Sosiaalisen pääoman skaalaus

Transkriptio

1 Nordia Geographical Publications Volume 37:1 Sosiaalisen pääoman skaalaus Paikallisia ja ylipaikallisia näkökulmia maankäyttöön Nellimissä, Inarissa Mari Riipinen AKATEEMINEN VÄITÖSKIRJA esitetään Oulun yliopiston luonnontieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi Oulun yliopiston salissa L10, Linnanmaa, lauantaina 7. päivänä kesäkuuta 2008 kello 12.

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3 Nordia Geographical Publications Volume 37:1 Sosiaalisen pääoman skaalaus Paikallisia ja ylipaikallisia näkökulmia maankäyttöön Nellimissä, Inarissa Mari Riipinen

4 Nordia Geographical Publications Publications of The Geographical Society of Northern Finland and The Department of Geography, University of Oulu Address: Department of Geography P.O. Box 3000 FIN University of Oulu FINLAND Editors: Juho Luukkonen & Marja Anttonen Nordia Geographical Publications ISBN ISSN Multiprint Oy Oulu 2008

5 Sosiaalisen pääoman skaalaus Paikallisia ja ylipaikallisia näkökulmia maankäyttöön Nellimissä, Inarissa

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7 SISÄLLYSLUETTELO Abstract Esipuhe OSA I 1. Johdanto 3 Tutkimuksen tarkoitus 3 Kirjan rakenne 10 OSA II 2. Lähtökohdat 15 Yhteiskunnallinen ympäristötutkimus kulttuurimaantieteessä 15 Luonnon diskursiivinen rakentuminen 22 Paikallisuuden rakentuminen 31 Skaalan käsite paikallisen luonnon tutkimuksessa 38 OSA III 3. Maankäytön oikeuttaminen 45 Oikeuttamisen epistemologia 45 Oikeuttaminen diskursiivisena toimintana 48 Oikeuttaminen maantieteellisessä tutkimuksessa 50 Oikeutuksen rakentuminen paikallisyhteisössä Sosiaalisen pääoman skaalaus 57 Sosiaalinen pääoma 57 Sosiaalisen pääoman maantiede 63 Sosiaalisen pääoman skaaloittuminen 71 Sosiaalinen pääoma paikallisyhteisöiden maankäytön oikeutuksessa 76 OSA IV 5. Kohti Nellimin kylän kilpailevia diskursseja 83 Näyttämönä Nellimin kylä Inarissa 83 Tutkimusaineisto 91 Nellimin kylän maankäytön näkökulmien tunnistaminen ja tulkinta Maankäytön oikeutuksia Nellimissä 113 Tradition diskurssi 113 Modernin luonnonkäytön diskurssi 131 Suojelun diskurssi 147 Adaptaation diskurssi 162 Yhteenveto Nellimin kylän kilpailevista maankäytön todellisuuksista 188 V

8 7. Paikallisten ja ylipaikallisten näkökulmien kohtaaminen maankäytön oikeutuksessa Maankäytön diskurssien muutos Nellimissä 193 Sosiaalinen pääoma ja skaalan konstruointi osana maankäytön oikeutuksia 199 Ylipaikallinen ja paikallinen kansalaistoiminta luonnonresurssien politiikassa 205 OSA V 8. Skaala ja valta maankäytön todellisuuksien rakentumisessa 211 Viitteet 219 Kirjallisuus 223 Liite 1 Kyselylomake Liite 2 Haastattelurunko VI

9 ABSTRACT Scaling social capital. Local and trans-local perspectives on land use in Nellim, Inari Riipinen, Mari, Department of Geography, University of Oulu, 2008 Globalization, environmental changes and neoliberal politics have caused changes and challenges in peripheral local communities. In addition, the surrounding nature has a significant role in the resilience of these communities. Nature has particular local meanings that are produced in local social networks. However, nature can also be understood as a global resource. Land use or the use of nature is regulated by local values, national legislation and international agreements. However, a harmonious local perspective cannot be found, but there are various local interest groups, that have conflicting aims on land use. These local interest groups often aim to advance their own perspective by networking with translocal actors and decision makers. In this study networking between local and trans-local actors is understood as scaling of social capital. The focus is on how local and trans-local land use definitions are manifested in the peripheral local community of Nellim. The main research questions are: Who has the right to decide on land use and why certain institutions, structures or people in certain social networks are entitled to make the decisions. How land use is justified in local communities and why is it justified in certain ways? These research problems are studied both theoretically and empirically. Theoretically the study will focus on the justification and social capital theories. The examination of justification focuses on argumentation theories. Furthermore, the role of arguments will be scrutinized in land use discourses. Social capital will be examined from the geographical point of view and the main focus is in the scaling of social capital. The empirical part of the study sets in the village of Nellim in Inari. The main land users, reindeer herding, forestry, nature conservation and tourism, bring livelihoods and prosperity to the village, but they are also increasingly conflicting with each other. The land use conversation was heated in Nellim during 2005 when an international NGO Greenpeace engaged in the Finnish land use discussion. This study will examine Nellim s land use justifications before and after the participation of this international NGO. Main research data consists of interviews done to the local people during 2003, 2004 and The data analysis is divided into three parts. First, land use discourses were identified from the local people s speech. Actors within each discourse were named and the ideological and structural bases of each discourse were thought of. Secondly, arguments that local people used in land use justifications were presented. Third step was to examine how the scales of social capital were manifested in the discourses and how scaling of social capital was used as a mean of justification. As central research result four competing local land use discourses were identified. These discourses were named tradition, modern use of environment, protection and adaptation. Each of the discourses involved different ideas on what kind of land use was justified and what kind of actions were best for the community s survival. In their justifying arguments local people appealed to specific local surroundings, national structures and global VII

10 ideologies. Furthermore, actors in each discourse aimed to strengthen their perspective by using and producing social capital. However, social capital was also used as an exclusive mechanism when Greenpeace took part in Nellim s land use discussions. The conclusion is that local land use discourses were affected by local particularity as well as by national structures and universal values. Ultimately land use definitions and the decision making on land use were seen to be manifestations of scale and power. VIII