ReFuel 70 % Emission Reduction Using Renewable High Cetane Number Paraffinic Diesel Fuel. Kalle Lehto, Aalto-yliopisto 5.5.

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1 ReFuel 70 % Emission Reduction Using Renewable High Cetane Number Paraffinic Diesel Fuel Kalle Lehto, Aalto-yliopisto Otaniemi

2 ReFuel a three year research project ( ) goal utilize the potential of the renewable high cetane number parafinic fuels and their oxygenate blends develop optimum combustion technologies for them tools literature study - simulations (CFD) - emission mapping calculations - spray measurements - engine tests with extensive emission measurements

3 ReFuel research partners Aalto VTT ÅA TUT financing Tekes Industry Universities and VTT industry partners Neste Oil Agco Sisu Power Wärtsilä Aker Arctic

4 ReFuel High-speed engine tests, LEO goal a 70 % reduction in emissions (NO x, PM) by using Hydrotreaded Vegetable Oil (HVO) in conjunction with Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and Miller timing test runs reference tests with both EN590 and HVO (DONE) separate miller- and EGR-test runs (DONE) combined miller and EGR with injection parameter optimization (DONE) test runs with HVO + oxygenate blend (MAY 2011)

5 ReFuel - LEO LEO is a single-cylinder high-speed diesel research engine perfectly suited for this sort of test runs Electro Hydraulic Valve Actuators enable easy miller cycle operation easily controllable simulated EGR rate with neat nitrogen fully adjustable fuel injection parameters (SOI, Inj.p, Inj.dur., pilot- and post injections...) LEO electro hydraulic valve actuators (EHVA)

6 LEO Miller timing with an Electro Hydraulic Valve Actuator system (EHVA) Miller Timing Valve Lift Curves Exhaust Intake ref Miller 30 Miller 50 Miller 70 Valve Lift Crank Angle [deg]

7 ReFuel LEO, Results from the separate EGR- and miller test runs

8 ReFuel LEO Reducing NO x and FSN emission by using HVO, EGR + Miller EN590 reference NOx FSN LEO 50 % Load 1,4 1,2 1 Smoke [FSN] 0,8 0,6 0,4 0, NOx [ppm]

9 ReFuel LEO Reducing NO x and FSN emission by using HVO, EGR + Miller EN590 reference HVO (NExBTL) Reference 1,4 NOx FSN LEO 50 % Load 1,2 1 Smoke [FSN] 0,8 0,6 0,4 0, NOx [ppm]

10 ReFuel LEO Reducing NO x and FSN emission by using HVO, EGR + Miller EN590 reference HVO (NExBTL) Reference HVO + 2,5 % EGR 1,4 1,2 NOx FSN LEO 50 % Load 1 Smoke [FSN] 0,8 0,6 0,4 0, NOx [ppm]

11 ReFuel LEO Reducing NO x and FSN emission by using HVO, EGR + Miller EN590 reference HVO (NExBTL) Reference HVO + 2,5 % EGR HVO + 2,5 % EGR, Miller 70 Smoke [FSN] 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 NOx FSN LEO 50 % Load 0,4 0, NOx [ppm]

12 ReFuel LEO Reducing NO x and FSN emission by using HVO, EGR + Miller EN590 reference HVO (NExBTL) Reference HVO + 2,5 % EGR HVO + 2,5 % EGR, Miller 70 HVO + 10 % EGR, Miller 70, Inj.p +100 bar Smoke [FSN] 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 NOx FSN LEO 50 % Load NOx [ppm]

13 ReFuel LEO Combined EGR + Miller 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % loads (1500 rpm) were run for each load a Low NO x, Low Smoke and an OK setup was created by varying EGR, miller, and fuel injection The target was a 70 % reduction in one emission component without the other being higher than in the reference run with EN590 The charge air mass flow was kept constant by adjusting the charge air pressure and the load was kept constant by adjusting injection duration

14 ReFuel High-speed engine tests, LEO 50 % Load Emission Point EGR Miller Inj. p var. SOI var. NO x FSN 50 % OK 5 % bar 0-31 % -54 % 50 % Low NO x 10 % bar 0-60 % +2 % 50 % Low Smoke 2,5 % bar -3-1% -73 % 50 % Load Smoke [FSN] 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 NO x - Smoke 50 % Load 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 NO x [g/kwh] EN590 reference NExBTL refefence NExBTL Optimized

15 ReFuel High-speed engine tests, LEO 75 % Load Emission Point EGR Miller Inj. p var. SOI var. NO x FSN OK 10 % bar 0-52 % -53 % Low NO x 10 % bar % -19 % Low Smoke 2,5 % bar 0-12 % -75 % 75 % Load Smoke [FSN] 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 NO x - Smoke 75 % Load 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 NO x [g/kwh] EN590 reference NExBTL reference NExBTL Optimized

16 ReFuel High-speed engine tests, LEO 100 % Load Emission Point EGR Miller Inj. p var. SOI var. NO x FSN OK 10 % bar 0-54 % -58 % Low NO x 12 % bar % -13 % Low Smoke 2,5 % bar 0-10 % -85 % 100 % Load Smoke [FSN] 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 NO x - Smoke 100 % Load NO x [g/kwh] EN590 reference NExBTL reference NExBTL Optimized

17 Specific Fuel Consumption [g/kwh] Specific Fuel Consumption % Load Specific Fuel Consumption - 50 % Load Specific Fuel Consumption - 75 % Load EN590 ref NExBTL ref OK Low NO x Low Smoke SFC [g/kwh] EN590 ref NExBTL ref OK Low NO x Low Smoke SFC [g/kwh] EN590 ref NExBTL ref OK Low NO x Low Smoke 100 SFC [g/kwh] 50 0

18 Summary at least 70 % reduction in smoke emissions was achieved at each load point without NO x penalty at least 60 % reduction in NO x emissions was achieved at each load point without smoke penalty with 75 % and 100 % loads over 50 % reduction in smoke and NO x emissions was achieved at the same improved SFC in all load points

19 Thank you for your time! Any questions? Contact