@# &DPA$ '9113&HHH $P$&" DP=# $P$$Q DP== $P$"@ DP@& $P""H #PA= ^(,(5+)/?(3C)--+47 $DH $DH $DH $DH R3F4)(9.9</+D%$1(..-?(-4)51/5)(-44(1-8<5)3<4-))F157199))9?5(09:/)-))55+0/543<45<-88(..((+% c.5/054)/+45?(5+)5(.9--..(k)(5-85)(,/5+15)())9/054<-.5?/5:-+17787n-5+3)<77+)/515+9)/:/)-)94)5p <9)-+-513F4<77+5+C515..54-+077/1(+5+:5<(())/85% ]+?/44(5+17785+)9.<5+)(<343134P15)71(..-54)(IN6:NC(.9((05)77[./09..54-+([%_75:-+<-8)/51-) /,()94</))(,5(d)/54((.)(0-.<74)77+-85</54)9154-+P-)754334)-<5?7+?(>YJ61-+/)4547.)7,74-.5)34:N )/515<73)7++F4473C)7C3,5+<95+.((?-11(),(5C)/-C:/)%c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

O/5:((+,5-.7<3437P1544717785+)9)<51946?(<-C5)341-+/?-+15))((154)(0(,(5<9))(()717+199))96?(+)5.(4)/..54--+4-.5)34<3<33+%>(9.9</44(D%">YJ61-+/?(/+15)())9</.1-..(,(5C)/-C)/54-..()(6,(..(?(1(..-?(INZ:N4/,-.)(-+% Taulukko 4.3: Tutkimus- ja kehitysmenojen mittaamistavan vaikutus tuloksiin, kolme Tobitsatunnaisvaikutuspaneelia INc.5/054)/?( XNR3F4 :NR3F4</8<-( 5+C%077/1(0.%,7<5.9<90.% )-<+/./G5(0.% <-88/5+ )6(8,/ <-88/5+ )6(8,/ <-88/5+ )6(8,/ >YJ61-+/?-+15))(85K&AAxf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

5. Kokonaistuottavuuden ja patenttitiheyden selittäminen 5.1. Kokonaistuottavuus '*261-+-)-.1774/,-..-))(-44(,/5:((+13F44-9)9<9+)5-+</</+(54)9/))(,99:-+199)/4.(4<-(%>76 17)(0(C)99<73))717..7+4%R(.1\954)5+5+:-<457%B-98((,544()(9.9</544(#%&?(#%$R(.1\954)6 )9/))(,994199)/4)(4-.5)-)77+)(,(..54)-+05-+5117++-.5F4911(+8-G8-445/5:-+(,9..(%B-.5)-))7,7+7 /+-+45<45</.1-+,9/:-+)9/))(,99:-+3C)--+.(4<-))9199)/408/4-+))-5+(%B-+?7.<--+)(8<(4)-..((+,9/45)(4/+199)/<45(% Taulukko 5.1: Seutukuntien kokonaistuottavuuskehityksen selittäminen pns- regressiomallien avulla. Tuottavuuden vuosimuutos keskimäärin 1996-1999, prosenttia. (NO7-4)F?(</9.9)941. INO7-4)F?(</9.9)940. <-88/5+ )6(8,/ <-88/5+ )6(8,/ O7<5.9<9P&AAA(4% 6APAA" 6&P@D O7-4)F+</9.9)94)(4/ APA$D &P&A >-C/))/199:-+)(4/KA6&AAN 6AP&&Q 6$P#A 6AP&AH 6$P$H Korkean teknologian osuus tuotannosta, % 0,404 2,54 0,395 3,80 T&K-menot, 100 /as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

2.9--+45?(5++5+-:9..5499:-..()(5-07-:9..5499:-..(K-)754334)-<5?7N-5+73))7+3)/.-,(+15)77+3C)-3)6 )7)9/))(,994199)/<4--+P-513F4<77+3.5/054)/+45?(5++5..(P?/)-++717199))9?()-5,7)/.-3..719<(6 +(%a+c515..54-+077/1(+5+:5<(())/8509/.-4)((+/4/5))(9)95(.<9)(8<(4)-.9544()5.(4)/..54-4)51-8<5)3<6 4-))F17<45% Taulukko 5.2. Seutukuntien tuottavuuden vuosimuutoksen selittäminen. Muutos prosentteina edellisestä vuodesta, vuodet 1997-1999. (NT((?-1051(..5 IN>-<+/./G5(+/4994?(</9.9)94 <-88/5+ )6(8,/ <-88/5+ )6(8,/ *85</54)9154(4)-KA6&AAN AP&Q@ &PAQ O7-4)F+</9.9)94)(4/ APA"H &P$= APADD &P@H Korkean teknologian osuus tuotannosta, % 0,443 2,42 0,634 4,81 T&K-menot, 100 /as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

5.2. Seutukuntien patentit 1995-1999 B-98((,(+?(4(1(..(,551-54-+)(9.9</+#%"(5C--+(/+4-9)9<9+)5-+0()-+))5-+17787+,(5C)-.9?-+ 4-.5))715+-+%B-.5)-))7,7+7199))9?(+(<73)-))7,7+0()-+))5)5C-3:-+0-8X(05)(5+:-<45)&HH#6&HHH/,() 0-87545+^9/,(85+PJ(+G(4C(8?9+?(2.(4-+K$AA&N)9)<519<4-4)(% Taulukko 5.3: Seutukuntien patentti-indeksiä 1995-1999 (alueet keskimäärin = 100) selittävät tekijät (NE-894199))9?() INO(5C)/-C)/199))9?() XNB900-(1(..5 <-88/5+ )6(8,/ <-88/5+ )6(8,/ <-88/5+ )6(8,/ O7<5.9<9P&AAA(4% APAAQ AP$D 6APA&D 6APQ& *85</54)9+-54994KA6&AAN 6APH&H 6&P"# 6AP#Q# 6AP@A *)754334)-<5?7P<1 6APA#H 6"P## 6APAQ@ 6DP$H B((,9)-))(,9945+:-<45 AP=@$ $P@# c.5/054)/(.9--..( 6$AP"&Q 6&PAH c.5/054)/6/054<%/4994e "P&== APQQ O7-4)F+</9.9)94)(4/ APQQ= $P$" AP#@& $P&# ^91(+X(05)(.65+:-<45 APAH" AP$H Teollinen huipputeknol. % -1,576-0,14 Huippu- ja korkea tekn. % 1,144 1,18 T&K-menot, 100 /as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e% $&

6. Yhteenveto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x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