Picture 1. The crop stand of winter rye was rather dense and tall. On the right scald on leaves in mid July.

Transkriptio

1 Efficacy evaluation of fungicides against brown Natural Resources Institute Finland 2015 rust and leaf spot diseases in winter rye - Advisory fungicide trial SUMMARY The efficacy of the fungicide tank mixtures were tested in one field trial. The tested tank mixtures were Folicur Xpert+Delaro l/ha, Folicur Xpert+Delaro l/ha, Stereo EC + Mirador l/ha, Tilt 250 EC + Mirador l/ha and Comet Pro+Prosaro l/ha. The standard treatments were 0.6 l/ha Proline and l/ha Comet Pro + Juventus. An untreated control was included in the trial. carried out the trial in a farmer s field that was located in Loimaa. The fungicide treatments were planned in cooperation with sponsors and the trial was carried out according to GEP standards and relevant EPPO guidelines. The trial was established in the population rye Reetta instead of the planned hybrid rye. That was because crop density was too variable for trial purposes in the hybrid rye fields available. Target diseases were brown rust (Puccinia recondita) and scald (Rhynchosporium secalis). Fungicides were applied in the beginning of the heading (BBCH 51) on June 2 th. That time the crop stand was in vigorous growth and leaves were still free from fungal diseases. The cool and moist weather was favourable for scald infection. Scald appeared in the crop stand soon after the application but brown rust did not occur even later in summer in the trial. No phytotoxicity appeared in any of the treatments. At milk ripening stage the crop stand lodged partly so that ears, however, remained cm above the ground. Disease severity was observed twice, 15 days and 41 days after the fungicide application. In the first assessment at late heading stage (BBCH 59) the scald severity was 8.5 % in the untreated control. The control efficacy varied from 0 % to 29 % between the fungicide treatments without any statistically significant difference. In the second assessment at water ripening stage (BBCH 71) the two uppermost leaves were assessed. Scald severity in the untreated plots were 17 %. The final control efficacy varied from 0 % to 33 %, again without any statistically significant difference among the fungicide treatments. This means that none of the fungicides controlled scald efficiently. However, some fungicide treatments had clear impact on yield. The yield level in the trial was high, 5642 kg/ha in the untreated plots. The yield achieved with the tank mixture of Stereo EC and Mirador was equal to that in the untreated plots. Other fungicide treatments increased grain yield by 5 13 %. The highest yield increase was achieved with the tank mixtures where Folicur Xpert was included. Fungicide treatments increased thousand kernel weight by 1 4 % but they had hardly any impact on hectolitre weight. TIIVISTELMÄ Markkinoilla olevia viljojen sienitautien torjunta-aineita testattiin tankkiseoksina kenttäkokeessa Loimaalla. Tankkiseokset olivat Folicur Xpert+Delaro l/ha, Folicur Xpert+Delaro l/ha, Stereo EC + Mirador l/ha, Tilt 250 EC+Mirador l/ha ja Comet Pro+Prosaro l/ha. Verrannekäsittelyt olivat Proline 0.6 l/ha sekä tankkiseos Comet Pro + Juventus l/ha. Kokeeseen sisältyi myös käsittelemätön koejäsen. Koe suunniteltiin yhteistyössä kasvinsuojeluaineyritysten kanssa ja toteutettiin GEP-laatujärjestelmän mukaisesti. Kasvukaudele 2015 oli ominaista heinäkuun lopulle saakka jatkunut kostea, viileä ja pilvinen sää. Elokuu sitä vastoin oli oli keskimääräistä lämpimämpi ja aurinkoisempi ja sademäärä ainoastaan puolet tavanomaisesta. Elokuun lopussa kasvukausi oli 11 päivää jäljessä normaalista. Tehoisa lämpösumma Jokioisten mittausasemalla oli 1012 astetta, kun sen pitkäaikaiskeskiarvo vuosilta on 1119 astetta. Huhti elokuun sadekertymä oli 300 mm, joka oli hieman yli pitkäaikaisen keskiarvon 289 mm. Kosteutta oli ruiskasvuston tarpeisiin riittävästi koko kasvukaudenajan. Lisäksi lämmin ja aurinkoinen sää elokuussa mahdollisti tuleentumisen suotuisissa oloissa. Suunnitellun hybridirukiin sijaan koe perustettiin populaatiorukiiseen, koska Jokioisten lähialueilta tarkastetuista ruiskasvustoista viljelijän pellolta tavattu tasaisen tiheä Reetta-kasvusto sopi parhaiten koetarkoitukseen. Torjunnan kohteena oli ruskearuoste (Puccinia recondita) sekä rengaslaikku (Rhynchosporium secalis). Kasvitautiruiskutus tehtiin 2. kesäkuuta tähkimisen alussa (BBCH 51). Ruis oli voimakkaassa kasvussa ja lehdet olivat terveet lukuun ottamatta aivin alimpia, jo kellastuvia, orasvaiheen lehtiä. Kostea sää suosi rengaslaikun puhkeamista jo pian ruiskutuksen jälkeen, mutta

2 Efficacy evaluation of fungicides against brown Natural Resources Institute Finland 2015 rust and leaf spot diseases in winter rye - Advisory fungicide trial ruskearuostetta kasvustossa ei ollut vielä maitotuleentumisvaiheessakaan. Mikään tautientorjunta-aine ei aiheuttanut ruiskutusvioitusta. Jyvien täyttymisen aikana kasvusto alkoi painua lakoon, mutta ei kuitenkaan täysin maata vasten. Tuleentumisen lopulla tähkät olivat lakokohdissa edelleen cm:n korkeudella maasta. Kasvuston tautisuus havainnoitiin kaksi ja kuusi viikkoa torjuntaruiskutuksesta. Kahden viikon kuluttua ruiskutuksesta (BBCH 59) tautilaikkujen osuus lehtialasta oli käsittelemättömissä ruuduissa 8,5 %. Torjuntateho käsitellyissä ruuduissa oli 0 29 %. Kuuden viikon kuluttua ruiskutuksesta (BBCH 71) enää kaksi ylintä lehteä oli elossa ja havainnoitavissa. Käsittelemättömissä ruuduissa rengaslaikun vioitaman lehtialan osuus oli 17 %. Torjuntaruiskutusten lopullinen teho oli 0 33 %. Vaikkei mikään käytetyistä aineista torjunut rengaslaikkua tehokkaasti, saatiin muutamilla selviä sadonlisäyksiä. Satotaso käsittelemättömillä ruuduilla oli korkea, 5642 kg/ha. Tankkiseoksen Stereo EC + Mirador sato oli käsittelemättömän tasoa. Muut torjuntakäsittelyt lisäsivät satoa 5 13 %. Suurin lisäys saatiin tankkiseoksilla, joissa Folicur Xpert oli mukana. Tautien torjunta lisäsi tuhannen jyvän painoa 1 4 %, muttei juuri vaikuttanut hehtolitrapainoon. Picture 1. The crop stand of winter rye was rather dense and tall. On the right scald on leaves in mid July.

3 Efficacy evaluation of fungicides against brown Natural Resources Institute Finland 2015 rust and leaf spot diseases in winter rye - Advisory fungicide trial Picture 2. Scald was the predominant leaf disease on rye. All fungicides had low control efficacy against scald. Picture 3. The highest yield increase, %, was achieved with the tank mixtures of Folicur Xpert and Delaro when compared to the untreated check.

4 (F ) ARM Trial Treatments Page 1 of 1 Efficacy evaluation of fungicides against brown rust and leaf spot diseases in winter rye - Advisory fungicide trial Trial ID: F Protocol ID: F Location: Loimaa Study Director: Anne Rahkonen Sponsor Contact: Luke Trt Treatment Form Form Lot Rate Growth Appl No. Name Conc Type Code Rate Unit Stage Code 1 Untreated Check 2 Proline 250 EC ECE l/ha 51 A -prothioconazole g AI 3 Comet Pro 200 EC l/ha 51 A -pyraclostrobin g AI Juventus 90 SL l/ha 51 A -metconazole g AI 4 Folicur Xpert 240 EC ECE l/ha 51 A -tebuconazole g AI -prothioconazole g AI Delaro 325 FS EV l/ha 51 A -trifloxystrobin g AI -prothioconazole g AI 5 Folicur Xpert 240 EC ECE l/ha 51 A -tebuconazole g AI -prothioconazole g AI Delaro 325 FS EV l/ha 51 A -trifloxystrobin g AI -prothioconazole g AI 6 Stereo EC EC HEM9L00006 REL 12/09 1 l/ha 51 A -cyprodinil g AI -propiconazole g AI Mirador 250 SC l/ha 51 A -azoxystrobin g AI 7 Tilt 250 EC 250 EC 1342-SEP l/ha 51 A -propiconazole g AI Mirador 250 SC l/ha 51 A -azoxystrobin g AI 8 Comet Pro 200 EC l/ha 51 A -pyraclostrobin g AI Prosaro 250 EC EM4L l/ha 51 A -tebuconazole g AI -prothioconazole g AI Replications: 4, Untreated treatments: 1, Conduct under GLP/GEP: Yes (GEP with no protection), Design: Randomized Complete Block (RCB), Treatment units: Treated 'Plot' experimental unit size, Dry Form. Unit: %, Treated 'Plot' experimental unit size Width: 2 meters, Treated 'Plot' experimental unit size Length: 8 meters, Application volume: 200 L/ha, Mix size: 2.5 liters, Format definitions: G-All7.def, G-All7.frm

5 (F ) ARM Site Description Page 1 of 4 Efficacy evaluation of fungicides against brown rust and leaf spot diseases in winter rye - Advisory fungicide trial Trial ID: F Protocol ID: F Location: Loimaa Study Director: Anne Rahkonen Sponsor Contact: Luke General Trial Information Study Director: Anne Rahkonen Title: Research Scientist Discipline: F fungicide Trial Status: F one-year/final Initiation Date: Planned Completion Date: City: Loimaa Postal Code: Country: FIN Southwest Finland Trial Location Conducted Under GEP: Yes No. Guideline Description 1. PP 1/26(4) Foliar and ear diseases on cereals 2. PP 1/135(4) phytotoxicity assessment 3. PP 1/152(4) Design and analysis of efficacy evaluation trials 4. PP 1/181(4) Conduct and reporting of efficacy evaluation trials including GEP Objectives: the efficacy of fungicides on market against brown rust and leaf spot diseases in winter rye. Conclusions: The trial was established in the population rye Reetta instead of the planned hybrid rye. That was because crop density was too variable for trial purposes in the hybrid rye fields available. Target diseases were brown rust (Puccinia recondita) and scald (Rhynchosporium secalis). Fungicides were applied in the beginning of the heading (BBCH 51) on June 2 th. That time the crop stand was in vigorous growth and leaves were still free from fungal diseases. The cool and moist weather was favourable for scald infection. Scald appeared in the crop stand soon after the application but brown rust did not occur even later in summer in the trial. No phytotoxicity appeared in any of the treatments. At milk ripening stage the crop stand lodged partly so that ears, however, remained cm above the ground. Disease severity was observed twice, 15 days and 41 days after the fungicide application. In the first assessment at late heading stage (BBCH 59) the scald severity was 8.5 % in the untreated control. The control efficacy varied from 0 % to 29 % between the fungicide treatments without any statistically significant difference. In the second assessment at water ripening stage (BBCH 71) the two uppermost leaves were assessed. Scald severity in the untreated plots were 17 %. The final control efficacy varied from 0 % to 33 %, again without any statistically significant difference among the fungicide treatments. This means that none of the fungicides controlled scald efficiently. However, some fungicide treatments had clear impact on yield. The yield level in the trial was high, 5642 kg/ha in the untreated plots. The yield achieved with the tank mixture of Stereo EC and Mirador was equal to that in the untreated plots. Other fungicide treatments increased grain yield by 5 13 %. The highest yield increase was achieved with the tank mixtures where Folicur Xpert was included. Fungicide treatments increased thousand kernel weight by 1 4 % but they had hardly any impact on hectolitre weight.

6 (F ) ARM Site Description Page 2 of 4 Personnel Study Director: Anne Rahkonen Title: Research Scientist Affiliation: Address: Laboratorium, Uutetie 2 Location: Jokioinen, Finland Postal Code: FI anne.rahkonen@luke.fi Phone No.: Cooperator/Landowner Cooperator: Tuomas Levojoki Role: Farmer Address 1: Petäjäjoentie 54 City: Loimaa Postal Code: Country: FIN Southwest Finland Crop Description Crop 1: SECCW Secale cereale (winter) Winter rye Variety: Reetta Bor Description: population BBCH Scale: BCER Planting Date: Planting Method: DRILLE drilled Rate, Unit: 180 KG/HA Row Spacing, Unit: 12.5 cm Seed Bed: COMPAC compacted Harvest Date: Harvested Width, Unit: 1.5 m Harvested Length, Unit: 8 m % Standard Moisture: 15.0 Pest Description Pest 1 Type: D Code: PUCCRE Puccinia recondita Common Name: Brown leaf rust of cereals Site and Design Plot Width, Unit: 2 m Site Type: FIELD field Plot Length, Unit: 8 m Experimental Unit: 1 PLOT plot Plot Area, Unit: 16 m2 Tillage Type: CONTIL conventional-till Replications: 4 Study Design: RACOBL Randomized Complete Block (RCB) Untreated Arrangement: INCLUDED single control randomized in each block Maintenance Maintenance Form Form Rate No. Date Treatment Name Conc Type Rate Unit Yara Mila Pellon Y-6 ( ) 160 kg/ha Belor Agro, 27 typpi (27-0-0) 400 kg/ha Tooler 70 g/ha CCC 750 SL 1.5 L/ha ph: 7.0 Texture: CL clay loam Soil Description Element Quantity Unit Ca 4800 mg/l P 19 mg/l K 270 mg/l Mg 510 mg/l Additional Measured Elements Moisture and Weather Conditions Overall Moisture Conditions: WEWEDR wet-wet-dry Closest Weather Station: Ilmala, Jokioinen Distance, Unit: 20 km

7 (F ) ARM Site Description Page 3 of 4 Comment: The weather conditions in Loimaa in the growing season 2015 were cool and wet. In May, June and July, the daily average temperatures were below the long term average and the precipitation above the long term average. August was warm and the precipitation at the nearest weather station in Jokioinen was only 50 % of the long term average. In the end of August the growing season was 11 days behind the normal based on the effective temperature sum. The effective temperature sum was 1012 (long term average 1119) and the precipitation April August 300 mm (long term average 289 mm). Water supply for rye was adequate throughout the season. Warm and sunny weather in August enabled ripening in favourable conditions. The trial was harvested on the 25th of August. A Application Date: Time of Day: 9:00 Application Method: spray Application Placement: foliar Applied By: VR, AR, LP Air Temperature, Unit: 12.8 C % Relative Humidity: 26 Wind Velocity, Unit: 3 mps Wind Direction: NE Dew Presence (Y/N): N no Soil Temperature, Unit: 10.2 C Soil Moisture: moist % Cloud Cover: 20 Application Description Crop Stage At Each Application A Crop 1 Code, BBCH Scale: SECCW BCER Stage Scale Used: BBCH Stage Majority, Percent: 51 Height, Unit: 93 cm Pest Stage At Each Application A Pest 1 Code, Type, Scale: PUCCRE D Density, Unit: 0 %

8 (F ) ARM Site Description Page 4 of 4 Application Equipment A Plot sprayer SPRAYE Appl. Equipment: Equipment Type: Operation Pressure, Unit: 2.0 bar Nozzle Type: Hardi4110 Nozzle Size: 12 Nozzle Spacing, Unit: 50 cm Nozzles/Row: 4 Boom ID: KSU2 Boom Length, Unit: 2 m Boom Height, Unit: 50 cm Ground Speed, Unit: 1 mps Carrier: water Spray Volume, Unit: 200 l/ha Mix Size, Unit: 2.5 liters Propellant: COMAIR

9 (F ) ARM AOV Means Table Efficacy evaluation of fungicides against brown rust and leaf spot diseases in winter rye - Advisory fungicide trial Trial ID: F Protocol ID: F Location: Loimaa Study Director: Anne Rahkonen Sponsor Contact: Luke Pest Code RHYNSE RHYNSE Pest Name Leaf blotch of cereals Leaf blotch of cereals Crop Code SECCE SECCE SECCE SECCE SECCE Crop Name Rye Rye Rye Rye Rye Crop Variety Reetta Reetta Reetta Reetta Reetta Part Rated LEAF - LEAF - GRAIN - GRAIN - GRAIN - Rating Date 17/06/15 13/07/15 25/08/15 25/08/15 04/09/15 Rating Type DAMDIS DAMDIS YIELD YIELD TKW Rating Unit percent percent g kg g Sample Size, Unit 1 plot 1 plot 1 plot 1 ha 1000 seed Crop Stage Majority Crop Stage Scale BBCH BBCH BBCH BBCH BBCH Trt-Eval Interval 15 DA-A 41 DA-A 84 DA-A 84 DA-A 94 DA-A ARM Action Codes APC APC TY1 APOC Trt Treatment Rate Appl No. Name Rate Unit Code Untreated Check 8.5 a 16.8 a 6373 b 5642 a a (0%) (0%) (100%) 2 Proline 0.6 l/ha A 6.8 a 13.5 a 6735 ab 5936 a a (21%) (19%) (105%) 3 Comet Pro 0.5 l/ha A 6.5 a 13.5 a 6893 ab 6088 a a Juventus 0.5 l/ha A (24%) (19%) (108%) 4 Folicur Xpert 0.25 l/ha A 6.0 a 16.8 a 7168 a 6323 a a Delaro 0.5 l/ha A (29%) (0%) (112%) 5 Folicur Xpert 0.5 l/ha A 8.5 a 12.0 a 7148 a 6349 a a Delaro 0.5 l/ha A (0%) (28%) (113%) 6 Stereo EC 1 l/ha A 6.5 a 16.0 a 6363 b 5639 a a Mirador 0.25 l/ha A (24%) (4%) (100%) 7 Tilt 250 EC 0.5 l/ha A 6.5 a 17.8 a 6900 ab 6139 a a Mirador 0.25 l/ha A (24%) (-6%) (109%) 8 Comet Pro 0.5 l/ha A 8.5 a 11.3 a 6873 ab 6108 a a Prosaro 0.4 l/ha A (0%) (33%) (108%) LSD P= Standard Deviation CV Bartlett's X P(Bartlett's X2) Replicate F Replicate Prob(F) Treatment F Means Treatment followed Prob(F) by same letter do not significantly differ (P=.05, Student-Newman-Keuls) Column 4: TY1 = *[3]*(100-@AVGSUB([9]))/85 Column 6: T2 = ((100-@AVGSUB([9]))*@AVGSUB([5]))/85 Column 8: T3 = ((100-@AVGSUB([9]))*@AVGSUB([7]))/85

10 (F ) ARM AOV Means Table Efficacy evaluation of fungicides against brown rust and leaf spot diseases in winter rye - Advisory fungicide trial Trial ID: F Protocol ID: F Location: Loimaa Study Director: Anne Rahkonen Sponsor Contact: Luke Pest Code Pest Name Crop Code Crop Name Crop Variety Part Rated Rating Date Rating Type Rating Unit Sample Size, Unit Crop Stage Majority Crop Stage Scale Trt-Eval Interval ARM Action Codes Trt Treatment No. Name 1 Untreated Check Rate Appl Rate Unit Code 2 Proline 0.6 l/ha A 3 Comet Pro 0.5 l/ha A Juventus 0.5 l/ha A 4 Folicur Xpert 0.25 l/ha A Delaro 0.5 l/ha A 5 Folicur Xpert 0.5 l/ha A Delaro 0.5 l/ha A 6 Stereo EC 1 l/ha A Mirador 0.25 l/ha A 7 Tilt 250 EC 0.5 l/ha A Mirador 0.25 l/ha A 8 Comet Pro 0.5 l/ha A Prosaro 0.4 l/ha A LSD P=.05 Standard Deviation CV Bartlett's X2 P(Bartlett's X2) Replicate F Replicate Prob(F) Treatment F Treatment Prob(F) SECCE SECCE SECCE SECCE Rye Rye Rye Rye Reetta Reetta Reetta Reetta GRAIN - GRAIN - GRAIN - GRAIN - 04/09/15 04/09/15 04/09/15 04/09/15 TKW HLW HLW MOICON g kg kg percent 1000 seed 1 sample 1 sample BBCH BBCH BBCH BBCH 94 DA-A 94 DA-A 94 DA-A 94 DA-A T2 APOC T3 APOC a 80.5 a 85.5 a 9.7 a (100%) (100%) a 80.8 a 85.5 a 10.1 a (104%) (100%) a 81.0 a 85.9 a 9.9 a (101%) (100%) a 80.6 a 85.4 a 10.0 a (103%) (100%) a 80.5 a 85.8 a 9.4 a (104%) (100%) a 81.0 a 86.1 a 9.6 a (103%) (101%) a 80.7 a 86.2 a 9.3 a (102%) (101%) a 80.7 a 86.1 a 9.3 a (103%) (101%) * * 0.001*