Flow and Electric Conductivity Measurements During long-term Pumping of Borehole Ol-KR6

Transkriptio

1 Working Report 24 Flow and Electric Conductivity Measurements During longterm Pumping of Borehole OlKR6 Results from Time Period October 2october 23.Janne Pekkanen Jari Pollanen Pekka Rouhiainen April 24 POSVA OY FN276 OLKLUOTO, FNLAND Tel Fax

2 KONSUL TTYRTYS: PRGTecOy Soukanniitty 5 A 236 ESPOO TLAAJA: Posiva Oy 276 OLKLUOTO TlLAUSNUMERO: 975//HH TLAAJAN YHTEYSHENKLO: D Heikki Hinkkan n Posiva Oy KONSULTN YHTEYSHENKLO: TKT Pekka Rouhiainen PRGTee Oy Working Report 24 KRJOTTAJAT: FLOW AND ELECTRC CONDUCTVTY MEASUREMENTS DURNG LONGTERM PUMPNG OF BOREHOLE OLKR6, RESULTS FROM TME PEROD OCTOBER 2 OCTOBER 23 Janne Pekkanen ins. (AMK)_ \ ari Po Hinen VcCr Pekka Rouhiainen TKT

3 Working Report 24 flow and flectric Conductivity Measurements Ouring longterm Pumping of Borehole OlKRB Results from Time Period October 2ctober 23 Janne Pekkanen ari Pollanen Pekka Rouhiainen April 24

4 Working Report 24 flow and flectric Conductivity Measurements During longterm Pumping of Borehole OlKRB Results from Time Period October 2october 23 Janne Pekkanen Jari Pollanen Pekka Rouhiainen PRGTec Oy April 24 Base maps: National Land Survey, permission 4 /MYY/4 Working Reports contain information on work in progress or pending completion. The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of author(s) and do not necessarily coincide with those of Posiva.

5 Flow and electric conductivity measurements during longterm pumping ofborehole OLKR6, results from time period October 2 October 23 ABSTRACT Posiva Flow Log/Difference Flow Logging can be used for relatively fast determination of hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic head in fractures or fractured zones in cored boreholes. n this study Posiva Flow Log was used for measurements of flow and electric conductivity of water during longterm pumpmg. This report presents the principles of the method as well as the results of the measurements carried out in borehole KR6 at Olkiluoto between October 2 and October 23. The aim of the measurements presented in this report was to detect possible changes in electric conductivity of fracturespecific water during the longterm pumping period. Flow rates from fractures were also measured. The measurements in borehole KR6 were carried out at the depth intervals m, 98 2 m and m using the detailed flow logging mode; the flow rate into a.5 m long test section was measured using. m point intervals. The occurrence of saline water in the borehole was studied by electric conductivity measurements. The flow guide encloses also an electrode for measuring of single point resistance. t was measured with. m point intervals during the detailed flow logging. Keywords: Groundwater, flow, measurement, bedrock, borehole, electric conductivity, Posiva Flow Log, Difference Flow Logging

6 Virtaus ja sahkonjohtavuusmittaus pitkaaikaispumppauksen aikana kairanreiassa OLKR6, tulokset ajanjaksolta lokakuu 2 lokakuu 23 TVSTELMA Posiva Flow LogNirtauseromittausmenetelmaa voidaan kayttaa suhteellisen nopeaan vedenjohtavuuksien ja hydraulisen korkeuden maarittamiseen raoissa tai rakovyohykkeissa kairanrei' issa. Tassa tutkimuksessa menetelmaa on kaytetty virtauksien ja sahkonjohtavuuksien pitkaaikaisseurantaan pumppauksen aikana. Raportti esittaa menetelman periaatteen ja tulokset mittauksista, jotka tehtiin vuoden 2 lokakuun ja vuoden 23 lokakuun valisena aikana kairanreiassa KR6. Raportissa esitettyjen mittausten tarkoituksena oli havaita muutoksia veden sahkonjohtavuudessa ja virtauksissa tietyissa raoissa reian KR6 pitkaaikaisen pumppauksen aikana. Kairanreiasta KR6 mitattiin syvyysvalit m, 98 2 m ja m kayttaen niin kutsuttua rakohakumenetelmaa. Virtaus kalliosta reikaan mitattiin kayttaen.5 m mittausvalia. m valein. Veden sahkonjohtavuutta (EC) mitattiin valittujen rakojen kohdalla. Raot valittiin aiempien mittausten mukaisesti, seka raosta reikaan mitatun virtauksen perusteella. Raportti sisaltaa mittausten menetelmakuvaukset ja mittaustulokset. A vainsanat: Pohjavesi, virtaus, mittaus, peruskallio, kairanreika, sahkonjohtavuus, Posiva Flow Log.

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT TVSTELMA Contents NTRODUCTON 2 PRNCPLES OF OPERATON 3 EQUPMENT SPECFCATONS 4 FELD WORK AND RESULTS 4. Borehole EC 4.2 Detailed flow logging 4.3 Fracture specific EC 5 CONCLUSONS REFERENCES APPENDCES Appendix Appendices Appendices Appendices Appendices Appendices Appendices Appendices Appendices Appendices..5 Appendices..5 Appendices Appendix 3 Borehole OLKR6, EC of borehole water Borehole OLKR6, Repeated flow measurements at some depths Borehole OLKR6, Flow rates during detailed flow logging Borehole OLKR6, EC of borehole water and fractures Borehole OLKR6, EC Time series, first set Borehole OLKR6, EC Time series, second set Borehole OLKR6, EC Time series, third set Borehole OLKR6, EC Time series, fourth set Borehole OLKR6, EC Time series, fifth set Borehole OLKR6, EC Time series, sixth set Borehole OLKR6, EC Time series, seventh set Fracture specific electric conductivity and flows Fracture specific electric conductivities of water (table)

8 2

9 3 NTRODUCTON The measurements were carried out in borehole KR6 at Olkiluoto between October 2 and October 23. The aim of the measurements presented in this report was to detect changes in electric conductivity and flow rates during longterm pumping period. Pumping test was started on March 22, 2. Measurements were also started in March 2. Measurements before October 2 have been already reported earlier (PolHinen and Rouhiainen 22). This report presents the results that were obtained between October 2 and October 23. Borehole KR6 was selected for the test, because it was measured earlier several times using detailed flow logging method. For the first time it was measured in 999 (Rouhiainen 999), when the length of the borehole was about 3 m. Borehole KR6 was then extended to the depth of about 6 m by core drilling in the year 2. After the extension, the borehole was measured once again (Pollanen and Rouhiainen 2). There were some differences in flow rates at respective depths between the measurements in the year before and after the extension drilling. The measurements in borehole KR6 were carried out at depth intervals m, 98 2 m and m using the detailed flow logging mode; the flow rate into a.5 m long test section was measured using. m point intervals. The locations of the boreholes at the Olkiluoto site are shown in Figure. The equipment can be used in boreholes with a diameter of 56 mm or larger and with a depth less than 5 m. The equipment consists of a trailermounted winch and a cable, a downhole probe and a PC computer.

10 me 526 me "' \ Figure. Locations ofboreholes at the Olkiluoto site.

11 5 2 PRNCPLES OF OPERATON The Posiva Flow Log consists of the Transverse flowmeter and the Difference flowmeter. Only the Difference flowmeter is discussed in this report. Ordinary borehole flowmeters measure the accumulated flow along the borehole. However, the incremental changes of flow along the borehole are generally very small and can easily be missed unless they are measured directly. The name "Difference flowmeter" comes from the fact that this flowmeter directly measures differences of flow rates. These differences of flow are seepages from the bedrock into the borehole or flows from the borehole into the bedrock. With the flow guide the Difference flowmeter, the flow into or out from the borehole in the test section is the only flow that passes through the flow sensor. Flow along the borehole outside the test section is directed so that it does not come into contact with the flow sensor. A set of rubber disks is used at both ends of the equipment to isolate the test section from the borehole and to guide the flow to be measured, see Figure 2. The Difference flowmeter can be used in two modes, in normal and detailed flow logging modes. The normal mode is used for determination of hydraulic conductivity and head (Ohberg and Rouhiainen 2). The detailed mode is mostly used to determine the exact location of hydraulically conductive fractures and to classify them by flow rates. n the normal mode, the flow rate is measured by thermal pulse and thermal dilution method. n the detailed mode, only thermal dilution method is used. The thermal pulse and thermal dilution methods have to be calibrated to known flow rates. The EC electrode was calibrated to known concentrations ofnacl. The single point resistance measurement (grounding resistance) is another parameter that is possible to measure with the flowmeter tool. The electrode of the single point resistance tool is located within the upper rubber disks, see Figure 2. This sensitive method is used for high resolution depth determination of fractures and geological structures.

12 6 (J) "' L... u (J) (J) L... Vl + c (J) u w Vl (J) "' L... + u (J) (J) '+= (J) + "' c (J)..c a L... :J Q. Vl (J) (J) {)) (J) L ;..c L... (J) _QVl..o :J. "' (J) + {)) c u....c u c Figure 2. Schematic description of the downhole equipment used in difference flowmeter in normal mode.

13 7 3 EQUPMENT SPECFCATONS Type of instrument: Logging computer: Winch: Borehole diameters: Geometry of measurement: Method of flow measurement: Speed of measurement: Range of flow rate: Accuracy of flow rate: Temperature: Single point resistance: Electric conductivity of water: Difference flowmeter PC, Windows 2/XP Mount Sopris Wna,.55 kw, 22 V/5 Hz. 56 mm, 66 mm and 76 mm A variable length of test section can be used Thermal pulse and thermal dilution methods Depends on the rate of flows to be measured. 5 ml/min, both directions when both thermal pulse and thermal dilution methods are used 5 ml/min when only thermal dilution method is used + % of the current result. 4 C, accuracy+/. oc Ohm Four point graphite electrode,.2 S/m, accuracy +/ 5 % of the current result

14 8

15 9 4 FELD WORK AND RESULTS The field work was done in a few periods in borehole KR6 between October 2 and October 23. The activity schedule is presented in Table 4. Technical information on borehole KR6 is presented in Table 42. Table 4. Measurements in borehole KR6. Activity schedule. Borehole Date Activity Appendices KR EC in the borehole with pumping. KR6 3. Detailed flow logging and EC from , , selected fractures. 4.3, , KR EC in the borehole with pumping. KR Detailed flow logging and EC from , , 4. selected fractures. 4.3, , KR Detailed flow logging and EC from , , 4. selected fractures. 4.3, , KR EC in the borehole with pumping. KR Detailed flow logging and EC from , , 4. selected fractures. 4.3, , KR EC in the borehole with pumping. KR Detailed flow logging and EC from , , 4. selected fractures. 4.3, , KR EC in the borehole with pumping. KR EC in the borehole with pumping , , 4. Detailed flow logging and EC from KR ,..5, 2. selected fractures. 2.3 KR EC in the borehole with pumping , , 4. Detailed flow logging and EC from KR ,..5, 2. selected fractures. 2.3 Table 42. Technical information on borehole KR6. Borehole Z Ztop of nclination Diameter Depth Casing ground castng (degrees) (mm) (m) (m) level (m) (m) KR Pumping in the borehole was started Pumping rate is presented in Figure 4. Water level in the borehole before pumping was.63 m above the sea level. Water level during pumping is also presented in Figure 4. Water level has not been constant all the time. t has varied between meter below

16 sea level. Corresponding drawdown has been changed between m and pumping rate between /min, respectively. There has been some problems with pumping a few times. Pumping stopped due to power failure or problems with pump and this caused rises in water level, see Figure 4. 4 Cl) t:s! S 2 _+r_+ +r r r r + +_+ j 2 r f E 4! j; li, t A L H j j f/..;; rn :: ::.a._ " +++H+++,_ ! r! r,_ r!. loo..._ +! A ['!'liil.._ tvjjjjjjjtlli = r = =._._ =* : :: ri =.s 8! r F_ s ) r r r.s 2 +f_+,_+r_rr++++r= J,_+++++j! +!++!+t4, ++ +L+.d:4++++ Pull ping r<te 9! r r! r r r++++rr++++4! r r!! t ,_4+++,_+++! r! r r o +++r+++++rr++++4 Figure 4. Pumping rate and water level in borehole KR6. 4. Borehole EC Electric conductivity of borehole water has always been measured both downwards and upwards, see Appendix. Borehole EC measurements have been repeated seven times during the pumping period. Measurements have been carried out without the lower rubber disks. This measuring geometry is then much more representative to borehole water since the flow guide in its normal configuration (with both upper and lower rubber disks) may carry water with the tool making the results less representative, especially if the section length is long. Temperature of borehole water has always been measured during the EC measurements. The EC values are temperature corrected to 25 C to make them more comparable with other EC measurements (Heikkonen et al. 2).

17 4.2 Detailed flow logging The detailed flow logging was performed with a.5 m section length and with. m depth increments. The method gives the depth and the thickness of the conductive zones with a depth resolution of. m. To make measurements more quickly, only the thermal dilution method is used for flow determination. The test section length determines the width of a flow anomaly of a single fracture. f the distance between flowing fractures is less than the section length, the anomalies will be overlapped resulting in a stepwise flow anomaly. Measurements were carried out seven times during two years in the depth intervals 3862 m, 98 2 m and m, see Appendices The aim of this measurement was to find out whether there is longterm variation in flow rate. Any remarkable trends of change could not be found. The depths of fractures with water flow are marked with lines in the appendices of the detailed flow logs. Long line represents the depth of a leaky fracture, short line denotes that the existence of a leaky fracture is uncertain. 4.3 Fracturespecific EC Electric conductivity of fracturespecific water was measured during the detailed flow logging. The results of these measurements are presented in Appendices "Noise" in the results is caused by the flow guide carrying water with it along the borehole since both upper and lower rubber disks were used, compare with Appendix. This geometry is not good for measurement of borehole water but it is well adapted to measurement of fracturespecific water. For measurement of fracture specific EC, the flow guide is stopped on a target fracture, which can be found on the basis of the measured flow rate. Flow rate determines also measuring time on a given fracture. Measuring time is usually chosen long enough so that the water volume within the section is flushed at least three times. Electric conductivity of fracturespecific water was measured seven times from selected fractures between the depths m, 98 2 m and m. The last point in these measurements is the most representative result of fracture specific water, marked with crosses in Appendices EC transients as a function of time at these depths are presented in Appendices Last points of fracture specific EC during the pumping period and measured flows are also presented in Appendices The longterm pumping has not caused any clear trends in the fracture specific EC. However, there is an anomaly in fracturespecific EC between the depths 28

18 2 m and m in December 22, see appendices The reason is not known yet. Fracture specific EC was "normal" below m in the same test in December 22.

19 3 5 CONCLUSONS n this study groundwater flow and fracturespecific EC was measured during longterm pumping in KR6. EC and temperature of borehole water was also measured during loggings. n addition to this, single point resistance was measured during the flow loggings. Electric conductivity measurements were carried out during the thermal dilution method with.5 m section length. EC was measured from the borehole water and fracturespecific water. An aim of the measurements was to detect possible changes in electric conductivity of fracture specific water and also changes in flow rates during the longterm pumping period. There were small changes in measured flow rates at some depths. However any remarkable longterm variation were not found. Measured fracturespecific EC values were relatively constant during the pumping period. However, trends in EC were detected at some depths.

20 4

21 5 REFERENCES Heikkonen, J., Heikkinen, E and Mantynen, M. 2. Mathematical modelling of temperature adjustment algorithm for groundwater electrical conductivity on basis of synthetic water sample analysis (in Finnish). Helsinki, Posiva Oy. Working report 22. Pollanen, J. and Rouhiainen, P. 2. Difference flow and electric conductivity measurements at the Olkiluoto site in Eurajoki, Boreholes KR6, KR7 and KR2. Helsinki, Finland: Posiva Oy. Working Report 2 5. Pollanen, J. and Rouhiainen, P. 22. Flow and electric conductivity measurements during longterm pumping ofborehole KR6 at the Olkiluoto site in Eurajoki. Helsinki, Finland: Posiva Oy. Working Report 243. Rouhiainen, P Electric conductivity and detailed flow logging at the Olkiluoto site in Eurajoki, Boreholes KRlKRll. Helsinki, Finland: Posiva Oy. Working Report Ohberg, A. and Rouhiainen, P. 2. Posiva groundwater flow measuring techniques. Helsinki, Finland: Posiva Oy. POSV A 22.

22 6

23 ' 7 Appendix Electric conductivity of borehole water Olkiluoto, borehole KR6 '\7 Measured downwards L. Measured upwards " With pumping. 23 With pumping With pumping. 23 With pumping With pumping With pumping. 234 " " 6. With pumping With pumping. 234 " With pumping V With pumping With pumping With pumping " With pumping With pumping _ : : '.!.! : : : : : ; o o , E'....c. +J a. Q) ' ' '......,.,,,.,. '... '.. o,,,., _... _._... : : :!,,, T,,,, "'i,, T ' : : : : :,...,'..._,_.. '..... :_ _.:.,,,., ' ' ',,T.....,_.. : : : : : 7 ' ' ' '. ' '',..,,..... ' ' ,,,_... _.,.,..._,_.._ : : : : : :. : : : : : ' ',.,...ot ' ' _ : : : : : &::. : : :..: _.._ :,,,;,,,7 ' ' l!j.. : : '.!!..._ :. _.._ : ' '.,,;,. ' ; ',, '. 6.. Electric conductivity (S/m, 25 C)

24 8 Appendix 2. r Repeated flow measurements at some depths Olkiluoto, borehole KR6. _..,....,.... _,_ ;. ±, m 45.2m :_ L??... < : ttttt > S>GJ :: Jl48H/ : << 47.2m T _L L_ 2 m ro E Q) > Q) ' Q) A.. l r ft,...,. '\ V tl V'...J" 'J l.i,.... "J ftjw 6

25 9 Appendix 2.2. Repeated flow measurements at some depths Olkiluoto, borehole KR6 r..... r,....,_ =: i 7 :G=2 : 59m =l:=::::=ttt==::li:tt:r===j :} >... T> :?i:f : : >< L,..... /v f=..!.l :> = ====== ==================== ====== ==== ======= = ====== ============= 99.8m 52.6m 55.2m 57 m 49.m 56.5m r+++++ ; trstj;?::?. <: / 54.4m 2... (/) m E Q) > Q).. Q) \, "(V A l r 'V " L i r " '4 ''lot

26 2 Appendix 2.3 Repeated flow measurements at some depths Olkiluoto, borehole KR6,,...,..,...,,_ :!i : E :i _. s_;:r. ::. : : _ : :: k ':"": :E....J,....._...,.:..i! oooo ++4 rf m F l ;;:!!!! : :::::, m.... +"' tt'" _ _ ;;...;;...o.oj 6.3m 7< ; << > <: < < " 2 en m s Q) > Q) L \ '{V A.. l r j n tt l 'J V" 'fl t '"#"' '' "'

27 2 Appendix 3. Flow rate, with pumping section.5 m, step. m g.s:: a. 34 Q) [ < H r _ J J ll, rl _ J J _ < H H = = == = ====;,,, n r r T J _ J J Ll l i ; i i === == =J= =JC =====c=l=l=l=l}l l l_ j JL [ ) < < H r ",,,,, r, J J J l L L _ l J, n J [ <J N _\ ill, J [! l_[j! LJ _ J _l _lj Ll [_l_l_l_ljl nnl :m H i'f!z : i:iu lili u mm : C"t i rh++++rli ihh r H w:::t " < ( + < + " < l l_j JL l j_l_l_l_ljl j_j Lll_l! j l_ll!lj _ J l:_'j, L jl i H + i + t _; +iiiii.i==;;ii!:! + H ======J==J ===c=====} _===}=J ==,_. _,,,,lll "'> L J J..J ll.l. l.... J L _J_ J ' l L l J_ l J J LJ _., n,,,, r r r,, r r r r n, r T r r = ===== j = = j lt ===== i _ J,,, i i,,, i i i,,_, _, _,,,,, _,_,_ + _, _,_, +f+ rua,,_., li,, fl, f T fll : :: = = = = (= :: :=: : : ll = = == = = = = = >r = r = = : = = = = ; = = : ll lj', r,, r L J J ll j j; t i tl === == J=_J [ = = ulll ' J _l_l J ll r,, r === == === = ][ +, r,, r _ J J ll _ J J [ ; li H r,, r ; r J _ LUJ J llllij t t i j t t t ''! ===J = ==[}}CJ J JL [ _] _ J _ J J Ll l J ; t r t = =====J = =}C l 'l fl il;tt + === == =J = = JC === = =c=l=l= l = l}l L J. J J Ll l rl r J J L! < l < H r <,, n, r,,,,h _ j _ j J Ll l 4; r ; === == =}==}C === ==c= l = l _ l _ l!l...j r r T l l_j JL L jl H fl ' J J J j Ll, _,_ 4 4 rl l l_ j _l _ljl_l _ L _ l _l _ l_l _l J = = = '= = =' ='=' =' r ) < H, n r r,,, l l_j JU l ] l l_j _l _l jl_l i<h r H,,, r n r r,,!, E+OOO E+ E+2 E+3 E+4 E+5 E+6 Flow rate (ml/h)

28 22 Appendix 3.2 Flow rate, with pumping section.5 m, step. m :[..c:. Q) _ J J Ll r r _ J J ll tlirl }=Y J J Ll tlrl lfl L J J ll i i rl l,_ == =="" ====!LJ : :: : = = = := :=: = = = = == = = = = r = = = = _ r = = = t J,// = = = C = r = = =2 C = T _pk_cl, r r _ J J ll l _ l _l_l_l_lj J l LU J l LJ i i tl t li t i t t = = = = = = J ==} === === == = : i,r r = =}== = } Ll. J L..:::: ' _7 '(_ 'LCLil l ljjcij, llrl rr rrnr,rttrn _ J J! J L ll Lll : : : : ; = = : : : : : ; : _ J J Ll J L ll L J l\ ' f ll T..J ) 'J.J " f l T f _ J! Ll _ L! H ==== ==: =:: = = =c = ==== 2 _ J _ J J Ll L _ l l t t r t r n[ =====c== J _ J J ll L J l l t, llfl r.l J J J J L L _ L _l_l_l_l J 4 4 r r r r llfl lil / =_= ==rl_l i =_== = ====2 l l_l_l_l_ljl t ; r t r = = == == = = = = == = c = == =. L J j J cl L c J L r r nll! f H,llfl = = = = = = l = J l Ll = = = L = L = ===Jl i r r t JJJl LH _ J _l_lj ll l J l LU l J LJ i H YH ">i llfllf flifll = _ = = = = = = c = ===.L J J J Ll L L J = = : :lj: : =: := = i: == ==ll t H : = = = :: 2 ::' ::' 2 = : : : : : ==2 r J _ J J Ll L J J l" l l)ol,_rt j l l LJlliJ l JJ C J r ' (,rrrn,lrr rllrr l l_j JL l t_l_l_l_l!l l j < rr r r _ J J J Ll L : : := =_ J J ljl =: = = = ==} c J J J Ll r y = = = = = L = === L rr r r nll _ J J Ll l l_j _l_ljl_l L _ J i tl ll fl t it H t ltl r r nr E+OOO E+ E+2 E+3 E+4 E+5 E+6 Flow rate (mllh)

29 23 Appendix 3.3 Flow rate, with pumping section.5 m, step. m g 8..c a. Q) 2 : : : : J : l : :: i : : r ll r r r = = == :c J :,:,J Ll = = :L = L :,:,_,:,J L =! = j :,:, :,t = = j = :,: l j l L,J l fl "., JL = = == == J = = J J J Ll = = == == J = = J H = = === = J = = J r ===== ( J == J [ fl = = = = = c J == J [ lfl = = == = ( J == J [ i J _J J Ll L _ L J r = = == = = = ==! r _ L J J Ll L _ L... J r n T = = = = = J Q = = == = L ====JL J J Ll L J n r r J J Ll L H ==== == J ==}C r TT H = = == = = === l L = = == == J = =} Cl = = = == c = ===! = = == == J = = J [ = = == = [ = === H H ===(= = J ))} [ = = == = [ ==((} H H l l_j_l_ljl_l L jl i ; t f j l l_j JL L jl ==== == ==' ===== =l= l = l = lt _ J _ J J Ll L _ L ] = = ='= = _ '= J =': J J J Ll = = ='= L = _ L =l= _l_l_l_lll l = l =lt r r = = = = = = J J Ll ===== L ==== J l r r.jjl L J ::= := =J :} }C fyt j _J j Ll === = = L === j l J.JJL L ll === = ==] n!c =: : : :C:=(=} H L J =: := == J = = J [ = = = ( = [ ==::! H f J lll i H l l_j_l_ljl_l f lltl :::::c:::: i i H : = = = = = === t l l_j JL L jl i i t t i _ J _l _lj L _ L ] l l_j JL L jl r r ' J.JJJ Ll l _,_,_l_lll,,,,,, n, r,,n ll _ L J _\J J ll L L _\_LU ll l n r n J J Ll L J n r J.JJL L J = = == == := = } Cl = = = = = c = ==:! fl f J ::= == =]= =}C ====:C:: : :! ===(= = J ==} [t = = =( = [ ====} H J i i i l l_j ]L L jl i ; i fl f l l_j_l_ljll t _ J JJJ Ll l ] ll l ll! l l TTTTTT l l T fllt : : : : :: : : :' 2 = : : : : :: : : r T E+OOO E+ E+2 E+3 E+4 E+5 E+6 Flow rate (ml/h)

30 24 Appendix 3.4 Flow rate, with pumping section.5 m, step. m J 4 < fl r r _ J j [ < 4 < H T l llrl _ j _ j J Ll i " " i i 22 = = = = = = l = =} [ rl _J jl_l < H r r _ J J J J L L _l_l_l _l l 24 ll < f. [ j j <l<f.l f. r r r _ J J Ll _ J _ J J Ll l _l_l_l_lj Jirl iiill llil 26 = = == == ] = : J j j ll fl [ ll<fl === :: = = = c ===:=c: : = =.l.jl 26.2 llfl _ J _l _l J ll c 28 3 a. (]) 32 llirl ::=== : ] :=J J.. _. J.. J uj ii;==r= :::=:c==== <.. r r n r J [ l l_j JL L _j l _ J _ j J Ll i "" "" l l _l _l_ l_ljl === :: =}= =}[! J. l. ;ttih l i, L l L L L Lll J _.. l l LJ.. J.J J Ll. L... l , rl lr l rttfl rl r tl l j_j [L_] _[jj[j l l_j_l_lj[l l [ _l _l_l _ljl + 4.j. l..f T,r r rnr r r l r r r T _ J _lj J L L r =: =: =( J =: } [ ===== [ = === Jl..JJL L r r rn r, r rn 36 l _ J _ L L L Lll J.. l J l l J L jl 36. r r r r r n l J l [_! J L l l L J _ J _l _lj [ '".j. l 38 r, r rnr, r r, l lrt _ l _ J llul J l J llij _ J _ J J Ll = = l == [ [ : = = : = : ::!! J = = : : = : l : = [ L..ll l.j J..l. r r rn r r r,, n! J L L _! J L J j!j J _ J j Ll 4 E+OOO E+ E+2 E+3 E+4 E+5 E+6 Flow rate (ml/h)

31 25 Appendix 3.5 Flow rate, with pumping section.5 m, step. m :[ 4..c: a. Q) = = = = = = = = = = = = = = :: :_: fl : llf a : :.:.:.] ]L [_.:_H C::TJ [ ::C:... L J J Ll... l.... J..l J ' H iiit : : :: :: ::t ::t : : :: :: : ::t tl.j : : : : : :::: > : : : : : :::: > "" " o rl : : :: :: J : J} [ : : : : : [ :::: : : :: : ( ] : J ] ( : : : C : [ :: Till :::: :c J :)] ( ::: c: [ :::: :::: :C J JJ] [ :: :C: [ :::: J..l..lJ. l..lll J..lH. l ll..l 4. > = = ='= :t:: :; :: :':: :':': ' :'! : : :: :: ::t ::f tl : : : : : t ::::! ::::::J:::t!C :::::t::::! :: : : :: J J J} [ ::::: [ ::: : :::::CJJJH :::C:C:::: :::: :C] )j] [ :: :C: [ :::: ::::: [ ::::}( :::::c:=== i H H iih t li l : : :: :: : ::t J : : : : : ::::! ::::::J::t::t!C :::::t::::! :: :: :: J J J J [ ::::: [ ::::! Tll rl " " r """" = = = = = = = = = = = = = r = = = :: :: :C] :)] [ ::: (: [ :::: l :::::CJjj][ :::c:c):cj] :: :: ::] : J] Ll ::::: L ::::i.. J.... J L.... J H :H: nh: H: H::::i lit t lil : : :: :: J : J J tj : : : : : ::::! :: :: :: J J J J [ ::: :: [ :::: :::::: J :J] [ ::::: [ ::: :: :: :: J :)] ( ::: (: [ :::: ::: C: L :::: J..lJ. : : : : C H. ' 4' H : : : : : :: ' 4' H lit tlil :: :: :: J ::t ::f! : : :: : t ::::! " rl r """" ::::::J.J][ :: :::[ :='![ ::::::J:='J[ :::::CT:J :::: :C J :J] [ :: :C: [ :::: :::::CJJ)][ :::C:CJ:C:J E+OOO E+ E+2 E+3 E+4 E+5 E+6 Flow rate (mvh)

32 26 Appendix 4. Electrical conductivity of borehole water During detailed flow logging Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, 2322 Q Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, [> Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, <] Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, \ Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, {? Last in time series, fracture specific water, E c. 44 a. (]) Cl ::: (re=;;;:::;:=;::;:::..... ' ' ' Trr;T,T,. '.. ;. ;. ;. ; 7 : : :.:.. _!..!,._.!_... ; ;. :!,,!_ '... o o. ' '.!.!.!..!.!..! ,... _... _ ' t o!...!.....!.!.!.. _,.. _.,._ o o.. o o o o ;;;....., ;;;;,;;!. '.!.. ' ' ' '.... Electrical conductivity (S/m, 25 C)......

33 o o 27 Appendix 4.2 Electrical conductivity of borehole water During detailed flow logging Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, t> Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, <l Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, V Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, c:? Last in time series, fracture specific water, E.r:.... a. Q) ' '... ;;;;_;_.. _ ' '. ;.;.7c7:7; :: : :::....,.,.,., 7:7;.. '... ' ' '.'.'.' ;; "73:: 7:.. ; : : : :... : : : : :.. '! : : : : : : ::. '..... '. 777c7:;.;. ;.;.;.;.!! '. ' ' ' ''... _.,_...' : ; _:! :.. ' :,.._,!.. _ : : : : ' ' ;.77;. 7:7;._:i..: t t:. '.. ' ' ' ' : ; ; ;. ; : ;_;_ ]: :i:: :. '. : : :... : ' '.. : :::, ; ":t:::: : :! f f : ; ;... :r :... :;. : : : :.... ' ' ' '.. : : :..... : : : : ' ' : ; l o o : ;.. ' ; : : '. o : ;..,',.,,',.',_,_. i ; i i i i i i.. ; '... : : : :.... k. '.. ' '. t :.! :...! i i i i Electrical conductivity (S/m, 25 C).

34 28 Appendix 4.3 Electrical conductivity of borehole water During detailed flow logging Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, > Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, <l Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, \ Last in time series, fracture specific water, Measured with.5 m depth increments in the borehole, Last in time series, fracture specific water, _ 48 _.. E.s:::: a. (J) " '. :.... "" :: _...: "' "; ll _;; "'. ' _,_ }* "' ""... : "' t*. : :.. ' ' ;... : :..._ :: : : : :... ; ; _ ; ; ::_: _; l ' 4 ' ' ' ' ' :..... :... ' ' ;; :A <ill.... :... : :... ; ; :..,..... :...!: ; ; :.,.. ' ' :.... :.. 4 ' ;. ;; : ; ;....,... 4 '. '.... "' ;; : :... : _ ;; _:_... :..... : '. ; _ :.,... '... * '* :...,.. ' ; ; * ; ; i i i. Electrical conductivity (S/m, 25 C).

35 29 Appendix 5. Time series of electric conductivity j _ L _j L l. L, r j L t 44;8;8 n :! j L, _j _ l. _ L _j _..2 <;t ' \J t t t t t t + t t.sssam :! L! _! _j! j _.L L :.. +.._ J, ft, t f t f ; t, r + ;.;)..) Som '""! JJL +..L...,.,..J.«;.;,... 'Nf,:.x. pj',..';tt;j "loll4 r; ' l...j.o.,. r.. r!._ J. _! J _!_ J '.!.. _ ' _ ; + j f + J _!_ J _.!..!. j + T. ';. ' "q.":\.j.. ; j +.!..,..._,... L.. 't,.,..._.,;:"_j._"""'_:;...,.'t...!. T T.!. _J L.!. l l..!. L,,,, r T r.!.!. J L l..l o T o r. T T T T Time from the start of the measurement (s) 3

36 3 Appendix 5.2 Time series of electric conductivity E : "' c.:: Q) w i t f t J. _J _ L _ L _J j _ L _ l....! _ L _ : :... :'i+..v" F,;.. #' "t 99 ;.58Jl A= = = := = = = = =: = =:= = = = : = = := : '*: J. _J _ L L..J L T + l j J t 4 j ) _ T.., i J.., + l _! J l r L _ L _ L r L r r " r l.l _..J.! _! j t l L J _ r!.. _! r, t _ f r l L..J!.. J _ r r j ""_... ':'.::..:.'i..,...,...,.j..._...j...j,"""* 48 ;rrn _! r L _ r L _ r t r,..,,, T,.. f = = = = ==:/; f.. j L _.. =. ; i = = _ f L...! L _ f! _ r _ L f r r + _, t _, t l.j _ L _!.....! _ L _ r.., +4 r L..J L,.., r; + l r r Time from the start of the measurement (s)

37 3 Appendix 5.3 Time series of electric conductivity LO :8,38m,,,,,,,,,, T,.,, rsro, ;aah), n.;. + tt r t+ rt / : \ '* ' tt+ ) '' + tt t t Ji l : ll t ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll r :t. + j l "lor"!;is t t+ // < T...,.. "=). il m t :. + + t t t + t l "tl +: l+ + t+ t+ tl t l f, >t+ t +itt t+ t j;. t + t + i t + + t i.t tl. t +i tt ++ t + ;,+ t + t'tl! r!' f. f. f l l l l f. l l f l + + f. + + f l f ,_ l l l.l. +..J.L L.!,_ j_.l.j. _ L.! J...J L J_ L _ L J _ J l _ l _ L L.! _,_ J L L J..J L _ L L L L L _ L.! L J..l..J LL.J J.J..l LLL L.L J. L J..l _ L.L.! L L J_.l..J l_l L L.L.J.J _ ' ' j_ j_.l ' _ L L Time from the start of the measurement (s)

38 32 Appendix 5.4 Time series of electric conductivity L L L L r r rr L _ L r r L L r r L L r L L L t t _L L_, r r L r L L_ ' L ' L r t L L t L t L t L t L t L t L L L t _ L _ L r t r r r r r J_ ' _ r J_ ',, ' L ' ' L L t L t L L ' ' L.L.L T T j j j_ t L.L.L T T t t t L.L.L T T j t + L _L.L l + L ++ + r.l r + ++!.. l _.L r.l r.. r r r r r ++ l l T +.!._.!._.L.L TT ++ rr.l T.L.L Time from the start of the measurement (s) 2

39 33 Appendix 5.5 Time series of electric conductivity T, r,, T, r r, r To r, T o To T.., r r T; r T ; r r 2.4 T; t t LO E' :;; :g :::J "'" c "i:: Q) m , t t t t t + i t t +i t t +it + i + ""'._ t l l l l l l [ J $.L! l l ' ' :!, l ' _j J _j_.l L.. J L j j J J L _ L l l_.l l _ L.. J L _j J l l L 2. _j J L l l.j.. J L Time from the start of the measurement (s)

40 34 Appendix 6. Time series of electric conductivity A tm :;.. J. _y,... " L r L,:t : ' r.'.. y4t _j L...! ' <>,..,/' T f T.25 "'"';....,.J_ 42 "'4m..,...,) f L _j _!_ J _!_.!.. J ' LO.2.5 T j_.j.:. : :. _ r _ r + +. ::. :...:: '/ t ::... er:4:i :;;;:)\,(/. fir 33?4._.,.,k':... ' ':&::' :.:..!. :.;... dv : _c._ :.'. L.t:.,. :. : :* J:. '. ""T :, 3 34m. ( /. ',.,;)., T r r r r L _. _j L _! T j r. J ' T r f T r + i f t i Time from the start of the measurement (s) 3

41 35 Appendix 6.2 Time series of electric conductivity '.,..,?: :_... "'+ ::. :t 5..4 m :.)5 :: ::: +,: : :t:.?.,..; + ' l /':,;( ;.J!. ) Jt,,,,.25 / "" +... " "".'!'+" "V...; Vv::...:.. ::...r:... :"" m J J J u LO.2,..._...,j...:..:+ 4as rr. :...:...,...:..,.:.:... \, m _,_.. r..,."t_ ",...'\.,.l l l ".5 _J.J _J.J J _l ' _ L _ Time from the start of the measurement (s)

42 36 Appendix 6.3 Time series of electric conductivity ' ' T.68 j T i +!..! l j... :.: '";.62 _j l.l.6 L _j L J _.L _ Time from the start of the measurement (s)

43 37 Appendix 6.4 Time series of electric conductivity _j j _.2 f " :... _J... :28.34nl _! _..5..., J...,. j.5 j..., i Time from the start of the measurement (s)

44 38 Appendix 6.5 Time series of electric conductivity t f + f +.72 i : : _.. f "" 4..: t ++.. _...!...i..!......!.. + l l_r+ + :.." l +f+,.7 '.J. L J Time from the start of the measurement (s) 9

45 39 Appendix 6.6 Time series of electric conductivity L L L j.l j j j_.l j_ L!L!! t t t 2.5.() E' :; t5 ::J 'U c: u c Q) iii L _ L!._!.!.!._!! T ++ T 2.4 rr l ' ' T r,, T Time from the start of the measurement (s)

46 4 Appendix 7. Time series of electric conductivity , L L 6 LO.2 :{ : \::.<:. :. :) :;;t: E fl :; ;.: +. ;,.. :.:::. :,.: ;::;_,:... :;.,, l ', ' C '\. + '* +.. ;... ''. :_, 3Z 96tn' :...' ' t hl r.;.. ::..:: ; : :... : :.. r<..,.:.:.;.. : :.. :.: :...:..:..,:":.. :.: :...,.. r..... "'" :r. J. + _....!._ "!_...t.!, ; _.... +, :... ' _ t _..,,...,.,,, ',,.._ e. L T.., r.,. T T Time from the start of the measurement (s)

47 4 Appendix 7.2 Time series of electric conductivity T, r r r. : "tf,... :... \ : + t _, _ L. 5 5 Time from the start of the measurement (s) 2 25

48 42 Appendix 7.3 Time series of electric conductivity _...,.'!':".:::i.,."wv.:._...."'"..: t s.sn <++... :!_...!. _ f _, ,_: T +;4 f._ l,. ;; J. t r f L.J _ L. : + l._.j u L{)..!! +t r _ f.!.....! + t ' t ; ' J. t t L l l L.J _ L.9 l.!!!...! _ ' +t t.8 '.J L.! _!!.7 _l.j._ _ L L J L f ; Time from the start of the measurement (s)

49 43 Appendix 7.4 Time series of electric conductivity T r, r 2. t :. "i '" r " t t 6m LO t t ; t + ; + ; t t f l! f j! l + + f..j l f..j!.9..l L _J L J ' _.L L J _J J L _...J.L L J J. L J L J ' _) Time from the start of the measurement (s)

50 44 Appendix 8. Time series of electric conductivity l..j_ 4o sam L...,...._.,... : V......,:...,...,..V,:. ' f......; :......, 42.3f m.::7:k,:::;;, ";)i.:tj; ;_:.;,,,,:. :; : L :,/..:i.9am.. \.. j_... _ L : _.L J L.2. ""'....,.. LO t.!. _ ; J!.... r! r., r Time from the start of the measurement (s)

51 45 Appendix 8.2 Time series of electric conductivity T., r... J /f"" l+ to+\.. : +..,v... r. '*, =+ss:.ian, r S.68rn.:... +t.. t. T r, r ; f + l + t f.,.2 ). \ +.:", + r... ' :... :2Sm J _J_ Time from the start of the measurement (s) 2 5

52 46 Appendix 8.3 Time series of electric conductivity L + + r L if" t L ' r L L L L L L L.... r r _ U_H_l) L L L L L L L ' r r r L L!_ L!_!_!_!_ t r l j_ T l j_ T T "t "t L L l_ l l l _!! rr L L L.... r r!_!_ r r!_!_ r l_ "t "t L l "t "t L l = :+=al58dn, ;...r sssrn T T / L : i ;' :_... '' t _ ' r r L _ L == :... _!!_!_!_ _ '!_!_,, +!_!_ +!_,,.!. T +.!. + T T.!. + T...!. T.. r,, L m l l _ L L r,, T T Time from the start of the measurement (s) 2

53 47 Appendix 8.4 Time series of electric conductivity r r r t r r r t r r r t t r r u. l l + f+ + t 2.3 j + flt m +!+ + f J. _ L Time from the start of the measurement (s)

54 48 Appendix 9. Time series of electric conductivity r ;.4.r t._ '. + ) t.,...,....,. + t., _ ij_.. +:t t ' t; !. ' ::..: :: _!.,_ _ :'.... ±. : t:.... :.. t :... "'".. f ; _ +:!.._ L, +, t +.. t... #. ' _. L... :_ J '= LL L. 5 Time from the start of the measurement (s)

55 49 Appendix 9.2 Time series of electric conductivity r T l{) r, ".t:..., , + + : :... : t... ' T t,..,...3..f: <:.. :: >::.. :..:....; : :. ::: :.:: /,:..:...". ". : :.: ': q.. 2. Om ,...!......,, :.!.! L L.L.2 5 Time from the start of the measurement (s)

56 5 Appendix 9.3 Time series of electric conductivity L L.L J_ r r r L L L _[_ 58.5m t L{) E' :;: u :::J " c c Q) iii tt ++!!!..! _.3, ',',;, ' l ' ' : "" ' ' t... J :.:to 56.m r r r.2 5 Time from the start of the measurement (s)

57 5 Appendix 9.4 Time series of electric conductivity L L.3 r t t L L.L.L.2 +!_ ' ' LO. t t ++,, L L _.L.L.!!! +!_ ' t + t.9!.8! + + L L!!_.7 r r r T 5 Time from the start of the measurement (s)

58 52 Appendix 9.5 Time series of electric conductivity , r r r r r r T r r r r r ; r r r T r + r j t r + r + t t t j t t t t J. + + j f + + _j_.._ + L._. j _ l.. _j_._.._.7 T l T T Time from the start of the measurement (s)

59 53 Appendix 9.6 Time series of electric conductivity ,,, "" j j J i i 2.2 i i i i i l l 2.5 _..J _J j j _j ' j _ Time from the start of the measurement (s)

60 54 Appendix. Time series of fracturespecific EC j 4 f i._. ' : : :.,, '.:. :.{. : ' t :; ::' :..:_... (... \.,_.;J_.. "\.. :.. l ti.:;\.y..."' \.J) i'""+..,,.,... :: : ":::_: _.. f'./_ ' :....!f. ::., [.,..:: L ' j:., ;;.:: ;, : : :_,._ ;_i '. :. \._ t +.t : t l"j."'::f++t:..?..\ ,; f4!... l..;_ t:,. '/)l\ :'t+$ \ Jt" \... / /: tf:t.),. :.,,: '"... t... r. :: ; '"' """""" ' t';: ',, s&.7o 56.7 f _54.9!,,, T o,.2 _.!.L L..j....J! _ J, r,! Time from the start of the measurement (s)

61 55 Appendix.2 Time series of fracturespecific EC "i t L L _J _[ L L _[.3,,,,,,, ' o 6. :;:.2 u ::J '" c:: (.).g t5 Q) m. [ L L j _ ' ' ' J o Time from the start of the measurement (s)

62 56 Appendix.3 Time series of fracturespecific EC _ L r _ ' L l l l _ r l _ l l j _j _j r L r L _j _j.2 r r j L _j... rf.a 8.5,m 7"_''"_ " J _ 7._ :' _;s um _ "' t:: ":_ G LO _ J l _ J t t t J l_ J l J _,, l_ l J J! j J! _!,, _!! _! _ f _! '' _!!_, r _!.! _! f o r,,,,,, ' Time from the start of the measurement (s)

63 57 Appendix.4 Time series of fracturespecific EC J! 6 LO E :;: u :::J " c c w ,.... " l "..... '... l.... : m.6 Time from the start of the measurement (s) 3

64 58 Appendix.5 Time series of fracturespecific EC ,, _ L l l J _ m J r.., _,,.! '_j L() E' z. "> u :::::J " c: c Q) w r r T,,,! _.! l L L..J f l + < ',,, T l, '_! L J l J _ 2.2 T L J. '_j t t t + T, r _! l!. j Time from the start of the measurement (s)

65 59 Appendix. Time series of fracturespecific EC r, J....J J L......!.!.....!.3 l,,,,, 4.64 ' J...!. N E :;; t5 :::::s "' c c Q) jjj.2,_,...!.,.,. L _.J L J L L 7' m.j J,, ' o r t l Time from the start of the measurement (s)

66 6 Appendix.2 Time series of fracturespecific EC _ J L _j, _..!!.. _ J.3 t.2 _l,t+...;.4i+f...;...j.o.;...+: ' i/..t J " L...,...: o...;...._v,.;...,._,... w..t w...,..._...,"" 4it54m _..j...;... l 4 _32.84n... N"'.... t 33.24n : : : :,' : : ::: 3.44m!.. J..!!.. _ Time from the start of the measurement (s)

67 6 Appendix.3 Time series of fracturespecific EC L L, r.,... _j r _j r _ L _ J L L _ J _ L _ J L L _ J 28.64m _ J L J.2 _j _!.L j _! r t t _!.L _!. J, _! J J J _ J. _ J f.9 ' _ ' l!, _.8 L ' r L r gs'.64 m,.7 L L L j Time from the start of the measurement (s)

68 62 Appendix.4 Time series of fracturespecific EC l f l! l j L L _l.88.. _j_ j_ ".. J..!.!!. LO.86 T r r,, + t f l!.84 _j.l l l l _j J H.:of \';:.J.... t.4m T r ++> i!.8 T T l T Time from the start of the measurement (s)

69 63 Appendix.5 Time series of fracturespecific EC _j L _j 2.38 J!. J. e ::; 3 ::::J " c: c Q) w j L _j, l 2.32 r Time from the start of the measurement (s)

70 64 Appendix 2..4 Fracture specific electric conductivity and flows from the fracture to borehole Olkiluoto, borehole KR m 32.8m 33.6 m 4.7 m 42.7 m 45.2m G.3 LO N E ::;.?: u ::l "' c: (.) (.) c t5 Q) jjj.2. r:::.....o.. :::S:.H+lSrrs < >< _,, r = :::::: ::::::::?+ :::: :: : : : :: :::::_:_::::

71 65 Appendix Fracture specific electric conductivity and flows from the fracture to borehole 48.8m Olkiluoto, borehole KR6 49. m 52.6m 55.2 m 56.5m 57.m 6. N E s; u ::::: " r::: (.) (.) c u Q) iii.3.2. :2 u:: = :::: ::::::i:: :: ::: :_ : _ : :.J.o_... :_:_ : :_:_ ::: ::: ":! ::+ : :: :::: v...,... _..., al ;.,...,. ::_..,.., _ H = _:t ::' _..a f. / _. :_::_:: _ :: ::_:::_:_::.:::::::....

72 66 Appendix G.8.() N E.6.4 s; u ::J ".2 c: (.) (.) Fracture specific electric conductivity and flows from the fracture to borehole Olkiluoto, borehole KR6 59. m 99.8 m 28.8 m 36. m m m =... =....._. /...,. i = y V = "i:: = Q) w =.> = / =.., = "" = R =... = _....& = 'f/"... = A = = =.. =..L = V... =. "T _;:_ ==== <<,.. _ ;.,_..ef..

73 67 Appendix 3 Depth Measured EClast S/m Measured EClastS/m Measured EClast S/m Measured EClastS/m Measured EClastS/m Measured EClastS/m Measured EClastS/m of the depth 2 depth 2229 depth depth depth depth 234. depth 235. fracture