Locally Renewably Efficiently

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1 Locally Renewably Efficiently Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia 2020 A Summary Publication

2 Locally Renewably Efficiently Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia 2020 Summary Copies 300 Regional Council of North Karelia Pielisjoen linna, Siltakatu 2 FI JOENSUU, FINLAND Tel Fax kirjaamo@pohjois-karjala.fi Layout Laura Jussila Photos Cover Jouko Langen/Vastavalo Stock.XCHNG Stock.XCHNG 3, 8, 13, 14, 21, Jouko Langen/Vastavalo 4 Tarmo Sotikov 7, 19 Oona Lohilahti 15 Rauno Jussila 17 Hanne Lohilahti Printing Kopijyvä Ltd, Jyväskylä 2012 The publication is also available on the Internet: > Tietopalvelu > Julkaisut ISBN (pbk.) ISBN (PDF) ISSN

3 Contents 1 The Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia Greenhouse Gas Emissions in North Karelia Vision of an Oil-free Region Energy Production and Consumption Transport Community Structure and Land Use Planning Construction Waste Management Forestry Agriculture Adaptation to Climate Change NOW...26

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5 1 The Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia 2020 The Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia presents a plan of action for the North Karelia region on climate change mitigation and adaptation. The Climate and Energy Programme implements the climate targets set out in the European Union and Finland. Visions and targets presented in the programme aim far beyond the target year of The programme was made in cooperation with all of the actors in the region and it sets a common vision of the desired future. The Regional Council of North Karelia acted as the programme coordinator. The strengths of North Karelia are its rich natural resources and diverse expertise in the bioenergy and forestry research sectors. In terms of energy self-sufficiency and the share of renewable energy, North Karelia already exceeds the EU and national climate targets. Climate change and the challenges it poses are seen as a possibility for the North Karelia region to develop innovations and new business opportunities. The programme focuses on the sectors of energy production and consumption, transport, community structure and land use planning, construction, waste management, agriculture and forestry. Climate targets for Finland after the Kyoto Protocol The European Union climate targets and the Finnish national targets by 2020: Greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by at least 20% from the 1990 level and by 30% if other industrialised countries adopt similar targets. The non-ets sector emissions in Finland will be reduced by 16% from the 2005 level. The share of renewable energy in the EU will reach 20% and 38% in Finland. Energy efficiency will be increased on average by 20% compared with the base line. The share of renewable energy in transport will be increased to 10%. Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia 2020 Summary 5

6 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in North Karelia Greenhouse gas emissions in North Karelia from the energy, transport, agriculture and waste sectors amounted to 1.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 -eq.) in Emissions per sector are presented in the diagram below. Waste management 4 % Agriculture 15 % Energy production and consumption 45 % Transport 36 % Picture 1. Greenhouse gas emissions per sector in North Karelia Emissions from the energy and transport sectors correspond to more than 80% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in North Karelia. Decisions made in these sectors are crucial to achieving emission reductions in the region. The future availability and price of wood and plant-based fuels and the status of peat in electricity and heat production will determine the level of greenhouse gas emissions in the region in the future. 6 Locally Renewably Efficiently

7 The strength of the regional economy can be supported by decentralised energy production based on renewable energy sources. This also assures the energy supply. Above all, locally produced energy is not so strongly tied to business cycles. Greenhouse gas emissions in North Karelia (tonnes of CO2-eq.) Greenhouse gas emissions in Finland (tonnes of CO2-eq.) North Karelia s share of total emissions in Finland Energy production and consumption ,5 Transport ,8 Agriculture ,3 Waste management ,3 Total ,0 Other key climate and energy figures in North Karelia Forests and forestland in North Karelia absorb a total of 3 million tonnes of CO 2 -eq. About 84% of the total land area of the region is covered in forest, of which onethird is swamp. Total emissions decreased by almost 7% between 1990 and Greenhouse gas emissions in North Karelia totalled 9.4 tonnes of CO 2 -eq. per person in The corresponding figure for Finland was 14.8 tonnes. The share of renewable energy from the total energy use of the region is about 63%, of which the share of wood energy is 82%. Employment in the renewable energy cluster was about 1,100 persons (fulltime equivalent) in 2008 and turnover was about 120 million euros. The growth in both employment and turnover was about 30% from Research, development and educational institutions invest about 5 million euros per year in renewable energy. In 2011 there was roughly 30 regional, national or international ongoing renewable energy-related projects in the region. Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia 2020 Summary 7

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9 3 Vision of an Oil-free Region The starting point of the climate and energy programme of North Karelia is to strengthen the existing resources in the area and to make full use of the potential the region has to offer. An oil-free North Karelia Is a carbon neutral and over self-sufficient region in renewable energy production where fossil oil is not used in energy production. Takes advantage and develops the possibilities of bioeconomy and is an international actor in the climate and energy sector. Is known for sustainable development solutions that enhance the well-being of people and the environment where municipalities, communities, companies and residents are aware of the climate change and mitigation actions and who are conscious of their responsibilities and possibilities in terms of climate issues. How does the vision become reality? The share of renewable energy is increased and diversified and energy efficiency is enhanced. In North Karelia, greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by more than the EU s target of 20% by Cooperation between private and public sector organisations is increased and climate change is taken into account in all planning and decision-making. Export activities for technology and services are strengthened. Municipalities are aware of the current state of their greenhouse gas emissions and the major emission sources, and have determined their own climate targets and measures accordingly. The use of natural resources in North Karelia is sustainable and the biodiversity values of forests and agricultural environments are taken into account. The implementation of the climate and energy programme requires long-term and resolute cooperation. In addition to the Regional Council, national and local authorities, education and research organisations, regional development companies and businesses will implement the climate and energy programme, each within their own jurisdiction. Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia 2020 Summary 9

10 4 Energy Production and Consumption Energy consumption in North Karelia (including heating, electricity and transport) has been a little over 10 TWh in recent years. The share of renewable energy of the total consumption is high, about 63%. About 75% of thermal energy and electricity is produced by renewable energy sources. The renewable energy sources in use in North Karelia are bioenergy (84%), hydropower (15%) and others (1%). Bioenergy consists almost entirely of wood energy, industrial by-products and forest energy. Oil is, in practice, the only fossil fuel in use in the region. The use of peat has been around 700 GWh or 8% in recent years. Fossil fuels (transport) 16,7 % Heating fossi oil 7,4% Import of electricity 8,9 % Wood energy 49,2 % (Black liquor 48% Other industrial by-products 26% Wood chips 11% Firewood 14% Pellets 1%) Peat 6,9 % Waste 0,1 % Heat pumps 1,3 % Hydropower 9,3 % Other bioenergy 0,3 % Picture 2. End use of energy in In the near future, the increase of production, consumption and export of renewable energy, enhancing energy efficiency and consumer advice on energy will be highlighted in North Karelia. 10 Locally Renewably Efficiently

11 Table 1. The current state of energy production and consumption in North Karelia, and the target for North Karelia CURRENT STATE (GWh) TARGET (GWh) Energy content (GWh) Production 2008 Consumption 2008 Production 2020 Consumption 2020 Black liquor Other industrial by-products Wood chips Refined biofuels Firewood Pellets Agro-biomasses Biogas Waste Hydropower Wind power Solar power < Heat pumps Geothermal power Peat Oil (transport) Oil (heating) 750 Import of electricity (renewable) 270 Import of electricity (non-renewable) 630 Total GWh Share of renewables (%) 62,7 80,8 Self-sufficiency % (production/consumption) 69,7 86,2 Energy Sector Targets for 2020 Energy Efficiency and Energy Advice Giving energy advice is an integral part of the operations in different organisations. All the municipalities and 50 companies in North Karelia have signed the energy efficiency agreement. The energy efficiency of existing buildings is enhanced. Companies take advantage of the possibilities of energy efficiency and saving in their business. Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia 2020 Summary 11

12 Energy production Total energy consumption remains at the 10 TWh level. The share of renewable energy of the total energy consumption is over 80%. Electricity is produced by renewable energy sources over and above the region s own needs. North Karelia is self-sufficient in heating and the heating power is produced almost entirely by renewable energy sources. The share of renewable energy from the total energy consumption in transport is at least 25%. The production of wood energy is increased by about 2300 GWh and production of energy from other renewable sources by about 600 GWh. Decentralised energy production improves self-sufficiency and creates business opportunities. Know-how and business The turnover of the renewable energy cluster is 500 million euros and the cluster employs 5,000 persons (full-time equivalent). Highly networked, world-class research and education are the basis for new business opportunities. North Karelian companies in the renewable energy sector operate internationally and the significance of related machinery and equipment manufacturing is particularly strong. The forest and other renewable energy cluster draws young people to the industry: the industry offers possibilities and is attractive. Measures for the Energy Sector Energy Efficiency and Energy Advice Campaigns to promote the signing of energy efficiency agreements are organised. A programme for energy-efficient renovation is launched. Energy advice services for consumers, builders and housing cooperatives are organised. The use of surplus heat from industry is enhanced. Energy production Heat and energy are produced in both large centralised energy production plants and dozens of small-scale CHP plants (50 kwe 2 MWe), and micro-scale (less than 50 kwe) units. The production of refined wood chip-based biofuels commences. A comprehensive and effective bioenergy terminal network is created in North Karelia. Private households in North Karelia generate electricity. Control and guidance for small-scale combustion is offered (emission control and efficiency). 12 Locally Renewably Efficiently

13 Know-how and business Wood energy-related research is strengthened and the quality of wood energy is improved. METTI, The Forest Energy Research and Innovation Centre, is made into an internationally recognized expert on the whole forest energy chain. Image campaigns to highlight the possibilities in the renewable energy industry are executed. The Wenet network is developed and one-stop service packages are built and sold to international markets. Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia 2020 Summary 13

14 5 Transport In North Karelia, the movement of people is mostly based on the use of a car. This is because about a third of the population lives in sparsely populated areas. The emissions from transport account for almost 40% of the total emissions. Road transport accounts for about 90% of all emissions from the transport sector. Influencing the amount of emissions from vehicles, and reducing the transport demand can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transport. The age of the car stock, vehicle technology, fuels in use and driving methods affect the emissions from road transport. The development of community infrastructure and service network has an impact on transport demand. The most important indirect means to influence both the length of the trips and the means of transport are the development of the community infrastructure and the placement of different functions. In a climate-friendly society, the focus has shifted from cars to other transport modes that emit less: walking, cycling and public transport. Cargo transport logistics can be improved by organising the transport of goods in a new way. With the development of fuels, the transport of goods must also start using low emission fuels when the availability and distribution networks improve. Transport Sector Targets for 2020 Light transportation and public transport are a functioning and attractive alternative to private cars. Biogas and other locally-produced energy sources for transport are being increasingly used. Rail transport in the region is functioning and user-friendly. Cargo transport logistics is efficient and transferred to rail and water transport routes where appropriate. Telecommuting and car pools are popular; electronic means of communication are used effectively. Measures for the Transport Sector Integrated pedestrian and cycle paths are increased and improved, and their maintenance is improved. Bicycle parking spaces are increased and equipment in them and at public transport stops/stations are improved. Transport system planning and land use planning are connected to each other. Cooperation between the authorities in terms of public transport organisation and planning is improved. Tickets are made more attractive and services are actively communicated. 14 Locally Renewably Efficiently

15 Demand responsive transport services are improved and their supply areas are expanded. It is ensured that public support for public transport is targeted at the needs of medium-sized towns and rural areas. The accessibility of shopping centres with functioning public transport and pedestrian and cycle connections is ensured. The introduction of alternative fuels is supported. The distribution network is increased. Biogas from waste treatment plants is utilised as transport fuel. Municipalities and other public entities take alternative transport energy sources into use as soon as possible. Possibilities for using biogas in non-electrified rail transport is investigated. Long-distance services and travel times are improved, in particular in the rail connection between Joensuu and Helsinki. A rail connection is developed on the Joensuu Lieksa Nurmes Kontiomäki Oulu route. The possibility of a rail connection between Joensuu and Kuopio is investigated. The possibility of rail traffic for Joensuu commuter traffic is investigated. The supply of goods and distribution traffic in the periphery are enhanced. Cooperation in the sector is improved and the possibilities for cooperation between actors is explored. The utilisation of year-round waterway transportation for bioenergy, recycled materials and aggregates is increased. Broadband access in sparsely populated areas is improved. The use of telecommuting is supported. Carpooling is supported. Video conferencing technology is utilised in the workplace. Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia 2020 Summary 15

16 6 Community Structure and Land Use Planning Community structure planning and implementation decisions have an impact far into the future, and the decisions made also have an effect on greenhouse gas emissions. Land use planning creates the preconditions for adapting to future changes. The means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions create a community structure in many respects that are appreciated by residents: good local services, functioning public transport and energy solutions, good possibilities for cycling and walking and recreation sites near residential areas. In North Karelia, the need to make the community structure more cohesive applies to the surrounding areas of Joensuu, which comprises a km zone around the city centre. In the Joensuu region, the challenges are preventing increased car dependency, increasing the integration of the community infrastructure, the status of public transport and enhancing the services and lines offered by public transport. In sparsely populated rural areas, the maintenance and preservation of services is highlighted. In rural areas, the enhancement of service availability and environmental aspects can be realised by innovative methods such as online services, services via videophone access and joint services. Community Structure and Land Use Planning Targets for 2020 The community structure is functioning and economical. Cooperation between municipal officials and municipalities is functioning and frequent. Villages outside the growing urban areas are vital. Measures for Community Structure and Land Use Planning The needs for transport and housing together with energy solutions are combined with strategic local master plans. In new land use plans, housing, jobs and services are positioned rationally in relation to each other. New construction builders are directed to a joint thermal network that uses renewable energy sources. Municipalities actively acquire land for construction using all the statutory means available, including the right of pre-emption, construction commencement orders and land-policy based redemption. Strategic activities in areas that already have local detailed plans are launched by municipalities to make the areas more cohesive. The supply for local detail planned plots is increased and diversified. Sufficient green spaces and recreational areas are ensured in planned areas. 16 Locally Renewably Efficiently

17 The permission policy of unplanned areas near growing urban areas is standardised and tightened. The communication between officials responsible for land use planning and transport system planning is made more frequent. Cooperation between municipalities in land use planning is enhanced. Regional mobility and service needs are taken into account in master planning. Component master plans for villages are initiated and developed. Local village services are strengthened. Water and sewage pipe networks are developed in village centres. The preservation and development of local services is made possible. Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia 2020 Summary 17

18 7 Construction A building s size, heating system, insulation and energy efficiency affect the greenhouse gas emissions of the building during its use. The choices made in the construction phase can significantly affect the building s greenhouse gas emissions throughout the life of the building. The most significant environmental impacts from housing are caused by consumption of heat, water and electricity. In the future, the relative proportion of manufacturing building materials, construction and demolition will increase in terms of greenhouse gas emissions because of the transition to more energy efficient structures during construction. In climate-friendly construction and renovation, the energy efficiency of a building is ensured, the share of re-newable energy in the energy supply is increased, the usage of renewable and low-energy building materials is promoted and passive solar energy is exploited. Climate-friendly construction favours wood because wooden structures are less energy intensive than, for example, steel and concrete. Carbon sequestrated to wood is also kept away from the atmosphere until the product burns or decays. Low and zero-energy construction and renovation require new skills and management of the entire process from planners, contractors and people responsible for property maintenance. Construction Targets for 2020 Buildings are more energy efficient and the efficiency of use is good. North Karelia is the leading region in wood construction. Renewable energy is used as the principal heating source in buildings. Regional energy advice is active and professional. Measures for Construction In construction and renovation, attention is paid to insulation, controlled ventilation, the recovery of heat, the utilization of passive solar energy and ventilation and other ecologically sustainable solutions. Water circulation heating is preferred. New houses are built to be as energy efficient as possible. Old buildings are utilised as efficiently as possible. The facilities of the public sector are used more efficiently. Training in wood construction is organised for construction professionals, and local builders interest in wood construction is increased. Building wooden apartment buildings is established as a normal practice in construction. In local detail plans the construction of wooden apartment buildings is made possible. 18 Locally Renewably Efficiently

19 Information is given on alternative heating solutions based on renewable energy sources. The use of renewable energy in house-specific energy solutions is supported. Local building codes are reviewed to remove the barriers for the installation of solar collectors, solar panels and wind turbines. The awareness on the potential uses of passive solar energy is raised. Centralised heating systems that use renewable energy are favoured in new residential areas. An energy advice project aimed at construction and renovation is carried out. A model for construction and energy advice is established in the region. Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia 2020 Summary 19

20 8 Waste Management A waste plan has been prepared for the region of Eastern Finland and it describes the targets for waste management in The goal is that the amount of waste placed in landfill is reduced significantly, and energy from combustible material that is not suitable for reuse as material can be recycled as energy. This energy can be used to replace energy produced by fossil fuels. In addition, the majority of biowaste and sludge is treated in biogas plants and, depending on the region, used in energy production and refined for transport use. Preventing waste generation is one of the most important ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from waste. Reducing consumption and using materials and energy more efficiently in the production phase prevent the creation of waste. Clear instructions for maintenance, manuals, different rental services together with maintenance and repair services in city centres can also reduce waste generation. Diminishing the amount of biodegradable waste going into landfill and increasing the capture of methane produced in the landfills can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from waste management. Biowaste put into mixed waste reduces the possibilities for mixed waste utilisation, and methane (a biogas) that results from the degradation of biowaste is a very efficient greenhouse gas. The sorting of biodegradable waste where it is produced and its treatment in a separate plant is an efficient way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from waste. Waste Management Targets for 2020 The targets of preventing waste generation, sorting waste and treating biowaste and sludge that were set in the Eastern Finland waste plan have been realised. The region has a functioning and active waste advice service. Energy from waste is used efficiently. Measures for Waste Management The prevention of waste generation and material efficiency are integrated into the procurement instructions of municipalities. The obligation to sort biowaste is extended to the entire region. Biodegradable waste produced in the region is primarily refined into energy and fertilizers, and secondarily composted by real estate owners. Transport biogas is taken into use as soon as possible in waste transport. Ways of treatment and uses for sewage sludge are developed and centralised. The collection of sorted waste is realised in all schools. Waste generation is prevented in procurement. Best practices for preventing office waste generation are taken into use. 20 Locally Renewably Efficiently

21 Waste monitoring is developed within the framework of corporate environmental programmes. Up-to-date information on the prevention of waste generation and the increase of material efficiency is developed and produced to consumers and educational institutions. Cooperation with regional and national stakeholders is developed (e.g. the Martha organisation, educational institutions and waste management companies). Waste management is integrated as a part of the teaching programmes of schools and day care centres. Environmental passport education is developed to be a part of adult education Waste management services are diversified; for example a service for emptying composts is developed. Information is offered to municipalities and companies on how to take waste management issues into account in procurement. The burning of waste unsuitable for recycling alongside other fuels is promoted. Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia 2020 Summary 21

22 9 Forestry In North Karelia, the annual growth of forests is much greater than the annual forest removals. The overall growth has risen in the 21st century to 8.3 million cubic metres per year. Annual commercial loggings have varied from 4.2 to 5.4 million cubic metres. Significantly lower loggings compared to growth rates make it possible to increase the use of forests in wood processing and energy production without compromising the sustainability of wood production. The maximum sustainable harvesting comprises about 7.8 million cubic metres per year. The most significant impacts of climate change to forests are the increase of growth, the rising of tree line, changes in the tree species composition and the northward movement of southern tree species. The most serious threats to the growth of forests are caused by extreme weather. Droughts, forest fires, and the increase of storm and snow damage possibly also result in an increase in insect damage and fungal diseases. The changes in growth rhythm are believed to expose trees to frost damage. The forests of North Karelia are a large carbon sink and the role of forests in the carbon balance of the region is important. Maintaining the current forest area is crucial for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the region. Trees in North Karelia sequester 57.4 million tonnes of carbon, equal to 211 million tonnes of carbon dioxide. Better forest management can increase the number of trees and the amount of carbon sequestered in tree biomass. This can add to the carbon sink, as more carbon is sequestrated in trees and wood products. Climate Change Mitigation Targets for Forestry for 2020 Forests as carbon sinks with good forest management the growth of forests, wood stock and options for utilising wood are enhanced. Forests as a source of energy the share of renewable energy from total energy production and use is growing rapidly, and export will increase. The detrimental extreme events caused by climate change can be prepared for. 22 Locally Renewably Efficiently

23 Measures for Forestry The preservation of forest area is taken care of. The growth of trees is increased by silvicultural measures both locally and regionally. Carbon is stored into wood products. Fossil fuels are replaced by wood energy. Biodiversity is maintained diversity in trees and undergrowth improve the adaptability of forest ecosystems. Forests are maintained in a way that they are in good condition for growth forests in good condition and with more than one tree species are resistant to different risks. Contingency plans are drafted to prepare for large-scale disasters (for example measures to prevent the spread of destruction and harvesting needed). Thinning and felling dates are adapted to the improvement of tree growth. Actors in Forestry in North Karelia Forest industry companies Metsähallitus The Finnish Forestry Centre North Karelia The Forest Management Association of North Karelia The European Forest Institute EFI The Finnish Forest Research Institute Eastern Unit University of Eastern Finland, Department of Forests Sciences The Finnish Environment Institute Joensuu office Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute Joensuu North Karelia University of Applied Sciences Centre for Natural Resources North Karelia College Valtimo Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia 2020 Summary 23

24 10 Agriculture Cattle-intensive animal husbandry is the most common farm production sector in North Karelia. Horticulture, especially berry farming and vegetable production, has long traditions. Due to the strong position of milk production in the region, the focus of field cultivation is in grass cultivation. In 2009 there was about hectares of arable land in North Karelia and the number of farms was around There were approximately 300 organic farms in the region. Greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture mainly come from the soil as a product of cultivation and tillage, farm animals and their manure, energy consumption in machinery and heating and the use of fertilizers. The most important greenhouse gases from agriculture are methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O), both released from manure. In the future, greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture can be expected to reduce because of more efficient environment protection measures. Agricultural policy can support new technologies and farming methods and the diversification of agriculture and thus affect the greenhouse gas emissions of farming in the future. Emission reduction measures in agriculture Capturing methane from manure storages and using it in energy production. The immediate earthing over of manure. Taking care of arable land, the amount of organic matter in the field and the right proportion of nutrients. Field strips and zones, cultivation of perennial crops, plant cover in the winter and the use of secondary crops. The guidance for the uses of organic land (peat and organic soils). 24 Locally Renewably Efficiently

25 Targets for Agriculture for 2020 Farms and agricultural transport use less fossil fuel. There is decentralised and self-sufficient energy production on farms. North Karelia is a leading region in local food production and organic farming. Farms produce less waste. The region has qualified agricultural education and advice services. Measures for Agriculture The logistics of farms is developed by reallotment and cooperation between farms and common ownership of machinery is enhanced. A regional model for energy farms is created. The drawing up of cultivation plans is developed to take climate and environmental issues into consideration. The financing options of energy plans for farms and biogas plants are utilised. The use of renewable energy sources is increased. Local and organic food use is increased and developed. The production and processing of local and organic food is increased and developed by developing the networking, collaboration, logistics and wholesale activities of small businesses. Farm waste recycling and reuse possibilities are enhanced. The collection of agricultural plastics is organised in urban areas. Developing advice services and raising the skills of agricultural advisors. Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia 2020 Summary 25

26 11 Adaptation to Climate Change NOW Adapting to climate change requires changes in society as a whole. Individuals, communities and companies are involved in adaptation activities. At the same time, society has to change its structures to support the necessary changes. Finnish people s concerns about climate change are shared but it does not necessarily lead to concrete actions to mitigate against climate change. Decision-makers have to commit to common goals and create an atmosphere that supports and encourages the stakeholders to develop positive climate attitudes and actions for the climate. All levels of decision-making should support climate-friendly actions. The key criterion is that in the long term the measures are also economically wise and will help to maintain and strengthen the vitality of the region. Upbringing and education play an important role and are significant, when the aim is to raise awareness of climate change, climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate change among all citizens. Climate change gives a new emphasis to the sustainable use of natural resources and the management of the use of resources. The danger is that climate change will adversely affect the many ecological, economic and social benefits that biodiversity provides to humanity. The protection of biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems is an integral part of climate change mitigation and adaptation to climate change. 26 Locally Renewably Efficiently

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28 Publication of Regional Council of North Karelia Toimintasuunnitelma ja talousarvio Kuntayhtymäsuunnitelma vuosiksi , toimintasuunnitelma ja talousarvio vuodeksi Joensuun seudun seutukaava 25 Pohjois-Karjalan matkailufakta Pohjois-Karjalan maankäytön ja aluerakenteen periaatteet 27 Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma sekä tulostavoitteet ja talousarvio Toimintakertomus Selvitys Tanskan maaseutualueille kohdistetuista EY:n rakennerahastojen tuista 6 Kuntayhtymäsuunnitelma , toimintasuunnitelma ja talousarvio Pohjois-Karjalan kehittämisohjelma vuosille Pohjois-Karjalan maaseutuohjelma vuosille Pohjois-Karjalan saaristo-ohjelma 10 Pohjois-Karjalan jätehuollon alueellinen yhteistyö sekä uudet käsittelymenetelmät 11 Pohjois-Karjalan EU-ohjelma vuosille korjattu painos osittain korjattu painos Joensuun seudun kansainvälinen asema ja sen vaikutus seudun kehittämisstrategiaan Kylät ja kunnat kehittäjinä Itävallassa - esimerkkinä syrjäinen Waldviertel 14 Maakunnan kehittämisrahan seurantaraportti vuodelta Raja-alueen kehittämisohjelma: Itä-Suomi ja Karjalan tasavalta 16 Asumisen tulevaisuus ja yhteistyö Joensuun seudulla 17 Toimintakertomus Pohjois-Karjalan kehittämisohjelma vuosille Kuntayhtymäsuunnitelma , toimintasuunnitelma ja talousarvio Pohjois-Karjalan kansainvälistymisstrategia 21 Maakunnan kehittämisrahan seurantaraportti vuodelta Toimintakertomus vuodelta Asunto-ohjelmointi Joensuun seudun kuntayhteistyössä 24 Pohjois-Karjalan matkailustrategia Pohjois-Karjalan maakunnallinen tietostrategia, oppiva maakunta luova periferia 29 Maakunnan kehittämisrahan seurantaraportti vuodelta Maakunnan kehittämisraha ja EU-raha Pohjois- Karjalassa vuosina Toimintakertomus Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma sekä tulostavoitteet ja talousarvio POKAT 2006: Pohjois-Karjalan maakunnan kehittämisen puitteet vuoteen Maakunnan kehittämisrahan seurantaraportti vuodelta POKAT 2006: Pohjois-Karjala uudelle vuosituhannelle 36 Toimintakertomus 1997 ja tilinpäätös Euroopan metsämaakunta Pohjois-Karjalan metsästrategia vuosiksi Kauneimmat Karjalasta Karjalasta parhaimmat - Pohjois-Karjalan maakuntatapahtuma Helsingissä , loppuraportti 39 Pohjois-Karjalan yritys- ja toimipaikkaselvitys vuosilta Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma sekä tulostavoitteet ja talousarvio Talkoilla tietoyhteiskuntaan - Pohjois-Karjalan tietoyhteiskuntastrategia ja toimenpideohjelma By Joint Work Party to the Information Society 43 Hyvinvointiklusteri Pohjois-Karjalassa - realismia vai idealismia 44 Maakunnan kehittämisrahan seurantaraportti vuodelta Toimintakertomus Pohjois-Karjala Osaamisen maakunta - Maakunnan koulutusta koskevia kehittämislinjauksia 1 (4)

29 Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma sekä tulostavoitteet ja talousarvio Maakunnan kehittämisrahan seurantaraportti vuodelta Tilinpäätös Katsaus Pohjois-Karjalan toimialarakenteeseen vuosina Suurpedot Pohjois-Karjalassa - Pohjoiskarjalaisten luonnonkäyttäjien kokemuksia suurpedoista Large terrestrial carnivores in North Karelia 52 Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma sekä tulostavoitteet ja talousarvio Pohjois-Karjalan elintarvikeklusterin kehittämisstrategia Ihmisen mittainen Pohjois-Karjala - Metkujen maaseutupolitiikka 55 Tilinpäätös Palvelujen haun suuntautuminen Pohjois-Karjalassa vuonna Pohjois-Karjalan aluerakenteen vaihtoehtoja - Keskusteluasiakirja 58 Pohjois-Karjalan aluerakenteen vaihtoehtoja - Tiivistelmä 59 Urban regions in KASPNET area - Urban structures 60 Pohjois-Karjalan palvelurakenneselvitys 61 KASPNET Summary of Urban Structures 62 Teknologian kehittämisen haasteet ja mahdollisuudet Pohjois-Karjalassa 63 Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma sekä tulostavoitteet ja talousarvio Pohjois-Karjalan maakunnan TASKUTIETO Pohjois-Karjalan liikennejärjestelmäsuunnitelma 66 Toimintakertomus Hyvinvointi Pohjois-Karjalassa Pohjois-Karjalan yritys- ja toimipaikkaselvitys 69 Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma sekä tulostavoitteet ja talousarvio Toimintakertomus Kulttuurista lisää voimaa ja työtä! - Pohjois-Karjalan kulttuuristrategia Maakuntaohjelma POKAT Pohjois-Karjala hyvästä paremmaksi 73 Pohjois-Karjalan matkailun nousu vuoteen Pohjois-Karjalan matkailustrategian päivitys 74 Pohjois-Karjalan aluerakenteen ja maankäytön tavoitteet ja aluerakenne Pohjois-Karjalan virkistys- ja luontopalvelut 76 Raitis Elämä -projekti Loppuraportti 77 Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma sekä tulostavoitteet ja talousarvio Pohjois-Karjalan Hyvinvointiohjelman toimeenpanosuunnitelma Nopeat tietoliikenneyhteydet kylille ja haja-asutusalueille 80 Pohjois-Karjalan kehittämisrahasto 10 vuotta Toimintakertomus Pohjois-Karjalan muovi- ja metalliteollisuuden kehittämisstrategia 83 Pohjois-Karjalan kulttuuriympäristöt 84 Pohjois-Karjalan Eurooppa-strategia 85 Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma sekä tulostavoitteet ja talousarvio Joensuun ydinkaupunkiseudun palvelu- ja rakenneselvitys 87 Rantojen käytön periaatteet Pohjois-Karjalassa Innovatiiviset toimet Itä-Suomessa 89 Elävänä Pohjois-Karjalassa Toimintakertomus Näkökulmia Pohjois-Karjalan tietoyhteiskuntakehitykseen 92 Tilaa tulevaisuuden tekijöille - Pohjois-Karjalan nuorisostrategia 93 Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma sekä tulostavoitteet ja talousarvio Pohjois-Karjalan maakuntasuunnitelma Pohjois-Karjalan työllisyysstrategia Maakunta liikkumaan Pohjois-Karjalan liikunta- ja urheilustrategia Pohjois-Karjalan maakuntakaava, maakuntavaltuusto Tiivistelmä 98 Toimintakertomus POKAT Pohjois-Karjalan maakuntaohjelma Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma sekä tulostavoitteet ja talousarvio POKAT 2010 Pohjois-Karjalan maakuntaohjelma Ympäristöselostus 2 (4)

30 Pohjoiskarjalaisen koulutusyhteistyön uusi malli - Hankkeen loppuraportti 103 Niiralan raja-aseman liikenneselvitys Toimintakertomus Pohjois-Karjalan bioenergiaohjelma Yhteistä Hyvää Pohjois-Karjalan hyvinvointialan järjestöstrategia Pohjoiskarjalainen hyvinvointi Pohjois-Karjalan hyvinvointiraportti Pohjois-Karjalan matkailustrategia Ruoasta Elämys Pohjois-Karjalan elintarvikealan kehittämisohjelma Kulttuuri Pohjois-Karjalan aluekehityksessä Strategiset valinnat Kohti kilpailukykyistä ja osaavaa Itä-Suomea Aluerakenteen kehityksen suuntaviivoja/ Tiivistelmä Towards a Competitive and Competent Eastern Finland Regional structure development trends/ Summary 112 Kohti kilpailukykyistä ja osaavaa Itä-Suomea Aluerakenteen kehityksen suuntaviivoja 113 Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma sekä tulostavoitteet ja talousarvio Kaivannaistoiminta Pohjois-Karjalan aluekehityksessä Strategiset valinnat Pohjois-Karjalan strategia Maakuntasuunnitelma 128 POKAT 2014 Pohjois-Karjalan maakuntaohjelma POKAT 2014 Pohjois-Karjalan maakuntaohjelma Ympäristöselostus 130 Pohjois-Karjalan hyvinvointiohjelma Toteuttamissuunnitelma Pohjois-Karjalan teknologiateollisuuden kehittämisohjelma 2015 Uusiutuva teknologiateollisuus 132 Pohjois-Karjalan liikennejärjestelmäsuunnitelma 133 Tilinpäätös Rural Transport Solutions in Northern Periphery 135 Pysäkiltä vai kotoa Joukkoliikenteen nykytila ja tulevaisuuden suunta Pohjois-Karjalassa 136 Pohjois-Karjalan maakuntakaavan täydennys (2.vaihe) 137 Siitä on lähdettävä, että tähän on tultu Hyvinvointialan monitoimijaisten yhteistyökäytäntöjen selvitystyö Joensuun seudun kunnissa liittyen sosiaalipalvelujen tuottamiseen 138 Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma sekä tulostavoitteet ja talousarvio Pohjois-Karjalan maakuntakaava (1. vaihekaava) Osa A: Kaavaselostus Osa B: Ehdotusvaiheen palaute Osa C: Liitekartat 115 Toimintakertomus Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma sekä tulostavoitteet ja talousarvio Kehittämisprojektista palveluksi Itä-Suomen Innovatiiviset toimet -ohjelman arviointi 118 The Path from Development Project to Service Evaluation of the Innovative Actions in Eastern Finland Programme Summary Kehittämisprojektista palveluksi Itä-Suomen Innovatiiviset toimet -ohjelman arviointi Tiivistelmä Pohjois-Karjalan yritysselvitys Toimintakertomus Pohjois-Karjalan hyvinvointiohjelma Strategiaosa 122 Pohjois-Karjalan kuntien ja kuntayhtymien sosiaali- ja terveyssektorin työvoimatarpeiden ennakointiraportti Pohjois-Karjalan terveydenhuolto- ja sosiaalipalveluyritysten tunnuslukuja 2000-luvulta 124 Ilmastonmuutos Pohjois-Karjalan mahdollisuutena 125 Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma sekä tulostavoitteet ja talousarvio Pietarin ja Helsingin välinen nopea ratayhteys Liikenteelliset ja aluetaloudelliset vaikutukset Karjalan kehityskäytävällä 140 Pohjois-Karjalan liikennejärjestelmäsuunnitelma, Ilomantsi 141 Pohjois-Karjalan liikennejärjestelmäsuunnitelma, Pielisen Karjala 142 Pohjois-Karjalan koulutus- ja sivistysstrategia 2014, Osa 1: Strategiaosa Osa 2: Liitteet 143 Tankit täyteen Pohjois-Karjalan elintarvikeohjelma Tilinpäätös Paikallisesti Uusiutuvasti Vietävän tehokkaasti Pohjois-Karjalan ilmasto- ja energiaohjelma Pohjois-Karjalan kv-toimintaohjelma 147 Toiminta- ja taloussuunnitelma ja talousarvio Itä-Suomi uusiutuu Itä-Suomen bioenergiaohjelma Pielisen Karjalan joukkoliikenteen palvelutaso Pohjois-Karjalan hyvinvointiohjelma Toteuttamissuunnitelma (4)

31 151 Paikallisesti Uusiutuvasti Vietävän tehokkaasti Pohjois-Karjalan ilmasto- ja energiaohjelma 2020 Tiivistelmä Locally Renewably Effi ciently Climate and Energy Programme of North Karelia 2020 A Summary 4 (4)

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