Flow Measurements in ONKALO at Olkiluoto

Transkriptio

1 Working Report Flow Measurements in ONKALO at Olkiluoto Probe Holes and ONK-KR1 ONK-KR4, ONK-PVA1 and ONK-YPPL18 Markus Reiman Jari Pöllänen Juha Väisäsvaara September 2006 POSIVA OY FI OLKILUOTO, FINLAND Tel Fax

2 Working Report Flow Measurements in ONKALO at Olkiluoto Probe Holes and ONK-KR1 ONK-KR4, ONK-PVA1 and ONK-YPPL18 Markus Reiman Jari Pöllänen Juha Väisäsvaara PRG-Tec Oy September 2006 Base maps: National Land Survey, permission 41/MYY/06 Working Reports contain information on work in progress or pending completion. The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of author(s) and do not necessarily coincide with those of Posiva.

3 FLOW MEASUREMENTS IN ONKALO AT OLKILUOTO, PROBE HOLES AND ONK-KR1 ONK-KR4, ONK-PVA1 AND ONK-YPPL18 ABSTRACT The Posiva Flow Log/Difference Flow method can be used for relatively fast determination of hydraulic properties of fractures or fractured zones in boreholes. A flow sensor for the flow along a borehole and a special flow guide (which uses rubber discs to isolate the flow) are used for this measurement. This report presents the principles of the methods that were used as well as the results of the measurements carried out during the excavation of the underground access tunnel in ONKALO at Olkiluoto. Probe hole measurements in the access tunnel started when the tunnel was 15 m long on and finished at the tunnel length of 980 m on Probe hole measurements will continue normally also for the next 00 meters. The probe hole measurements were started with an automatic logging device using a computer controlled winch. Later, a simplified manual device was used. In addition to normal probe holes, core-drilled boreholes were also measured in ONKALO. The boreholes were KR1 KR4, PVA1 and YPPL18. The automatic measurement technique with a section length (the distance between the upper and lower rubber discs in the Posiva Flow Log) of 1.0 m was used in the measurements at tunnel lengths m. A manual device without the lower rubber discs (rubber discs are used for the isolation of the test section from the rest of the hole) was used after the automatic measurements. With this device the flow along the hole was measured at tunnel lengths m. The manual device was then modified in such a way that both the upper and lower rubber discs were used and the section length was 1.25 m except 1.40 m in OLPR540D (ONK-TR0540D). This tool was used at tunnel lengths greater than 540 m and in OLPR540D (ONK-TR0540D). The flow guide of the automatic device encloses an electrode for single point resistance measurement, which was also carried out in 0.01 m point intervals during the automatic flow measurements. Electrical conductivity (EC) and the temperature of water were also registered during automatic flow logging. The conductivity values are temperature corrected to 25 C. Single point resistance and electrical conductivity could not be measured during manual flow logging. Keywords: Groundwater, flow, measurement, bedrock, probe hole, borehole, electrical conductivity, Posiva Flow Log, flow logging.

4 VIRTAUSMITTAUKSET ONKALOSSA OLKILUODON ALUEELLA, TUN- NUSTELUREIÄT JA ONK-KR1 ONK-KR4, ONK-PVA1 JA ONK-YPPL18 TIIVISTELMÄ Virtauseromittausmenetelmää voidaan käyttää suhteellisen nopeaan hydraulisten ominaisuuksien määrittämiseen raoista tai rakovyöhykkeistä kalliorei issä. Menetelmässä käytetään virtausmittarin virtausanturia ja erityistä virtausohjainta, jolla virtaus voidaan mitata paikallisesti valitun testisektorin sisältä. Testisektori rajataan käyttämällä kumikiekkoja. Tässä raportissa esitetään mittauksen periaatteet ja tulokset mittauksista, jotka tehtiin tunnustelurei istä ONKALOn ajotunnelin louhinnan aikana. Tunnustelureikien mittaukset aloitettiin tunneliurakka 1:n osalta paaluluvulta 15, OLPR0015 (ONK-TR0015) ja päätettiin paalulukuun 980, OLPR0980 (ONK-TR0980) Tunnustelureikien mittaukset jatkuvat normaalisti myös tunneliurakka 2:ssa. Tunnustelureikien mittaukset aloitettiin automaattimittauksella. Mittalaitetta hallittiin tietokoneohjatulla vinssillä. Myöhemmin siirryttiin käyttämään yksinkertaista ja nopeaa manuaalista mittalaitetta. Tällöin automaattimittauksessa käytettävää traileria ei enää tarvittu. Tunnustelureikien lisäksi mitattiin myös kairanreikiä. Mittauksia tehtiin rei issä KR1 KR4, PVA1 ja YPPL18. Automaattisella mittauksella ja 1.0 m:n testisektorilla mitattiin paaluluvut , OLPR0015 (ONK-TR0015) - OLPR0372 (ONK-TR0372). Tämän jälkeen siirryttiin manuaaliseen mittauskalustoon, jossa ei käytetty laitteen alempia kumikiekkoja. Tällöin mitattiin reiän suuntaista virtausta. Tällä menetelmällä mitattiin paaluluvut , OLPR0442 (ONK-TR0442) - OLPR0540 (ONK-TR0540). Paaluluvun 540 yhteydessä otettiin käyttöön manuaalinen mittauskalusto, jossa myös alemmat kumikiekot olivat mukana. Kumikiekkojen väli laitteistossa oli 1,25 m paitsi 1,40 m reiässä OLPR0540D (ONK-TR0540D). Tällöin mitattiin virtaukset sektorin välein m:n kalustolla mitattiin tunneliurakka 1:ssä paaluluvut , OLPR0540 (ONK-TR0540) OLPR0980 (ONK-TR0980). Automaattisen mittauksen ohessa käytettiin virtausohjainta, jossa on myös elektrodi yksipistemaadoitusvastusmittaukseen. Vastus mitattiin automaattisten virtausmittausten yhteydessä 0,01 m:n pistevälein. Myös reikäveden sähkönjohtavuutta (EC) ja lämpötilaa mitattiin automaattisten virtausmittausten yhteydessä. Sähkönjohtavuus arvot korjattiin vastaamaan 25 C:n lämpötilan arvoja. Manuaalisten mittausten yhteydessä ei mitata yksipistemaadoitusvastusta eikä EC:tä. Avainsanat: Pohjavesi, virtaus, mittaus, peruskallio, poranreikä, tunnustelureikä, sähkönjohtavuus, Posiva Flow Log, virtausmittaus.

5 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄ TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES AND DATA INTERPRETATION Measurements Interpretation EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA SET Field work Results General comments Transmissivity and hydraulic aperture of fractures during automatic logging Transmissivity and hydraulic aperture of fractures during manual logging Electric conductivity and temperature of probe hole water in automatic measurements Results of the individual probe holes OLPR0015 (ONK-TR0015), OLPR0030 (ONK-TR0030), OLPR0042 (ONK-TR0042), OLPR0057 (ONK-TR0057), OLPR0072 (ONK-TR0072), OLPR0085 (ONK-TR0085), OLPR0136 (ONK-TR0136), OLPR0155 (ONK-TR0155), OLPR0175 (ONK-TR0175), OLPR0214 (ONK-TR0214), OLPR0230 (ONK-TR0230), OLPR0254 (ONK-TR0254), OLPR0327 (ONK-TR0327), OLPR0342 (ONK-TR0342), OLPR0358 (ONK-TR0358),

6 OLPR0372 (ONK-TR0372), OLPR0404 (ONK-TR0404), OLPR0442 (ONK-TR0442), OLPR0483 (ONK-TR0483), OLPR0502 (ONK-TR0502), OLPR0520 (ONK-TR0520), OLPR0540 (ONK-TR0540), OLPR0560 (ONK-TR0560), OLPR0590 (ONK-TR0590), OLPR06 (ONK-TR06), OLPR0629 (ONK-TR0629), OLPR0646 (ONK-TR0646), OLPR0663 (ONK-TR0663), OLPR0678 (ONK-TR0678), OLPR0695 (ONK-TR0695), OLPR0728 (ONK-TR0728), OLPR0751 (ONK-TR0751), OLPR0772 (ONK-TR0772), OLPR0813 (ONK-TR0813), OLPR0836 (ONK-TR0836), OLPR0855 (ONK-TR0855), OLPR0900 (ONK-TR0900), OLPR0917 (ONK-TR0917), OLPR0980 (ONK-TR0980), ONK-KR1, ONK-PVA1, ONK-KR2, ONK-KR3, ONK-KR4, ONK-PVA1, ONK-YPPL18, SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES... 55

7 3 APPENDICES Appendix 1.1 Appendix 1.2 Appendix 1.3 Appendix 1.4 Appendix 1.5 Appendix 1.6 Appendix 1.7 Appendix 2.1 Appendix 2.2 Appendix 2.3 Appendix 2.4 Appendix 3.1 Appendix 3.2 Appendix 3.3 Appendix 3.4 Appendix 4.1 Appendix 4.2 Appendix 4.3 Appendix 4.4 Appendix 5.1 Appendix 5.2 Appendix 5.3 Appendix 5.4 Appendix 5.5 Appendix 5.6 Appendix 5.7 Appendix 6.1 Appendix 6.2 Appendix 6.3 Appendix 6.4 Appendix 7.1 Appendix 7.2 Appendix 7.3 Probe hole OLPR0015C (ONK-TR0015C), Flow rate and single point resistance measured using an automatic device Probe hole OLPR0015D (ONK-TR0015D), Flow rate and single point resistance measured using an automatic device Probe hole OLPR0015C (ONK-TR0015C) and D, Tabulated results of detected fractures Probe hole OLPR0015C (ONK-TR0015C), Electric conductivity of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0015C (ONK-TR0015C), Temperature of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0015D (ONK-TR0015D), Electric conductivity of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0015D (ONK-TR0015D), Temperature of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0030D (ONK-TR0030D), Flow rate and single point resistance measured using an automatic device Probe hole OLPR0030D (ONK-TR0030D), Tabulated results of detected fractures Probe hole OLPR0030D (ONK-TR0030D), Electric conductivity of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0030D (ONK-TR0030D), Temperature of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0042A (ONK-TR0042A), Flow rate and single point resistance measured using an automatic device Probe hole OLPR0042A (ONK-TR0042A), Tabulated results of detected fractures Probe hole OLPR0042A (ONK-TR0042A), Electric conductivity of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0042A (ONK-TR0042A), Temperature of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0072A (ONK-TR0072A), Flow rate and single point resistance measured using an automatic device Probe hole OLPR0072A (ONK-TR0072A), Tabulated results of detected fractures Probe hole OLPR0072A (ONK-TR0072A, Electric conductivity of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0072A (ONK-TR0072A), Temperature of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0085A (ONK-TR0085A), Flow rate and single point resistance measured using an automatic device Probe hole OLPR0085C (ONK-TR0085C), Flow rate and single point resistance measured using an automatic device Probe hole OLPR0085A (ONK-TR0085A) and C, Tabulated results of detected fractures Probe hole OLPR0085A (ONK-TR0085A), Electric conductivity of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0085A (ONK-TR0085A), Temperature of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0085C (ONK-TR0085C), Electric conductivity of probe hole water robe hole OLPR0085C (ONK-TR0085C), Temperature of probe hole water robe hole OLPR0136B (ONK-TR0136B), Flow rate and single point resistance measured using an automatic device robe hole OLPR0136B (ONK-TR0136B), Tabulated results of detected fractures robe hole OLPR0136B (ONK-TR0136B), Electric conductivity of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0136B (ONK-TR0136B), Temperature of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0214B (ONK-TR0214B), Flow rate and single point resistance measured using an automatic device Probe hole OLPR0214D (ONK-TR0214D), Flow rate and single point resistance measured using automatic device Probe hole OLPR0214B (ONK-TR0214B) and D, Tabulated results of detected fractures

8 4 Appendix 7.4 Appendix 7.5 Appendix 7.6 Appendix 7.7 Appendix 8.1 Appendix 8.2 Appendix 8.3 Appendix 8.4 Appendix 9.1 Appendix 9.2 Appendix 9.3 Appendix 9.4 Appendix 9.5 Appendix 9.6 Appendix.1 Appendix.2 Appendix 11.1 Appendix 11.2 Appendix 11.3 Appendix 11.4 Appendix 11.5 Appendix 12.1 Appendix 12.2 Appendix 12.3 Appendix 12.4 Appendix 12.5 Appendix 13.1 Appendix 13.2 Appendix 13.3 Appendix 13.4 Appendix 13.5 Probe hole OLPR0214B (ONK-TR0214B), Electric conductivity of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0214B (ONK-TR0214B), Temperature of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0214D (ONK-TR0214D), Electric conductivity of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0214D (ONK-TR0214D), Temperature of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0342A (ONK-TR0342A), Flow rate and single point resistance measured using an automatic device Probe hole OLPR0342A (ONK-TR0342A), Tabulated results of detected fractures Probe hole OLPR0342A (ONK-TR0342A), Electric conductivity of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0342A (ONK-TR0342A), Temperature of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0372B (ONK-TR0372B), Flow rate and single point resistance measured using an automatic device Probe hole OLPR0372C (ONK-TR0372C), Flow rate and single point resistance measured using an automatic device Probe hole OLPR0372B (ONK-TR0372B), Electric conductivity of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0372B (ONK-TR0372B), Temperature of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0372C (ONK-TR0372C), Electric conductivity of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0372C (ONK-TR0372C), Temperature of probe hole water Probe hole OLPR0442D (ONK-TR0442D), Flow rate measured using a manual device without lower rubber discs Probe hole OLPR0442D (ONK-TR0442D), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device without lower rubber discs Probe hole OLPR0483B (ONK-TR0483B), Flow rate measured using a manual device without lower rubber discs Probe hole OLPR0483B (ONK-TR0483B), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device without lower rubber discs Probe hole OLPR0483C (ONK-TR0483C), Flow rate measured using a manual device without lower rubber discs Probe hole OLPR0483C (ONK-TR0483C), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device without lower rubber discs Probe hole OLPR0483B (ONK-TR0483B) and C, Tabulated results of detected fractures Probe hole OLPR0502D (ONK-TR0502D), Flow rate measured using a manual device without lower rubber discs, Measure 1 Probe hole OLPR0502D (ONK-TR0502D), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device without lower rubber discs, Measure 1 Probe hole OLPR0502D (ONK-TR0502D), Flow rate measured using a manual device without lower rubber discs, Measure 2 Probe hole OLPR0502D (ONK-TR0502D), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device, Measure 2 Probe hole OLPR0502D (ONK-TR0502D), Tabulated results of detected fractures Probe hole OLPR0540B (ONK-TR0540B), Flow rate measured using a manual device without lower rubber discs Probe hole OLPR0540B (ONK-TR0540B), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0540C (ONK-TR0540C), Flow rate measured using a manual device without lower rubber discs Probe hole OLPR0540C (ONK-TR0540C), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0540D (ONK-TR0540D), Flow rate measured using a manual device

9 5 Appendix 13.6 Appendix 13.7 Appendix 14.1 Appendix 14.2 Appendix 14.3 Appendix 14.4 Appendix 14.5 Appendix 15.1 Appendix 15.2 Appendix 15.3 Appendix 15.4 Appendix 15.5 Appendix 15.6 Appendix 15.7 Appendix 16.1 Appendix 16.2 Appendix 16.3 Appendix 17.1 Appendix 17.2 Appendix 17.3 Appendix 18.1 Appendix 18.2 Appendix 18.3 Appendix 19.1 Appendix 19.2 Appendix 19.3 Appendix 20.1 Appendix 20.2 Appendix 20.3 Appendix 21.1 Appendix 21.2 Appendix 21.3 Appendix 22.1 Probe hole OLPR0540D (ONK-TR0540D), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0540B (ONK-TR0540B), C and D, Tabulated results of detected fractures Probe hole OLPR0629A (ONK-TR0629A), Flow rate measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0629A (ONK-TR0629A), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0629B (ONK-TR0629B), Flow rate measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0629B (ONK-TR0629B), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0629B (ONK-TR0629B), Tabulated results of detected fractures Probe hole OLPR0646A (ONK-TR0646A), Flow rate measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0646A (ONK-TR0646A), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0646C (ONK-TR0646C), Flow rate measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0646C (ONK-TR0646C), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0646D (ONK-TR0646D), Flow rate measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0646D (ONK-TR0646D), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0646A (ONK-TR0646A), C and D, Tabulated results of detected fractures Probe hole OLPR0663C (ONK-TR0663C), Flow rate measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0663C (ONK-TR0663C), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0663C (ONK-TR0663C), Tabulated results of detected fractures Probe hole OLPR0695A (ONK-TR0695A), Flow rate measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0695A (ONK-TR0695A), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0695A (ONK-TR0695A), Tabulated results of detected fractures Probe hole OLPR0813A (ONK-TR0813A), Flow rate measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0813A (ONK-TR0813A), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0813A (ONK-TR0813A), Tabulated results of detected fractures Probe hole OLPR0917D (ONK-TR0917D), Flow rate measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0917D (ONK-TR0917D), Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device Probe hole OLPR0917D (ONK-TR0917D), Tabulated results of detected fractures Borehole ONK-KR1, Flow rate measured using a manual device Borehole ONK-KR1, Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device Borehole ONK-KR1, Tabulated results of detected fractures Borehole ONK-PVA1, Flow rate measured using a manual device Borehole ONK-PVA1, Tabulated flow rates measured using a manual device Borehole ONK-PVA1, Tabulated results of detected fractures Borehole ONK-KR2, Flow rate and single point resistance measured using an automatic device

10 6 Appendix 22.2 Appendix 22.3 Appendix 23.1 Appendix 23.2 Appendix 23.3 Appendix 24.1 Appendix 24.2 Appendix 24.3 Appendix 24.4 Appendix 25.1 Appendix 25.2 Appendix 25.3 Appendix 25.4 Borehole ONK-KR2, Electric conductivity of borehole water Borehole ONK-KR2, Temperature of borehole water Borehole ONK-KR3, Flow rate and single point resistance measured using an automatic device Borehole ONK-KR3, Electric conductivity of borehole water Borehole ONK-KR3, Temperature of borehole water Borehole ONK-KR4, Flow rate and single point resistance measured using an automatic device Boreholes ONK-KR2 KR4, Tabulated results of detected fractures Borehole ONK-KR4, Electric conductivity of borehole water Borehole ONK-KR4, Temperature of borehole water Borehole ONK-KVA1, Flow rate and single point resistance measured using an automatic device Borehole ONK-PVA1, Tabulated results of detected fractures Borehole ONK-PVA1, Electric conductivity of borehole water Borehole ONK-PVA1, Temperature of borehole water

11 7 1 INTRODUCTION The construction of Posiva s underground facility, ONKALO, has progressed to a state where the length of the underground access tunnel is over 00 m. The Location of ONKALO at Olkiluoto is presented in Figure 1-2. During the excavation ca m probe holes were drilled before the next blasting rounds were exploded. These probe holes were measured by a method called Difference flow logging. Difference flow logging has been developed by PRG-Tec Oy for the use of Posiva Oy. The Location of the probe holes was always at the end of the excavation, i.e., at the back wall of the excavation tunnel. The amount of probe holes that were drilled was 2-4, usually 4. Probe hole locations and naming (on the back wall of the tunnel) are presented in Figure 1-1. The measurements of the probe holes begun with hole OLPR0015D (ONK-TR0015D) (pile number). The 0015 in the name means that the back wall of the tunnel was at 15 meters, i.e., the tunnel was 15 m long. In the illustrations in the Appendices the depth axis starts from 0 m. The reason for this difference is that the zero coordinate in the depth axis is always the location of the back wall of the tunnel. This is true for all the holes that were measured. The depth axis always starts from 0 m in every Appendix. The direction of the depth axis is along the borehole, i.e., it is not directed towards the centre of the Earth. The letter D in the name corresponds to the letter D in Figure 1-1. The naming protocol changed at the beginning of The new naming rule is based on the form ONK-TRxxxxA, where xxxx is the number of the hole and it is also the length of the tunnel. The last letter shows the location on the back wall of the tunnel. The names in the written part of this report are given according to the old naming rule, OLPRxxxxA, with the new name in parentheses. The Appendices use only the old naming rule, but the list of Appendices has both names. Core-drilled boreholes were also measured in addition to normal probe holes. The measured core-drilled holes were KR1 KR4, PVA1 and YPPL18. Difference flow logging (DIFF) was used to detect flow within single fractures in the borehole. The method utilizes rubber discs to isolate the flow in the test section from that in the rest of the probe hole. Probe holes from OLPR0015 (ONK-TR0015) to OLPR0372 (ONK-TR0372) were measured using 1 m section length (the distance isolated with the rubber discs) with an automatic measurement setup. Probe holes from OLPR0442 (ONK-TR0442) to OLPR0540C (ONK-TR0540C) were measured with a manual device using only the upper rubber discs. This setup measures the total flow the along the probe hole. Probe holes from OLPR0540D (ONK-TR0540D) to OLPR0917 (ONK-TR0917) were measured using 1.25 m section length utilizing a manual measurement setup. Throughout the measurements the basic rule was that there has to be flow out from the borehole before even trying to do any measurements. If there was no flow out from the borehole at all, then measurements were not even started. Over all there were 39 blasting rounds to be measured (one blasting round contains 2 4 probe holes), 19 out of 39 blasting rounds could be measured, the rest of the boreholes

12 8 either did not have any outflow (i.e. they were dry ) or there were other blockages that prevented the hole from being measured (i.e. hole was partially collapsed or damaged in some other way). This report presents the main principles of the methods that were used as well as the results of the measurements carried out in the boreholes. The field work and the subsequent interpretation were conducted by PRG-Tec Oy. Figure 1-1. Location and naming of the probe holes in ONKALO.

13 Figure 1-2. The Location of Posiva s underground facility, ONKALO in relation to the boreholes at Olkiluoto. 9

14

15 11 2 MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES AND DATA INTERPRETATION 2.1 Measurements Unlike traditional types of borehole flowmeters, the Difference flowmeter measures the flow rate into or out of limited sections of the borehole instead of measuring the total cumulative flow rate along the borehole. The advantage of measuring the flow rate in isolated sections is a better detection of the incremental changes of flow along the borehole. These changes are generally very small and can easily be missed using traditional types of flowmeters. Rubber discs at both ends of the tool were used in the automatic measurement device and in the other manual measurement setup to isolate the flow in the test section from that in the rest of the probe hole, see Figure 2-1. The section length was 1.0 m or 0.5 m in the automatic device and 1.25 m or 1.40 m in the manual device. The flow along the probe hole outside the isolated test section passes through the test section by means of a bypass pipe and is discharged at the upper end of the tool. The Difference flowmeter can be used in two modes, a sequential mode and an overlapping mode. In the sequential mode, the measurement increment is as long as the section length. It is used for determining the transmissivity and the hydraulic head /Öhberg, Rouhiainen 2000/. In the overlapping mode, the measurement increment is shorter than the section length. It is mostly used to determine the location of hydraulically conductive fractures and to classify them based on their flow rates. This measurement type is the one used in ONKALO. In automatic measurements, the Difference flowmeter measures the flow rate into or out of the test section by means of thermistors, which track both the dilution (cooling) of a thermal pulse and the transfer of a thermal pulse with moving water. In the sequential mode, both methods are used, whereas in the overlapping mode, only the thermal dilution method is used because it is faster than the thermal pulse method. There are no thermistors in the manual device, because the measurements are carried out with a tube leading from the measurement section to the borehole entrance, where the flow is measured with a measuring vessel and a stopwatch. Besides incremental changes of flow, the probe hole tool of the automatic Difference flowmeter can be used to measure: - The electric conductivity (EC) of the probe hole water and fracture-specific water. The electrode for the EC measurements is located on the top of the flow sensor, Figure The single point resistance (SPR) of the probe hole wall (grounding resistance), the electrode of the Single point resistance tool is located in between the uppermost rubber discs, see Figure 2-1. This method is used for high-resolution depth/length determination of fractures and geological structures. - Temperature of the probe hole water. The temperature sensor is located near the flow sensor, Figure 2-1.

16 12 The manual device without the lower rubber discs consists of several parts. The lower end of the device consists of two centralizers, which keep the whole device aligned and in the centre of the hole. The upper end of the device consists of the structures that guide the flow inside the device and the rubber discs (together defined as the flow guide), a fitting place for the pushing rods (explained below) and a steel cable and a tube from the flow guide to the entrance of the borehole. The device is illustrated in Figure 2-2. The entire flow from below the rubber discs goes through the tube into the tunnel for measurement. The measurement is completed from the top to the bottom by pushing the device into the borehole with fibreglass pushing rods. The pushing rods have depth marks (in 1.25 m intervals), which indicate the location of the device in the borehole. When the manual device was used with the lower rubber discs, the measurement section (the distance between the upper and the lower rubber discs) was L = 1.25 m. In this case the downhole tool consists of the flow guide, the steel cable, the fitting place for the pushing rods and a tube from the device to the entrance of the borehole. This device setup is illustrated in Figure 2-3. The measurements with the manual device with rubber discs at both ends of the device are accomplished downwards, i.e., device is pushed deeper into the probe hole with the pushing rods. Pump Winch Computer Measured flow EC electrode Flow sensor -Temperature sensor is located in the flow sensor Single point resistance electrode Rubber disks Flow along the borehole Figure 2-1. Schematic of the borehole equipment used in the automatic measurements.

17 13 Centralizer Flow Steel cable Rubber disks Tube Figure 2-2. The borehole equipment (without the lower rubber discs) used in the manual measurements. Centralizer Flow Rubber disks Rubber disks Fitting place for pushing rods Figure 2-3. The borehole equipment used in manual measurements with the lower rubber discs and a section length L = 1.25 m.

18 14 The principles of automatic difference flow measurements are described in Figures 2-4 and 2-5. The flow sensor consists three thermistors, see Figure 2-4 a. The central thermistor, A, is used both as a heating element for the thermal pulse method and for the registration of temperature changes in the thermal dilution method, Figures 2-4 b and c. The side thermistors, B1 and B2, serve to detect the moving thermal pulse, Figure 2-4 d, caused by heating the central thermistor A with constant power, Figure 2-4 b. The flow rate is measured during the constant power heating (Figure 2-4 b). If the flow rate exceeds 600 ml/h, the constant power heating is increased, Figure 2-5 a, and the thermal dilution method is applied. If the flow rate during the constant power heating (Figure 2-4 b) falls below 600 ml/h, the measurement continues by monitoring transient thermal dilution and thermal pulse response (Figure 2-4 d). When applying the thermal pulse method, thermal dilution is also measured. The same heat pulse is used for both methods. The flow is measured when the tool is at rest. After transferring the tool to a new position, there is a waiting time (the duration of which can be adjusted according to prevailing circumstances) before the heat pulse (Figure 2-4 b) is applied. The waiting time after the constant power thermal pulse can also be adjusted, but is normally s for thermal dilution. The measuring range of each method is given in Table 2-1. The lower end limits of the thermal dilution method in Table 2-1 correspond to the theoretical lowest measurable values. Depending on the borehole conditions, these limits may not always prevail. Examples of disturbing conditions are drilling debris in the borehole water, gas bubbles in the water and high flow rates (above approximately 30 L/min) along the borehole. If the disturbing conditions are significant, a practical measurement limit is calculated for each set of data. The lower end limits for manual measurements are presented in Table 2-2, these correspond to the minimum reasonable outflow from the probe hole (measured with a packer before the actual measurement). The decision on how to continue with the measurements is made according to this flow. If the flow is <30 ml/min (1800 ml/h), the probe hole is not measured and if the flow is >30 ml/min, the probe hole must be measured. Table 2-1. Ranges of automatic flow measurements. Method Range of measurement (ml/h) Thermal dilution P Thermal dilution P

19 15 Table 2-2. Ranges of manual flow measurements. Method Manual flow logging without lower rubber discs Manual flow logging with lower rubber discs Range of measurement (ml/h), Normal probe holes Range of measurement (ml/h), probe holes drilled upwards

20 16 Flow sensor B1 A B2 a) 50 b) Power (mw) P1 Constant power in A c) dt (C) Thermal dilution method Temperature change in A Flow rate (ml/h) d) Temperature difference (mc) Thermal pulse method Temparature difference between B1 and B Time (s) Figure 2-4. Flow measurement, flow rate <600 ml/h.

21 17 Flow sensor B1 A B2 a) 200 P2 b) Power (mw) P1 Constant power in A c) dt(c) Thermal dilution method Temperature change in A Flow rate (ml/h) Time (s) Figure 2-5. Flow measurement, flow rate > 600 ml/h.

22 Interpretation The interpretation of data is based on Thiems or Dupuits formula that describes a steady state and a two dimensional radial flow into the borehole /Marsily, G, 1986/: h s h = Q/(T a) 2-1 where h is the hydraulic head in the vicinity of the probe hole and h s is the hydraulic head at the radius of influence (R), Q is the flow rate into the probe hole, T is the transmissivity of the test section, a is a constant depending on the assumed flow geometry. For cylindrical flow, the constant a is: a = 2 /ln(r/r 0 ) 2-2 where r 0 is the radius of the well and R is the radius of influence, i.e. the zone inside which the effect of the pumping is felt. If flow rate measurements are carried out using two levels of hydraulic heads in the borehole, i.e. natural or pump-induced hydraulic heads, then the undisturbed (natural) hydraulic head and transmissivity of the tested borehole sections can be calculated. Two equations can be written directly from equation 1: Q s1 = T s a (h s - h 1 ) 2-3 Q s2 = T s a (h s - h 2 ) 2-4 where h 1 and h 2 are the hydraulic heads in the borehole at the test level,

23 19 Q s1 and Q s2 are the measured flow rates in the test section, T s is the transmissivity of the test section and h s is the undisturbed hydraulic head of the tested zone far from the probe hole. Since, in general, very little is known about the flow geometry, a cylindrical flow without any skin zones is assumed. Cylindrical flow geometry is also justified because the borehole is at a constant head and there are no strong pressure gradients along the borehole, except at its ends. The radial distance R to the undisturbed hydraulic head h s is not known and a reasonable value must be assigned for it. Here a value of 500 is selected for the quotient R/r 0. The hydraulic head and the test section transmissivity can be deduced from the two measurements: h s = (h 1 -b h 2 )/(1-b) 2-5 T s = (1/a) (Q s1 -Q s2 )/(h 2 -h 1 ) 2-6 where b = Q s1 /Q s2 Transmissivity (T f ) and the hydraulic head (h f ) of individual fractures can be calculated provided that the flow rates of individual fractures are known. Similar assumptions as above have to be used (a steady state cylindrical flow regime without skin zones). h f = (h 1 -b h 2 )/(1-b) 2-7 T f = (1/a) (Q f1 -Q f2 )/(h 2 -h 1 ) 2-8 where Q f1 and Q f2 are the flow rates at a fracture and h f and T f are the hydraulic head (far away from the borehole) and the transmissivity of a fracture, respectively.

24 20 Since the actual flow geometry and the skin effects are unknown, the transmissivity values should be considered only as an indication of the orders of magnitude. As the calculated hydraulic heads do not depend on geometrical properties but only on the ratio of the flows measured at different heads in the probe hole, they should be less sensitive to unknown fracture geometries. A discussion of potential uncertainties in the calculation of transmissivity and the hydraulic head is provided in /Ludvigson et al., 2002/. Transmissivity was calculated using formula 2-8 assuming that h 1 = 6 m (masl, elevation of groundwater level), h 2 = elevation (masl, elevation of the top of the probe hole). Drawdown in the probe hole is then h 1 h 2 and the corresponding flow is Q f2. Q f1 (assumed flow when the head in the probe hole is 6 m) is assumed to be much smaller than Q f2 and therefore Q f1 is neglected (Q f1 = 0). The elevation (h 2 ) varies for every probe hole (i.e. every probe hole has its own elevation), as result of this also h 1 h 2 varies from hole to hole. The hydraulic aperture of fractures can be calculated from /Marsily, G, 1986/: T = e 3 g /(12 µ C) 2-9 e = (12 T µ C/(g )) 1/3 2- where T = transmissivity of the fracture (m 2 /s) e = hydraulic aperture (m) µ = viscosity of water, (kg/(ms)) g = acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 (m/s 2 ) = density of water, 999 (kg/m 3 ) C = experimental constant for roughness of fracture, here chosen to be 1.

25 21 3 EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS During automatic measurements the Posiva Flow Log/Difference flowmeter monitors the flow of groundwater into or out from a probe hole by means of a flow guide (which uses rubber disks to isolate the flow). The flow guide thereby defines the test section to be measured without altering the hydraulic head. Groundwater flowing into or out from the test section is guided to the flow sensor. The flow is measured using the thermal dilution method. The measured values are transferred into a computer in digital form. In manual measurements, the flow meter also monitors the flow of groundwater into or out from a probe hole by means of a flow guide. Type of instrument (automatic): Type of instrument (manual): Probe hole diameter: Posiva Flow Log/Difference Flowmeter. Manual flow logging device. 64 mm Length of test section (automatic): 1.0 m, 0.5 m (see Table 4-1) Length of test section (manual): 1.25 m, 1.40 m (see Table 4-1) Method of flow measurement (automatic): Method of flow measurement (manual): Thermal pulse and/or thermal dilution. Manual measurement into a measuring vessel Additional measurements (only automatic): Automatic measurement: Temperature, Single point resistance, Electric conductivity of water. Winch (only automatic): Length determination (automatic): Mount Sopris Wna, 0.55 kw, 220V/50Hz. Steel wire cable 1500 m, four conductors, Gerhard -Owen cable head. Automatic measurement: Based on a marked cable and on a digital length counter. Length determination (manual): Manual measurement: Based on the markings on the pushing rods. Logging computer (only automatic): Software (only automatic): PC, Windows XP Pro Based on MS Visual Basic Total power consumption (only automatic): kw. Calibration of cable length: Using length marks in the cable

26 22 The range and accuracy of the sensors in the automatic measurements is presented in Table 3-1. The range and accuracy of the flow measurements with the manual device is presented in Table 3-2. Table 3-1. Range and accuracy of sensors in automatic measurements. Sensor Range Accuracy Flow ml/h ± % curr.value Temperature (middle thermistor) 0 50 C 0.1 C Temperature difference (between outer thermistors) C C Electric conductivity of water (EC) S/m ± 5 % curr.value Single point resistance ± % curr.value Groundwater level sensor MPa ± 1 % full scale Table 3-2. Range and accuracy of flow in manual measurements. Sensor Range Accuracy Flow (without lower rubber discs) ml/h ± 5 % curr.value Flow (with lower rubber discs) ml/h ± 5 % curr.value Flow (probe holes drilled upwards) ml/h ± 5 % curr.value

27 23 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA SET 4.1 Field work The probe holes were measured between September 2004, OLPR0015 (ONK-TR0015) and December 2005, OLPR0980 (ONK-TR0980). Core-drilled boreholes KR1 KR4, PVA1 and YPPL18 were also measured in ONKALO. The activity schedule is presented in Table 4-1. Table 4-1. Activity schedule. Started Finished Activity : : Probe holes at OLPR0015 (ONK-TR0015). Automatic flow logging (L = 1 m, dl = 0.1 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :15 Probe holes at OLPR0030 (ONK-TR0030). Automatic flow logging (L = 1 m, dl = 0.1 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0042 (ONK-TR0042). Automatic flow logging (L = 1 m, dl = 0.1 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :15 Probe holes at OLPR0057 (ONK-TR0057) : :30 Probe holes at OLPR0072 (ONK-TR0072). Automatic flow logging (during outflow from the open probe hole) (L = 1 m, dl = 0.1 m) : :35 Probe holes at OLPR0085 (ONK-TR0085). Automatic flow logging (L = 1 m, dl = 0.1 and 0.2 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :30 Probe holes at OLPR0136 (ONK-TR0136). Automatic flow logging (L = 1 m, dl = 0.2 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :15 Probe holes at OLPR0155 (ONK-TR0155) : :30 Probe holes at OLPR0175 (ONK-TR0175) : :25 Probe holes at OLPR0214 (ONK-TR0214). Automatic flow logging (L = 1 m, dl = 0.2 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :05 Probe holes at OLPR0230 (ONK-TR0230) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0254 (ONK-TR0254) : :20 Probe holes at OLPR0327 (ONK-TR0327) : :50 Probe holes at OLPR0342 (ONK-TR0342). Automatic flow logging (L = 1 m, dl = 0.2 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0358 (ONK-TR0358) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0372 (ONK-TR0372). Automatic flow logging (L = 1 m, dl = 0.2 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0404 (ONK-TR0404).

28 24 Started Finished Activity : :30 Probe holes at OLPR0442 (ONK-TR0442). Manual Flow logging (dl = 1.25 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0483 (ONK-TR0483). Manual Flow logging (dl = 1.25 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0502 (ONK-TR0502). Manual Flow logging (dl = 1.25 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0520 (ONK-TR0520) : :20 Probe holes OLPR0540B (ONK-TR0540B) and C. Manual Flow logging (dl = 1.25 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :30 Probe hole OLPR0540D (ONK-TR0540D). Manual Flow logging (L = 1.40 m, dl = 1.25 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :50 Probe holes at OLPR0560 (ONK-TR0560) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0590 (ONK-TR0590) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR06 (ONK-TR06) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0629 (ONK-TR0629). Manual Flow logging (L = 1.25 m, dl = 1.25 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : : Borehole ONK-KR1. Manual Flow logging (L = 1.25 m, dl = 1.25 m) : :35 Borehole PVA1. Manual Flow logging (L = 1.25 m, dl = 1.25 m) : :20 Borehole ONK-KR2, measurement 1. Automatic Flow logging, (L = 0.5 m, dl = 0.1 m) : :20 Borehole ONK-KR2, measurement 2. Automatic Flow logging, (L = 0.5 m, dl = 0.1 m) : :39 Borehole ONK-KR3. Automatic Flow logging (L = 0.5 m, dl = 0.1 m) : :44 Borehole ONK-KR4. Automatic Flow logging (L = 0.5 m, dl = 0.1 m) : :24 Borehole PVA1. Automatic Flow logging (L = 0.5 m, dl = 0.1 m) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0646 (ONK-TR0646). Manual Flow logging (L = 1.25 m, dl = 1.25 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :20 Probe holes at OLPR0663 (ONK-TR0663). Manual Flow logging (L = 1.25 m, dl = 1.25 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :40 Probe holes at OLPR0678 (ONK-TR0678).

29 25 Started Finished Activity : :50 Probe holes at OLPR0695 (ONK-TR0695). Manual Flow logging (L = 1.25 m, dl = 1.25 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0728 (ONK-TR0728). Manual Flow logging (L = 1.25 m, dl = 1.25 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0751 (ONK-TR0751) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0772 (ONK-TR0772) : :30 Probe holes at OLPR0813 (ONK-TR0813). Manual Flow logging (L = 1.25 m, dl = 1.25 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0836 (ONK-TR0836) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0855 (ONK-TR0855) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0900 (ONK-TR0900) : :30 Probe holes at OLPR0917 (ONK-TR0917). Manual Flow logging (L = 1.25 m, dl = 1.25 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :00 Probe holes at OLPR0980 (ONK-TR0980). Manual Flow logging (L = 1.25 m, dl = 1.25 m) (during outflow from the open probe hole) : :30 Borehole ONK-YPPL18. Manual Flow logging (L = 1.25 m, dl = 1.25 m) 4.2 Results General comments The measurement schedule consisted of several probe hole measurements. However not all the probe holes could be measured or they could only be measured partially. Altogether, there were 39 blasting rounds to be measured (one blasting round contained 2-4 probe holes). 19 out of 39 blasting rounds could be measured at least partially. All the probe hole measurements are presented in Table 4-2.

30 26 Table 4-2. Measurements in ONKALO and related appendices. Flow out from Successful Measurement Probe hole the hole measurement type Comments Appendices OLPR0015A (ONK-TR0015A) yes no - * OLPR0015B (ONK-TR0015B) yes no - ** OLPR0015C (ONK-TR0015C) yes yes automatic 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 OLPR0015D (ONK-TR0015D) yes yes automatic 1.2, 1.3, 1.6, 1.7 OLPR0030A (ONK-TR0030A) yes (4 m) - ** OLPR0030B (ONK-TR0030B) no no - OLPR0030C (ONK-TR0030C) yes (2 m) - ** OLPR0030D (ONK-TR0030D) yes yes automatic OLPR0042A (ONK-TR0042A) yes yes automatic OLPR0042B (ONK-TR0042B) no no - OLPR0042C (ONK-TR0042C) yes (3.3 m) - ** OLPR0042D (ONK-TR0042D) yes (0.8 m) - ** OLPR0057A (ONK-TR0057A) no no - OLPR0057B (ONK-TR0057B) yes ( m) - ** OLPR0057C (ONK-TR0057C) yes (2.5 m) - ** OLPR0057D (ONK-TR0057D) yes ( m) - ** OLPR0072A (ONK-TR0072A) yes yes automatic OLPR0072B (ONK-TR0072B) yes (1.0 m) - ** OLPR0072C (ONK-TR0072C) yes (1.0 m) - ** OLPR0072D (ONK-TR0072D) no no - OLPR0136B (ONK-TR0136B) yes yes automatic OLPR0136C (ONK-TR0136C) no no - OLPR0136D (ONK-TR0136D) no no - OLPR0155A (ONK-TR0155A) no no - OLPR0155B (ONK-TR0155B) no no - OLPR0155C (ONK-TR0155C) yes no - Measurement software failure OLPR0155D (ONK-TR0155D) yes no - Measurement software failure

31 27 Flow out from the Successful Measurement Probe hole hole measurement type OLPR0175A (ONK-TR0175A) no no - OLPR0175B (ONK-TR0175B) no no - OLPR0175C (ONK-TR0175C) no no - OLPR0175D (ONK-TR0175D) no no - OLPR0214A (ONK-TR0214A) no no - Comments Appendices OLPR0214B (ONK-TR0214B) yes yes automatic 7.1, OLPR0214C (ONK-TR0214C) no no - OLPR0214D (ONK-TR0214D) yes yes automatic 7.2, 7.3, 7.6, 7.7 OLPR0230A (ONK-TR0230A) no no - OLPR0230B (ONK-TR0230B) no no - OLPR0230C (ONK-TR0230C) no no - OLPR0230D (ONK-TR0230D) no no - OLPR0254A (ONK-TR0254A) no no - OLPR0254B (ONK-TR0254B) no no - OLPR0254C (ONK-TR0254C) no no - OLPR0254D (ONK-TR0254D) yes (3.0 m) - ** OLPR0327A (ONK-TR0327A) no no - OLPR0327B (ONK-TR0327B) no no - OLPR0327C (ONK-TR0327C) yes (3.0 m) - ** OLPR0327D (ONK-TR0327D) no no - OLPR0342A (ONK-TR0342A) yes yes automatic OLPR0342B (ONK-TR0342B) no no - OLPR0342C (ONK-TR0342C) no no - OLPR0342D (ONK-TR0342D) no no - OLPR0358A (ONK-TR0358A) no no - OLPR0358B (ONK-TR0358B) no no - OLPR0358C (ONK-TR0358C) no no - OLPR0358D (ONK-TR0358D) no no - OLPR0372A (ONK-TR0372A) no no - OLPR0372B (ONK-TR0372B) yes yes automatic 9.1, 9.3, 9.4 OLPR0372C (ONK-TR0372C) yes yes automatic 9.2, 9.5, 9.6 OLPR0372D (ONK-TR0372D) no no - OLPR0404A (ONK-TR0404A) no no - OLPR0404B (ONK-TR0404B) yes (3.0 m) - ** OLPR0404C (ONK-TR0404C) no no - OLPR0404D (ONK-TR0404D) no no -

32 28 Flow out from the Successful Measurement Probe hole hole measurement type OLPR0442A (ONK-TR0442A) no no - OLPR0442B (ONK-TR0442B) yes (ca. 5.0 m) - ** OLPR0442C (ONK-TR0442C) no no - OLPR0442D (ONK-TR0442D) yes yes Manual (without lower rubber discs) OLPR0483A (ONK-TR0483A) no no - OLPR0483B (ONK-TR0483B) yes yes Manual (without lower rubber discs) OLPR0483C (ONK-TR0483C) yes yes Manual (without lower rubber discs) OLPR0483D (ONK-TR0483D) no no - OLPR0502A (ONK-TR0502A) no no - OLPR0502B (ONK-TR0502B) no no - OLPR0502C (ONK-TR0502C) no no - OLPR0502D (ONK-TR0502D) yes yes (2 measurements) OLPR0520A (ONK-TR0520A) no no - OLPR0520B (ONK-TR0520B) no no - OLPR0520C (ONK-TR0520C) no no - OLPR0520D (ONK-TR0520D) no no - OLPR0540A (ONK-TR0540A) no no - Manual (without lower rubber discs) OLPR0540B (ONK-TR0540B) yes yes Manual (without lower rubber discs) OLPR0540C (ONK-TR0540C) yes yes Manual (without lower rubber discs) OLPR0540D (ONK-TR0540D) yes yes Manual (with lower rubber discs) OLPR0560A (ONK-TR0560A) yes (7.05 m) - ** OLPR0560B (ONK-TR0560B) no no - OLPR0560C (ONK-TR0560C) no no - OLPR0560D (ONK-TR0560D) yes (5.20 m) - ** OLPR0590A (ONK-TR0590A) yes (12.50 m) - ** OLPR0590B (ONK-TR0590B) yes (8.75 m) - ** OLPR0590C (ONK-TR0590C) no no - OLPR0590D (ONK-TR0590D) yes (7.50 m) - ** OLPR06A (ONK-TR06A) no no - OLPR06B (ONK-TR06B) no no - OLPR06C (ONK-TR06C) no no - OLPR06D (ONK-TR06D) no no - Comments Appendices.1, , 11.2, , 11.4, , 13.2, , 13.4, , 13.6, 13.7

33 29 Flow out from the Successful Measurement Probe hole hole measurement type Comments Appendices OLPR0629A (ONK-TR0629A) yes yes Manual (with 14.1, 14.2 lower rubber discs) OLPR0629B (ONK-TR0629B) yes yes Manual (with lower rubber discs) OLPR0629C (ONK-TR0629C) yes (0.50 m) - ** OLPR0629D (ONK-TR0629D) yes no - Drilling sand in the hole OLPR0646A (ONK-TR0646A) yes yes Manual (with lower rubber discs) OLPR0646B (ONK-TR0646B) no no - OLPR0646C (ONK-TR0646C) yes yes Manual (with lower rubber discs) OLPR0646D (ONK-TR0646D) yes yes Manual (with lower rubber discs) OLPR0663A (ONK-TR0663A) yes (1.50 m) - ** OLPR0663B (ONK-TR0663B) no no - OLPR0663C (ONK-TR0663C) yes yes Manual (with lower rubber discs) OLPR0663D (ONK-TR0663D) no no - OLPR0678A (ONK-TR0678A) yes (6.20 m) - ** OLPR0678B (ONK-TR0678B) yes (8.70 m) - ** OLPR0678C (ONK-TR0678C) no no - OLPR0678D (ONK-TR0678D) no no - OLPR0695A (ONK-TR0695A) yes yes Manual (with lower rubber discs) OLPR0695B (ONK-TR0695B) no no - OLPR0695C (ONK-TR0695C) no no - OLPR0695D (ONK-TR0695D) yes (24.52 m, no - ** flows) OLPR0728A (ONK-TR0728A) no no - OLPR0728B (ONK-TR0728B) no no - OLPR0728C (ONK-TR0728C) no no - OLPR0728D (ONK-TR0728D) no no - OLPR0751A (ONK-TR0751A) no no - OLPR0751B (ONK-TR0751B) no no - OLPR0751C (ONK-TR0751C) no no - OLPR0751D (ONK-TR0751D) no no - OLPR0772A (ONK-TR0772A) no no - OLPR0772B (ONK-TR0772B) no no - OLPR0772C (ONK-TR0772C) no no - OLPR0772D (ONK-TR0772D) no no , 15.2, , 15.4, , 15.6,