"Baltic Sea Region - a model region for clean shipping?" Daria Gritsenko (MES) Aleksanteri Institute (University of Helsinki) Center for Maritime Studies (University of Turku) Aleksanteri Institute/Department of Social Research/ Daria Gritsenko, MES 1
Content Baltic maritime region Shipping today Maritime policy and governance Quality Shipping To make the BSR a model region for clean shipping? Final remarks 18.9.2013 2
The Baltic Sea and the Baltic Sea Region 18.9.2013 3
The Baltic Sea Map ca. 1770 http://www.hanse.org/en/ I. (Jean) Covens/C. (Corneille) Mortier n. 1770 18.9.2013 4
Baltic Maritime Region 18.9.2013 5
Shipping today Shipping is a private service with public externalities Complex Efficient Truly globalized Different types of transported goods, specialization Different places where goods are transported represente different conditions 18.9.2013 6
Modern cargo vessels (1) A B C D 18.9.2013 7
Modern cargo vessels (2) Container carriers Ro-ro ship Dry bulk vessel 18.9.2013 8 Source: Wikipedia
Baltic Shipping: Facts 18.9.2013 9
Baltic Shipping: Facts Baltic ferry and ro-ro map 18.9.2013 10
Baltic Shipping: Facts Variety of sea uses and sea users 2000 ships at sea 7,5% of world maritime transport Maritime transport will double to 2017 The Baltic Sea is shallow: groundings, collisions Operational vessel-based pollution The Baltic Sea is a particularly sensitive environment http://www.youtube.com/watch?list=plc15a062774d48c13&v=ag3sp9yw- H4&feature=player_detailpage 18.9.2013 11
Baltic Shipping and Energy Energy use (as fuel) risk for the Baltic Sea arising from air, water and shore pollution (SOx, NOx, CO 2 ) Energy transportation (in the year 2010, a total of 289,906,000 tonnes of oil and oil products were handled in terminals in the Baltic Sea region) risk for the Baltic Sea arising from illegal and accidental spills of oil and oil products 18.9.2013 12
Accidental and Operational Oil pollution Marine garbage/litter Sewage Air emissions Shipping negative environmental impacts Invasive species TBT, Hazardous substances Noise and vibration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=foibevzcm1y 18.9.2013 13
Response to vessel-based pollution Technical response - Design and construction - Operation - Dismantling Legal response - International law - Regional regimes - Private regulation 18.9.2013 14
Global Legal Architecture Maritime transport safety, security and environmental performance are subjects to legal regulation United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982) International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 1973/1978) International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS 1974/1988) International Safety (ISS) Code Paris Memorandum on Port State Control (Paris MOU) Ballast Water Management Convention (BWM 2004) International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC 1992) The Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (2009) Helsinki Convention (1992) 18.9.2013 15
Definitions (1) Maritime Policy Policy a principle (rule, norm, idea) to guide decisions and achieve desired outcome(s). Government, private sector organizations and groups, and individuals may all have their own policies. Public policy governmental attempt to govern an issue of societal importance. Public policy is commonly embodied in constitutions, legislative acts, and judicial decisions. Policy instruments - ways in which the government can build in certain considerations into the policymaking process. 18.9.2013 16
Maritime policy instruments Adopted from Maritime Safety in the Gulf of Finland, J. Kuronen, U. Tapaninen, 2009, MRC, Turku. 18.9.2013 17
Instrumentation of clean shipping: effectiveness and future potential Adapted from Ulla Tapaninen et al., 2010 18.9.2013 18
Definitions (2) Maritime Governance Governance the repertoire of rules, norms, and strategies that guide behavior within a given realm of policy (maritime policy DG) where interactions are formed, applied, interpreted, and reformed (McGinnis, 2011) Traditional (regulatory) vs. New public governance - Modes of coordination (hierarchy, competition, negotiation=network) - Instruments (command-and-control (=binding), MBI (=framework), voluntary) 18.9.2013 19
Maritime Governance Failure http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=werinlilccc Source: BBC 18.9.2013 20
Maritime Governance Failure 18.9.2013 21
Definitions (3) Quality Shipping Quality is the totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs (ISO 8402). Quality shipping - marine transportation activities performed with high focus on safe and environmentally friendly operation onboard vessels throughout their lifecycle. Quality governance schemes: Clean Shipping project, Green Award, Green Ship program, etc. 18.9.2013 22
Clean Shipping Project http://www.cleanshippingproject.se/index.html 18.9.2013 23
Clean Shipping Index http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wps5ez-ieqg Questionnaire Information in Index Database Three levels of environmental performance in the colours of red ( low performance ), yellow ( medium performance ) and green ( good performance ). http://www.cleanshippingproject.se/guidance_docum ent.pdf 18.9.2013 24
Clean Shipping Project as a Form of Private Governance (Wuisan et al., 2012) Institutionalization process. Source: Wuisan et al. (2012). 18.9.2013 25
Clean Shipping Project as a Form of Private Governance Existing IMO regulations on marine protection are not sufficient to uncouple growth in shipping from environmental harm. The CSP is a welcomed initiative. The institutionalisation process of the CSP has already been set in motion. BUT In order to have a significant effect on the shipping industry as a whole, the CSP has to develop into a world-wide norm. 18.9.2013 26
Clean Shipping Project as a Form of Private Governance Recommendations Broaden and enlarge the Clean Shipping Network. Create clear benefits for cargo-owners and shipping companies. Ensure added value and/or synergy with other rule systems. Establish accountability and compliance mechanisms. 18.9.2013 27
Maritime Governance success? http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=wps5ez-ieqg 18.9.2013 28
Q&A daria.gritsenko@helsinki.fi 18.9.2013 29