Hoitoon liittyvien infektioiden torjunta -kirjan kirjallisuusviitteet

Hoitoon liittyvien infektioiden torjunta -kirjan kirjallisuusviitteet Hoitoon liittyvien infektioiden torjunta on Infektioiden torjunta sairaalassa -kirjan 6. uudistettu painos. Kirjan nimi vaihdettiin, että se kuvaa paremmin kirjan sisältöä ja infektioiden torjuntaa nykyisessä terveydenhuoltojärjestelmässämme. Kirja toimii lähdekirjana ja oppikirjana. Kirjaan on pyritty kotimaisten asiantuntijoiden avulla kiteyttämään kansainvälisistä tutkimus- ja taustatiedoista sellaisia käytäntöjä, jotka sopivat maamme olosuhteisiin. Tämän kansainvälisen tiedon lisäksi asiantuntijat suosittelevat käytäntöjä, jotka ovat maassamme infektioiden torjunnassa hyväksi koettuja. Kirja on jäsennelty kymmeneen osaan, jotka käsittelevät infektioiden torjunnan perusteita (osa I), hyvää hoitokäytäntöä ja potilaan eristämistä (osa II), hoitoon liittyviä infektioita erilaisissa toimintaympäristöissä (osat III VI), ongelmamikrobeihin liittyviä infektioita (osa VII), puhdistusta, desinfiointia ja sterilointia (osa VIII), tukitoimintoja ja infektioiden torjuntaa (osa IX) ja hallinnollisia kysymyksiä (osa X). Julkaisuun kuuluvat kirjallisuusviitteet julkaistaan vain Kuntaliiton Kunnat.net-nettisivuilla. Ne ovat luvuittain kirjoittajien esittämässä muodossa. Julkaisua voi tilata Kuntaliiton julkaisumyynnistä: www.kunnat.net/kirjakauppa julkaisumyynti@kuntaliitto.fi Suomen Kuntaliitto, Julkaisumyynti, PL 200, 00101 Helsinki p. 09 771 2199 Suomen Kuntaliitto Helsinki 2010

Luku 1 Mitä hoitoon liittyvät infektiot ovat ja voidaanko niiden esiintyvyyteen vaikuttaa? 1. Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW, et al. The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121:182 205. 2. Sands KE, Yokoe DS, Hooper DC, et al. Detection of postoperative surgical-site infections: comparison of health plan-based surveillance with hospital-based programs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24:741 743. 3. Knaust A, Moussa A, Stilianakis NI, Eikmann T, Herr C. Three questions to screen for postdischarge surgical site infections. Am J Infect Control 2009;37:420 2. 4. Marchetti O, Calandra T. Infections in the neutropenic cancer patient. In: Infectious Diseases. Cohen J, Powderly W.(ed.), Mosby, Edinburg. 2. ed, 2004, 1077 1092. 5. Raymond J, Aujard Y, the European study group. Nosocomial infections in pediatric patients: An European, multicenter prospective study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21:260 263. 6. Mast TC, Walter EB, Bulotsky M, et al. Burden of childhood rotavirus disease on health systems in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010;29:e19 25. 7. Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:431 55. 8. Crowe MJ, Cooke EM. Review of case definitions for nosocomial infection towards a consensus. J Hosp Infection 1998;39:3 11. 9. Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, et al. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988. Am J Infect Control 1988;16:128 140. 10. Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control 2008;36:309 32. 11. Edwards JR, Peterson KD, Mu Y, et al. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) report: data summary for 2006 through 2008, issued December 2009. Am J Infect Control 2009;37:783 805. 12. Nosocomial infection rates for interhospital comparison: limitations and possible solutions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1991;12:609 621. 13. Sax H, Pittet D, the Swiss-NOSO network. Interhospital differences in nosocomial infection rates. Importance of case-mix adjustment. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:2437 2442. 14. Haley RW, Quade D, Freeman HE, et al. The senic project. Study on the efficacy of nosocomial infection control (Senic project). Summary of study design. Am J Epidemiol 1980;111:472 485. 15. Haley RW, Schaberg DR, McClish DK, et al. The accuracy of retrospective chart review in measuring nosocomial infection rates. Results of validation studies in pilot hospitals. Am J Epidemiol 1980;111:516 533. 16. Harbath S, Sax H, Gastmeier P. The preventable proportion of nosocomial infections: an overview of published reports. J Hosp Infect 2003;54:258 266. 17. Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2725 32. 18. Pronovost PJ, Goeschel CA, Colantuoni E, et al. Sustaining reductions in catheter related bloodstream infections in Michigan intensive care units: observational study. BMJ 2010;340: c309. 19. Bouadma L, Mourvillier B, Deiler V, et al. A multifaceted program to prevent ventilatorassociated pneumonia: impact on compliance with preventive measures. Crit Care Med 2010;38:789 96. 20. Jarvis WR. The Lowbury Lecture. The United States approach to strategies in the battle against healthcare-associated infections, 2006: transitioning from benchmarking to zero tolerance and clinician accountability. J Hosp Infect 2007;65 Suppl 2:3 9. 21. Graves N, McGowan JE Jr. Nosocomial infection, the Deficit Reduction Act, and incentives for hospitals. JAMA 2008;300:1577 9. 22. Stone PW. Changes in Medicare reimbursement for hospital-acquired conditions including infections. Am J Infect Control 2009;37:A17 8. 2

23. Milstone AM, Passaretti CL, Perl TM. Chlorhexidine: expanding the armamentarium for infection control and prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:274 81. 24. Derde LP, Bonten MJ. Oropharyngeal decontamination in intensive care patients: less is not more. Crit Care 2009;13:183. 25. Batra R, Cooper BS, Whiteley C, Patel AK, Wyncoll D, Edgeworth JD. Efficacy and limitation of a chlorhexidine-based decolonization strategy in preventing transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:210 7. 26. Bode LG, Kluytmans JA, Wertheim HF, et al. Preventing surgical-site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 2010;362:9 17. 27. Evans HL, Dellit TH, Chan J, Nathens AB, Maier RV, Cuschieri J. Effect of chlorhexidine whole-body bathing on hospital-acquired infections among trauma patients. Arch Surg 2010;145:240 6. 28. Timsit JF, Schwebel C, Bouadma L, et al. Chlorhexidine-impregnated sponges and less frequent dressing changes for prevention of catheter-related infections in critically ill adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301:1231 41. 29. Tantipong H, Morkchareonpong C, Jaiyindee S, Thamlikitkul V. Randomized controlled trial and meta-analysis of oral decontamination with 2 % chlorhexidine solution for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29:131 6. 30. McHugh SM, Hill AD, Humphreys H. Preventing healthcare-associated infection through education: have surgeons been overlooked? Surgeon 2010;8:96 100. 31. Winters BD, Gurses AP, Lehmann H, Sexton JB, Rampersad CJ, Pronovost PJ. Clinical review: checklists translating evidence into practice. Crit Care 2009;13:210. 32. Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR, et al. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med 2009;360:491 9. 33. Lobo RD, Levin AS, Oliveira MS, et al. Evaluation of interventions to reduce catheter-associated bloodstream infection: Continuous tailored education versus one basic lecture. Am J Infect Control 2010 Jan 31. 34. Abbett SK, Yokoe DS, Lipsitz SR, et al. Proposed checklist of hospital interventions to decrease the incidence of healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30:1062 9. 35. Barochia AV, Cui X, Vitberg D, et al. Bundled care for septic shock: an analysis of clinical trials. Crit Care Med 2010;38:668 78. 36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health care setting. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987;36 (2S):1S 18S. 37. Garner JS, The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guidelines for isolation precautions in hospitals. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:53 80. 38. Boyce JM, Pittet D. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/ APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:1 44. 39. Erasmus V, Daha TH, Brug H, et al. Systematic review of studies on compliance with hand hygiene guidelines in hospital care. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:283 94. 40. Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Boyce J; World Health Organization World Alliance for Patient Safety First Global Patient Safety Challenge Core Group of Experts. The World Health Organization Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care and their consensus recommendations. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30:611 22. 41. Chou T, Kerridge J, Kulkarni M, Wickman K, Malow J. Changing the culture of hand hygiene compliance using a bundle that includes a violation letter. Am J Infect Control 2010, in press. 42. Reichardt C. No correlation between alcoholic hand rub consumption and compliance in 73 German ICUs Abstrakti Nro739. Fiftth decennial international conference on healthcare-associated infections 2010. March 18 22, Atlanta, Gerogia, USA. 43. Burke JP. Infection control A problem for patient safety. New Engl J Med 2003;348:651 656. 44. Darouiche RO. Device-associated infections: a macroproblem that starts with microadherence. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1567 1572. 45. Harbarth S, Sudre P, Dharam S, et al. Outbreak of Entrobacter cloacae related to understaffing, overcrowding, and poor hygiene practices. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20:596 603. 46. Borg MA. Bed occupancy and overcrowding as determinant factors in the incidence of MRSA infections within general ward settings. J Hosp Infect 2003;54:316 318. 3

4 47. Grundmann H, Hori S, Winter B, et al. Risk factors for the transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an adult intensive care unit: fitting a model to the data. J Infect Dis 2002;185:481 488. 48. Hugonnet S, Chevrolet JC, Pittet D. The effect of workload on infection risk in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2007;35:76 81. 49. Lyytikäinen O, Kanerva M, Agthe, et al. Healthcare-associated infections in Finnish acute care hospitals: a national prevalence survey, 2005. J Hosp Infect 2008;69:288 94. 50. Kärki T, Meriö-Hietaniemi I, Möttönen T, Ruutu P, Lyytikäinen O. Hoitoon liittyvien infektioiden torjunta Suomen sairaaloissa 2008. Suom Lääkäril 2010; painossa. 51. Richards C, Emori TG, Edwards J, et al. Characteristics of hospitals and infection control professionals participating in the national nosocomial surveillance system 1999. Am J Infect Control 2001;29:400 403. 52. van den Broek PJ, Kluytmans JA, Ummels LC, Voss A, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM. How many infection control staff do we need in hospitals? J Hosp Infect 2007;65:108 11. 53. Detsky ME, Etchells E. Single-patient rooms for safe patient-centered hospitals. JAMA 2008; 300:954 56.

Luku 2 Hoitoon liittyvien infektioiden esiintyvyys ja merkitys 1. Selwyn S. Hospital infection: the first 2500 years. J Hosp Infect 1991;18 (supplementti A):5 64. 2. Haley RW, Quade D, Freeman HE, Bennett JV. The SENIC Project. Study on the efficacy of nosocomial infection control (SENIC Project). Summary of study design. Am J Epidemiol 1980;111:472 85. 3. Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW, et al. The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121:182 205. 4. Harbath S, Sax H, Gastmeier P. The preventable proportion of nosocomial infections: an overview of published reports. J Hosp Infect 2003;54:258 266. 5. Jarvis WR. The Lowbury Lecture. The United States approach to strategies in the battle against healthcare-associated infections, 2006: transitioning from benchmarking to zero tolerance and clinician accountability. J Hosp Infect 2007;65 Suppl 2:3 9. 6. Graves N, McGowan JE Jr. Nosocomial infection, the Deficit Reduction Act, and incentives for hospitals. JAMA 2008;300:1577 9. 7. Stone PW. Changes in Medicare reimbursement for hospital-acquired conditions including infections. Am J Infect Control 2009;37:A17 8. 8. Jhung MA, Banerjee SN. Administrative coding data and health care-associated infections. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:949 55. 9. Stone PW, Horan TC, Shih HC, Mooney-Kane C, Larson E. Comparisons of health careassociated infections identification using two mechanisms for public reporting. Am J Infect Control 2007;35:145 9. 10. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, eds. To err is human: building a safer health system. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 2000. 11. Council of the European Union. Council recommendation on patient safety, including the prevention and control of healthcare associated infections. 2947th employment, social poicy, health and consumer affairs council meeting, Luxembourg, 9 June 2009. 12. Edistämme potilasturvallisuutta yhdessä. Suomalainen potilasturvallisuusstrategia 2009 2013. Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön julkaisuja 2009:3. 13. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006;367:1747 1757. 14. World Alliance for Patient Safety. The Global Patient Safety Challenge 2005 2006 Clean Care is Safer Care. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2005 (http://www.who.int/gpsc/ en/, accessed 1 December 2008). 15. Minei JP, Hawkins K, Moody B, et al. Alternative case definitions of ventilator-associated pneumonia identify different patients in a surgical intensive care unit. Shock 2000;14:331 6; discussion 336 7. 16. Rosenthal R, Weber WP, Marti WR, et al. Surveillance of surgical site infections by surgeons: biased underreporting or useful epidemiological data? J Hosp Infect 2010 Mar 12. [Epub ahead of print] 17. Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, et al. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988. Am J Infect Control 1988;16:128 140. 18. Didier Pittet, Benedetta Allegranzi, Hugo Sax, et al. Considerations for a WHO European strategy on health-care-associated infection, surveillance, and control. Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5:242 50. 19. Lyytikäinen O, Kanerva M, Aghte N, Möttönen T. Sairaalainfektioiden esiintyvyys Suomessa 2005. Suomen Lääkärilehti 2005;60:3119 23. 20. Llata E, Gaynes R, Fridkin S. Measuring the scope and magnitude of hospital-associated infections in the United States: the value of prevalence studies. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1434 40. 21. Gordts B, Vrijens F, Hulstaert F, Devriese S, Van de Sande S. The 2007 Belgian national prevalence survey for hospital-acquired infections. J Hosp Infect 2010 Apr 8. [Epub ahead of print] 22. van der Kooi TI, Manniën J, Wille JC, van Benthem BH. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in The Netherlands, 2007 2008: results of the first four national studies. J Hosp Infect 2010 Apr 8. [Epub ahead of print] 5

6 23. Vincent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, Silva E, et al. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA 2009;302:2323 9. 24. Jarvis W. Investigation of outbreaks. In: Mayhall C, ed. Hospital epidemiology and infection control. 3. ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2004:107 22. 25. Gastmeier P, Stamm-Balderjahn S, Hansen S, et al. How outbreaks can contribute to prevention of nosocomial infection: analysis of 1 022 outbreaks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:357 61. 26. Gould D, Drey N, Millar M, Wilks M, Chamney M. Patients and the public: knowledge, sources of information and perceptions about healthcare-associated infections. J Hosp Infect 2009;72:1 8. 27. HHS Action Plan to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections 06222009, Department of Health and Human Services, USA, 2009. 28. Kanerva M, Ollgren J, Virtanen M, Lyytikäinen O. Sairaalainfektiot aiheuttavat huomattavan tautitaakan. Suom Lääkäril 2008;63:1697 701. 29. Januel JM, Harbarth S, Allard R, et al. Estimating attributable mortality due to nosocomial infections acquired in intensive care units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31:388 94. 30. Wolkewitz M, Vonberg RP, Grundmann H, et al. Risk factors for the development of nosocomial pneumonia and mortality on intensive care units: application of competing risks models. Crit Care 2008;12:R44. 31. Jarvis W. The United States approach to strategies in the battle against health-care associated infections, 2006: transitioning from benchmarking to zero tolerance and clinician accountability. J Hosp Infect 2007;65(S2):3 9. 32. Mayor S. Hospital acquired infections kill 5 000 patients a year in England. Br Med J 2000;321:1370. 33. Garcia-Martin M, Lardelli-Claret P, Jiménez-Moleón J, Bueno-Cavanillas A, Luna-del-Castillo J, Gálvez-Vargas R. Proportion of hospital deaths potentially attributable to nosocomial infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:708 14. 34. Graves N, Harbarth S, Beyersmann J, Barnett A, Halton K, Cooper B. Estimating the cost of health care-associated infections: mind your p s and q s. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:1017 21. 35. Roberts RR, Frutos PW, Ciavarella GC, et al. Distribution of fixed vs variable costs of hospital care. JAMA 1999;281:644 649. 36. Graves N, Weinhold D, Tong E, et al. Effect of healthcare-acquired infection on length of hospital stay and cost. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28:280 92. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30:273 6. 37. Beyersmann J, Kneib T, Schumacher M, Gastmeier P. Nosocomial infection, length of stay, and time-dependent bias. 38. Stone P, Braccia D, Larson E. Systematic review of economical analyses of health care-associated infections. Am J Infect Control 2005;33:501 9. 39. America TrcotSoHEo. Enhancing patient safety by reducing healthcare-associated infections: The role of discovery and dissemination. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:118 23. 40. Plowman R, Graves N, Griffin S, et al. The rate and cost of hospital-acquired infections occurring in patients admitted to selected specialties of a district general hospital in England and the national burden imposed. J Hosp Infect 2001;47:198 209. 41. Anonymous. MRSA: how politicians are missing the point. Lancet 2005;365:1203.

Luku 3 Tartunnan aiheuttajat ja tartuntatavat Bennett JV ja Brachman PS, eds. Hospital infections, 4 ed., Lippincott-Raven publishers, Philadelphia, 1998. Buchen-Osmond C. Taxonomy and classification of viruses. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. 8th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press 2003:1217 1226. Huovinen P, Meri S, Peltola H, Vaara M, Vaheri M, Valtonen V, (toim.) Mikrobiologia ja infektiosairaudet. Kirja I. Helsinki, Duodecim, 2003. Lyytikäinen O, Lumio J, Sarkkinen H, Kolho E, Ruutu P. Veriviljelypositiiviset sairaalainfektiot ja niiden aiheuttajat. Vuoden 1999 seurantatulokset. Suom Lääkäril 2000;44:4483 8. Lyytikäinen O, Kanerva M, Agthe N, Möttönen T, Ruutu P; Finnish Prevalence Survey Study Group.Healthcare-associated infections in Finnish acute care hospitals: a national prevalence survey, 2005. J Hosp Infect. 2008;69:288 94. Poikonen E, Lyytikainen O, Anttila VJ, Kuusela P, Koukila-Kahkola P, Ollgren J, Ruutu P. Nosocomial candidaemia in a Finnish tertiary care centre during 1987 2004. Scand J Infect Dis 2009 Jun 1:1 7. Vandamme PAR. Taxonomy and classification of bacteria. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. 8th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press 2003:271 285. 7

Luku 4 Mikrobiologian laboratorion osuus hoitoon liittyvissä infektioissa Siitonen A, Vuopio-Varkila J, Salminen M, von Bonsdorff C-H. Mikrobiologiset tutkimusmenetelmät infektioepidemiologian aseina. Duodecim 2002;118:2046 2053. Vuopio-Varkila J, Salmenlinna S, Kerttula A, ym. MRSA-kantojen nimeäminen uudistuu. Suomen sairaalahygienialehti 2005;23:37 39. Kerttula A.M, Lyytikäinen O, Virolainen-Julkunen A ja Vuopio-Varkila, J. Perimätutkimukset valaisevat Suomen huonontuneen MRSA-tilanteen taustaa. Suom Lääkäril 2006:61:2383 2387. Roivainen M, Maunula L ja Kuusi M. Norovirusepidemiat ovat haaste terveydenhoitojärjestelmälle. Suom Lääkäril 2009;64:1343 1345. Foxman B, Zhang L, Koopman JS, Manning SD, Marrs CF. Choosing an appropriate bacterial typing technique for epidemiologic studies. Epidemiol Perspect Innov 2005;2:10. Kerttula AM, Mero S, Pasanen T, Vuopio-Varkila J, Virolainen A. Evaluation of phenotypic and molecular methods for screening and detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Scand J Infect Dis 2008;40:663 6. Vainio A, Kardén-Lilja M, Ibrahem S, et al. Clonality of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in Finland as defined by several molecular methods. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;27:545 55. Hautala T, Ikäheimo I, Husu H, et al. A cluster of Candida krusei infections in a haematological unit. BMC Infect Dis 2007;7:97. Kerttula AM, Lyytikäinen O, Kardén-Lilja M, et al. Nationwide trends in molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Finland, 1997 2004. BMC Infect Dis 2007;7:94. 8

Luku 5 Bakteereiden luonnollinen ja hankittu resistenssi 1. http://www.ktl.fi/portal/suomi/yhteistyoprojektit/fire/ 2. Cosgrove S. The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and patient outcomes: mortality, length of hospital stay, and health care costs. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42 Suppl 2:S82 9. 3. Niederman MS. Use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials for the treatment of pneumonia in seriously ill patients: maximizing clinical outcomes and minimizing selection of resistant organisms. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42 Suppl 2:S72 81. 4. Meurman O. ESBL. Suomen Sairaalahygienialehti 2005; 23:71 79. 5. Tenover FC. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Am J Med. 2006;119(Suppl 1):S3 10. 6. Levin TP, Suh B, Axelrod P, Truant AL, Fekete T. Potential clindamycin resistance in clindamycin-susceptible, erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: report of a clinical failure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(3):1222 4. 7. Robicsek A, Strahilevitz J, Jacoby GA, et al. Fluoroquinolone-modifying enzyme: a new adaptation of a common aminoglycoside acetyltransferase. Nat Med 2006;12:83 8. 8. Martínez-Martínez L, Pascual A, Jacoby GA. Quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid. Lancet 1998;35:797 9. 9. Arason VA, Kristinsson KG, Sigurdsson JA, Stefansdottir G, Molstad S, Gudmunson S. Do antimicrobials increase the carriage rate of penicillin resistant pneumococci in children? Cross sectional prevalence study. BMJ 1996;313:387 91. 10. http://www.rivm.nl/earss/ 11. Rantala M, Huikko S, Huovinen P, Jalava J. Prevalence and molecular genetics of macrolide resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected in Finland in 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:4180 4. Muuta luettavaa Arias, C. A., and B. E. Murray. 2009. Antibiotic-resistant bugs in the 21st century a clinical super-challenge. New Engl J Med 360:439 443. Boucher, H. W., G. H. Talbot, J. S. Bradley, J. E. Edwards, Jr., D. Gilbert, L. B. Rice, M. Scheld, B. Spellberg, and J. Bartlett. 2009. Bad bugs, no drugs: No ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 48:1 12. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2006. M2-A9: Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. Approved standard, 9th ed. CLSI, Wayne, PA. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2006. M7-A7: Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard, 7th ed. CLSI, Wayne, PA. Hawkey P. M., and A. M. Jones. 2009. The changing epidemiology of resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 64, Suppl. 1,i3 i10. Livermore, D. 2009. Has the era of untreatable infections arrived? J Antimicrob Chemother 64, Suppl. 1,i29 i36. McGowan Jr JE. Resistance in nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria: multidrug resistance to the maximum. Am J Med 2006;119(Suppl 1):S29 36. Paterson DL. Resistance in gram-negative bacteria: enterobacteriaceae. Am J Med 2006; 119(Suppl 1):S20 8. Rice LB. Antimicrobial resistance in gram-positive bacteria. Am J Med 2006;119(Suppl 1):S11 9. 9

Luku 6 Mikrobilääkepolitiikka ja hoitoon liittyvät infektiot 1. Dellit TH, Owens RC, McGowan JE, et al, Infectious Disease Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America: Guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:159 177. 2. Eickhoff TC. Antibiotics and nosocomial infections. In: Bennett JV ja Brachman PS, eds. Hospital infections, 4. ed., Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1998:201 214. 3. Gaynes R, The impact of antimicrobial use on the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in hospitals. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997;11:757 765. 4. Tacconelli E. Antimicrobial use: risk driver of multidrug resistant microorganisms in helthcare settings. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009;22:352 358. 5. Bronzwaer SLAM, Cars O, Bucholz U, et al. A European study on the relationship between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:278 282. 6. Rice LB. Federal funding for the study of antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens: no ESKAPE. J Infect Dis 2008;197:1079 81. 7. Gilbert DN, et al. The 10 x 20 Initiative: pursuing a global commitment to develop 10 new antibacterial drugs by 2020. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:1081 3. 8. Hulscher MEJL, Girol RPTN, Meer van deer JWM. Antibiotic prescribing in hospitals: a social and behavioural scientific approach. Lancet Infec Dis 2010;10:167 175. 9. Fishman NO. Antimicrobial management and cost containment. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds, Mandell, Douglas and Bennett s Priciples and practice of infectious diseases 5th edition, Churchill Livingstone, Philadeplhia 2000:539 546. 10. Wilton P, Smith R, Coast J, Millar M. Strategies to contain the emergence of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review of effectiviness and cost-effectiviness. J Health Serv Res Policy 2002;7:111 117. 11. Henning KJ, Sepkowitz K. Antibiotic use policy. In: AmstrongD, Cohen J, eds. Infectious diseases, Mosby, London 1999:Section 7, Chapter 3. 12. Leibovici L, Soares-Weiser K, Paul M, et al. Considering resistance in systematic reviews of antibiotic treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;52:564 571. 13. Donskey CJ. The role of the intestinal tract as a reservoir and source for transmission of nosocomial pathogens. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:219 226. 14. Rice LB The Maxwell Finland lecture: For the duration rational antibiotic administration in an era of antimicrobial resistance and Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:491 6. 15. Davey P, Brown E, Fenelon L, et al. Systematic review of antimicrobial drug prescribing in hospitals. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:211 216. 16. Mears A, White A, Cookson B, et al. Healthcare-associated infection in acute hospitals: which interventions are effective? J Hosp Infect 2009;71:307 313. 17. Berrington A. Antimicrobial prescribing in hospitals: be careful what you measure. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:163 168. 18. Diekema DJ, BootsMiller BJ, Vaughn TE, et al. Antimicrobial resistance trends and outbreak frequency in United States hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:78 85. 19. Mol PGM, Rutten WJMJ, Gans ROB, Degener JE, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM. Adherence barriers to antimicrobial treatment guidelines in teaching hospital, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10:522 525. 20. Koellef M, Ward S, Sherman G, et al. Inadequate treatment of nosocomial infections is associated with certain empiric antibiotic choices. Crit Care Med 2000;28:3456 3464. 21. Wise R. Maximizing efficacy and reducing the emergence of resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51 Suppl S1:37 42. 22. Dellinger EP. Prophylactic antibiotics: Administration and timing before operation are more important than administration after operation. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007;44:928 30. 23. Steinberg JP, et al. Timing of antimicrobial prophylaxis and the risk of surgical site infections. Results from the trial to reduce antimicrobial prophylaxis errors. Ann Surg 2009;250:10 16. 24. Malangoni MA. Timing is everything. Ann Surg 2009;250:17 18. 25. Solomkin JS. Antibiotic resistance in postoperative infections. Crit Care Med 2001;29 Suppl: N97 N99. 26. Bailey TC, McMullin T. Using information systems technology to improve antibiotic prescribing. Crit Care Med 2001;29 Suppl:N87 N91. 10

27. Yong MK, Buising KL, Cheng AC, Thursky KA. Improved susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria in an intensive care unit following implementation of a computerized antibiotic decision support system. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010 Mar 9. 28. Fowler VG, Sanders LL, Sexton DJ, et al. Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia according to compliance with recommendations of infectious disease specialists: Experience with 244 patients. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:478 486. 29. Fridkin SK, Lawton R, Edwards JR, et al. Monitoring antimicrobial use and resistance: Comparison with a national benchmark on reducing vancomycin use and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:702 707. 30. Harbath S, Nobre V, Pittet D. Does Antibiotic Selection Impact Patient Outcome? Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007;44:87 93. 31. Livermore DM. Multiple mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our worst nightmare? Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:634 640. 32. Safdar N, Handelsman J, Maki DG. Does combination antimicrobial therapy reduce mortality in Gram-negative bacteremia? A Meta-analysis. Lancet Inf Dis 2004;4:519 527. 33. Thomas JJ, Forrest A, Bhavnani SM, Hyatt JM, Cheng A, Ballow CH, Schentag JJ. Pharmacodynamic evaluation of factors associated with the development of bacterial resistance in acutely ill patients during therapy. Antimocrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:521 527. 33. Boffi El Amari E, Chamot E, Auckenthaler R, Pechere JC, Delden Van C. Influence of previous exposure to antibiotic therapy on the susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremic isolates. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1859 1864. 34. Martínez JA, et al. Influence of antipseudomonal agents on Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization and acquisition of resistance in critically ill medical patients. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Mar;35:439 47. 35. Pujol M, Gudiol F. Evidence for antibiotic cycling in control of resistance. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2001;14:711 715. 36. Bruce J, et al. Antibiotic stewardship and consumption: findings from a pan-european hospital study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Oct;64(4):853 60. Epub 2009 Aug 12. 37. Allerberger F, Gareis R, Jindrák V, Struelens MJ. Antibiotic stewardship implementation in the EU: the way forward. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009 Dec;7(10):1175 83. 38. Talbot GH. Drug development for MDR-GNR. Current and future landscapes. Fiftth decennial international conference on healthcare-associated infections 2010. March 18 22, Atlanta, Gerogia, USA. 39. Kumar A, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock CCM 2006;34:1589 96. 11

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Luku 8 Infektioepidemioiden selvittely ja hallinta 1. Kujala P, Lyytikäinen O, Vuopio-Varkila J. Sairaalainfektiot. Kirjassa: Huovinen P, Meri S, Peltola H, Vaara M, Vaheri A, Valtonen V, toim. Mikrobiologia ja infektiosairaudet, kirja II. Helsinki: Duodecim, 2003, 628 648. 2. Beck-Sague C, Jarvis WR, Martone WJ. Outbreak investigations. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18:138 145. 3. Jarvis WR. Nosocomial outbreaks: the Centers for Disease Control s Hospital Infections Program experience, 1980 1990. Am J Med 1991;9 (suppl 3B):101 106. 4. Wendt C, Herwaldt LA. Epidemics: identification and management. In: Wenzel RP, ed. Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infections. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1997:175 213. 5. Zaza S. Jarvis WR. Investigation of outbreaks. In: Mayhall CG, ed. Hospital epidemiology and infection control. 1st ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1996:105 113. 6. Martone WJ, Jarvis WR, Culver DH, Haley RW. Incidence and nature of endemic and epidemic nosocomial infections. In: Bennett JV, Brachman PS eds. Hospital infections. 3rd ed. Boston, Md: Little, Brown and Company, 1992:577 596. 7. Bertrand X, Thouverez M, Talon D, et al. Endemicity, molecular diversity and colonisation routes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 2001;27:1263 1268. 8. Thompsson ND, Perz JF, Moorman AC, Holmberg SD. Non-hospital health-care-associated hepatitis B and C virus transmission: United States 1998-2008. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:33 39. 9. Iversen BC, Jacobsen T, Eriksen HM, Bukholm G, Melby KK; Nygård K, Aavitsland P. An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection caused by contaminated mouth swabs. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:794 801. 10. Gastmeier P, Stamm-Balderjahn S, Hansen S, Zusschneid I, Sohr D, Behnke M, et al. Where should we search when confronted with outbreaks of nosocomial infection. Am J Infect Control 2006;34:603 605. 11. Gastmeier P, Stamm-Balderjahn S, Hansen S, Nietzchke-Tiemann F, Zusschneid I, et al. How outbreaks can contribute to prevention of nosocomial infection: analysis of 1,022 outbreaks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:357 361. 12. Hansen S, Stamm-Aalderjohn S, Zuschneid I, et al. Closer of medical departments during nosocomial outbreak: data from a systematic analysis of the literature. J Hosp Infect 2009;65:348 353. 14

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16 25. Parienti JJ, Thilbon P, Heller R, et al. Hand-rubbing with an aqueous alcoholic solution vs traditional surgical hand-scrubbing and 30-day surgical site infection rates. JAMA 2002;288:722 27. 26. Lóden M, Andersson A-C. Effect of topically applied lipids on surfactant-irritated skin. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:215 220. 27. Kucharekova M, Van De Kerkhof PCM, Van Der Valk PGM. A randomised comparison of an emollient containing skin-related lipids with a petrolatum-based emollient as adjunct in the treatment of chronic hand dermatitis. Contact dermatitis 2003;48:293 299. 28. Heeg P. Does hand care ruin disinfection? J Hosp Infect 2001;48 (suppl A):S37 S39. 29. Stingeni L, Lapomarda V, Lisi P. Occupational hand dermatitis in hospital environments. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:172 176. 30. Dickel H, Kuss O, Schmidt A, Kretz J, Diepgen TL. Importance of irritant contact dermatitis in occupational skin disease. Am J Clin Dermatol 2002;3:283 289. 31. Jolanki R, Estlander T, Karjalainen A, Kanerva L. Ammatti-ihotautivaara eri ammateissa. Suom Lääkäril 1998;53:927-32. Jolanki R, Savela A, Estlander T, Kanerva L. Ammatti-ihotautien aiheuttajat Suomessa vuosina 1990 96. Suom Lääkäril 1998;53:409-33. Löffler H, Effendy I. Prevention of irritant contact dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol 2002;12:4 9. 34. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care. First Global Patient Safety Challenge Clean Care is Safer Care. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. ISBN 978 92 4 159790 6. World Health Organization 2009.

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18 25. Vuento R. Kaasumaiset desinfektioaineet huonetilojen käsittelyssä. Suomen Sairaalahygienialehti 2008;26:316 318. 26. Bernard L, Kereveur A, Durand D, et al. Bacterial contamination of hospital physician s stethoscopes. Infect Contr Hops Epidemiol 1999;20:626 628. 27. Brook I. Bacterial flora of stethoscopes earpieces and otitis externa. Arch Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997;106:751 752. 28. Rogers M, Weinstock DM, Eagan J, et al. Rotavirus outbreak on a pediatric oncology floor: possible association with toys. Am J Infect Control 2000;28:378 380. 29. Blaser MJ, Smith PF, Cody HJ, et al. Killing of fabric-associated bacteria in hospital laundry by low-temperature washing. J Infect Dis 1984;149:48 57. 30. Martin MA. Nosocomial infections related to patient care support services: In: Wenzel RP, ed. Prevention and control of hospital infections, 3. ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1997:647 688. 31. McDonald LL, Pugliese G. Laundry service. In: Mayhall CG, ed. Hospital Epidemiology and infection control. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1996:805 808. 32. Hospital Infection Society (HIS). Manual for microbiological commissioning and monitoring of operating theatre suites. 2002:1 44. 33. American national standard for hemodialysis system. Arlington VA: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, RD62 2001. 34. Amato RL. Water treatment for hemodialysis, including the latest AAMI standars. Nephrol Nursing Journal 2001;28:619 631. 35. European Pharmakopea. Bacterial endotoxins. 6th ed. 2008:2.6.14. 36. European Pharmakopea. Hemodialysis water 6th ed. 2008: monographs H: 2021 2027.

Luku 11 Sairaaloiden ja hoitolaitosten LVI-ratkaisut ja infektioiden torjunta 1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) Atlanta, 2003. 2. Kanerva M, Mentula S, Lyytikäinen O, Ruutu P, Kusnetsov J, Nuorti P. Legionelloosin seuranta ja torjunta tehostuvat. Suom Lääkäril 2003;58;4915 4919. 3. Ympäristöministeriö. Rakennusten sisäilmasto ja ilmanvaihto. Suomen rakentamismääräyskokoelma, osa D2, Ympäristöministeriö, Helsinki 2010. 4. Rakennustietosäätiö. Sisäilmastoluokitus 2008, RT 07 10946:, 2008. 5. Alen R, Kolari S. 2001. Puhtaan ilmanvaihdon asennusopas. Sisäilmatieto 2002. 15 s. Narvanne J, Majanen A, Eskola L, Kukkonen E, Holopainen R, Tuomainen M. (2002). Ilmanvaihtojärjestelmän puhtauden tarkastusohje. Teknillinen korkeakoulu, LVI-tekniikan laboratorio. 6. Asikainen V, Pasanen P, Holopainen R. (2007) LVI-kortti 39-10409. Ilmanvaihtojärjestelmän puhtauden tarkastus. Ilmanvaihdon parannus- ja korjausratkaisut. 7. Sairaalaliitto. Energiansäästö ja sairaalahygienia. Helsinki, Sairaalaliitto, 1990. 8. Sairaalaliitto. Sairaaloiden LVI-laitteiden hygienia. Helsinki, Sairaalaliitto, 1990. 9. Seppänen O, Seppänen M. Rakennusten sisäilmasto ja LVI-tekniikka, Helsinki, Sisäilmayhdistys ry, 1996. 10. Rakennustietosäätiö. Terveyskeskukset ja terveysasemat, RT 96 10594: Rakennustietosäätiö, 1996. 11. Holopainen R, ym. (2010). Ilmanvaihtojärjestelmien puhdistaminen sairaaloiden vuodeosastoilla. Sisäilmayhdistyksen raportti 28 (Sisäilmastoseminaari 2010). s. 257 262. 19

Luku 12 Korjausrakentaminen ja infektioiden torjunta Kanerva M, Mentula S, Lyytikäinen O, Ruutu P, Kusnetsov J, Nuorti P. Legionelloosin seuranta ja torjunta tehostuvat. Suom Lääkäril 2003;48:4915 8919. Centers for diseases control and prevention healthcare infection control practices advisory committee (HICPAC). Guidelines for enviromental infection control in health-care facilities, 2003. Löytyy osoitteesta: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/enviro/guide.htm. Valsai-sairaaloiden korjausprosessin kuvaus: http://www.vtt.fi/liitetiedostot/cluster6_rakentaminen_yhdyskuntatekniikka/valsai_korjausprosessi.pdf. Vonnberg R-P, Gastmeier P. Nosocomial aspergillosis in outbreak settings. J Hosp Infection 2006;63:246 254. 20