Hoitoon liittyvien infektioiden torjunta -kirjan kirjallisuusviitteet

Transkriptio

1 Hoitoon liittyvien infektioiden torjunta -kirjan kirjallisuusviitteet Hoitoon liittyvien infektioiden torjunta on Infektioiden torjunta sairaalassa -kirjan 6. uudistettu painos. Kirjan nimi vaihdettiin, että se kuvaa paremmin kirjan sisältöä ja infektioiden torjuntaa nykyisessä terveydenhuoltojärjestelmässämme. Kirja toimii lähdekirjana ja oppikirjana. Kirjaan on pyritty kotimaisten asiantuntijoiden avulla kiteyttämään kansainvälisistä tutkimus- ja taustatiedoista sellaisia käytäntöjä, jotka sopivat maamme olosuhteisiin. Tämän kansainvälisen tiedon lisäksi asiantuntijat suosittelevat käytäntöjä, jotka ovat maassamme infektioiden torjunnassa hyväksi koettuja. Kirja on jäsennelty kymmeneen osaan, jotka käsittelevät infektioiden torjunnan perusteita (osa I), hyvää hoitokäytäntöä ja potilaan eristämistä (osa II), hoitoon liittyviä infektioita erilaisissa toimintaympäristöissä (osat III VI), ongelmamikrobeihin liittyviä infektioita (osa VII), puhdistusta, desinfiointia ja sterilointia (osa VIII), tukitoimintoja ja infektioiden torjuntaa (osa IX) ja hallinnollisia kysymyksiä (osa X). Julkaisuun kuuluvat kirjallisuusviitteet julkaistaan vain Kuntaliiton Kunnat.net-nettisivuilla. Ne ovat luvuittain kirjoittajien esittämässä muodossa. Julkaisua voi tilata Kuntaliiton julkaisumyynnistä: Suomen Kuntaliitto, Julkaisumyynti, PL 200, Helsinki p Suomen Kuntaliitto Helsinki 2010

2 Luku 1 Mitä hoitoon liittyvät infektiot ovat ja voidaanko niiden esiintyvyyteen vaikuttaa? 1. Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW, et al. The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121: Sands KE, Yokoe DS, Hooper DC, et al. Detection of postoperative surgical-site infections: comparison of health plan-based surveillance with hospital-based programs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24: Knaust A, Moussa A, Stilianakis NI, Eikmann T, Herr C. Three questions to screen for postdischarge surgical site infections. Am J Infect Control 2009;37: Marchetti O, Calandra T. Infections in the neutropenic cancer patient. In: Infectious Diseases. Cohen J, Powderly W.(ed.), Mosby, Edinburg. 2. ed, 2004, Raymond J, Aujard Y, the European study group. Nosocomial infections in pediatric patients: An European, multicenter prospective study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21: Mast TC, Walter EB, Bulotsky M, et al. Burden of childhood rotavirus disease on health systems in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010;29:e Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31: Crowe MJ, Cooke EM. Review of case definitions for nosocomial infection towards a consensus. J Hosp Infection 1998;39: Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, et al. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, Am J Infect Control 1988;16: Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control 2008;36: Edwards JR, Peterson KD, Mu Y, et al. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) report: data summary for 2006 through 2008, issued December Am J Infect Control 2009;37: Nosocomial infection rates for interhospital comparison: limitations and possible solutions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1991;12: Sax H, Pittet D, the Swiss-NOSO network. Interhospital differences in nosocomial infection rates. Importance of case-mix adjustment. Arch Intern Med 2002;162: Haley RW, Quade D, Freeman HE, et al. The senic project. Study on the efficacy of nosocomial infection control (Senic project). Summary of study design. Am J Epidemiol 1980;111: Haley RW, Schaberg DR, McClish DK, et al. The accuracy of retrospective chart review in measuring nosocomial infection rates. Results of validation studies in pilot hospitals. Am J Epidemiol 1980;111: Harbath S, Sax H, Gastmeier P. The preventable proportion of nosocomial infections: an overview of published reports. J Hosp Infect 2003;54: Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2006;355: Pronovost PJ, Goeschel CA, Colantuoni E, et al. Sustaining reductions in catheter related bloodstream infections in Michigan intensive care units: observational study. BMJ 2010;340: c Bouadma L, Mourvillier B, Deiler V, et al. A multifaceted program to prevent ventilatorassociated pneumonia: impact on compliance with preventive measures. Crit Care Med 2010;38: Jarvis WR. The Lowbury Lecture. The United States approach to strategies in the battle against healthcare-associated infections, 2006: transitioning from benchmarking to zero tolerance and clinician accountability. J Hosp Infect 2007;65 Suppl 2: Graves N, McGowan JE Jr. Nosocomial infection, the Deficit Reduction Act, and incentives for hospitals. JAMA 2008;300: Stone PW. Changes in Medicare reimbursement for hospital-acquired conditions including infections. Am J Infect Control 2009;37:A

3 23. Milstone AM, Passaretti CL, Perl TM. Chlorhexidine: expanding the armamentarium for infection control and prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46: Derde LP, Bonten MJ. Oropharyngeal decontamination in intensive care patients: less is not more. Crit Care 2009;13: Batra R, Cooper BS, Whiteley C, Patel AK, Wyncoll D, Edgeworth JD. Efficacy and limitation of a chlorhexidine-based decolonization strategy in preventing transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50: Bode LG, Kluytmans JA, Wertheim HF, et al. Preventing surgical-site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 2010;362: Evans HL, Dellit TH, Chan J, Nathens AB, Maier RV, Cuschieri J. Effect of chlorhexidine whole-body bathing on hospital-acquired infections among trauma patients. Arch Surg 2010;145: Timsit JF, Schwebel C, Bouadma L, et al. Chlorhexidine-impregnated sponges and less frequent dressing changes for prevention of catheter-related infections in critically ill adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301: Tantipong H, Morkchareonpong C, Jaiyindee S, Thamlikitkul V. Randomized controlled trial and meta-analysis of oral decontamination with 2 % chlorhexidine solution for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29: McHugh SM, Hill AD, Humphreys H. Preventing healthcare-associated infection through education: have surgeons been overlooked? Surgeon 2010;8: Winters BD, Gurses AP, Lehmann H, Sexton JB, Rampersad CJ, Pronovost PJ. Clinical review: checklists translating evidence into practice. Crit Care 2009;13: Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR, et al. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med 2009;360: Lobo RD, Levin AS, Oliveira MS, et al. Evaluation of interventions to reduce catheter-associated bloodstream infection: Continuous tailored education versus one basic lecture. Am J Infect Control 2010 Jan Abbett SK, Yokoe DS, Lipsitz SR, et al. Proposed checklist of hospital interventions to decrease the incidence of healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30: Barochia AV, Cui X, Vitberg D, et al. Bundled care for septic shock: an analysis of clinical trials. Crit Care Med 2010;38: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health care setting. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987;36 (2S):1S 18S. 37. Garner JS, The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guidelines for isolation precautions in hospitals. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17: Boyce JM, Pittet D. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/ APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51: Erasmus V, Daha TH, Brug H, et al. Systematic review of studies on compliance with hand hygiene guidelines in hospital care. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31: Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Boyce J; World Health Organization World Alliance for Patient Safety First Global Patient Safety Challenge Core Group of Experts. The World Health Organization Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care and their consensus recommendations. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30: Chou T, Kerridge J, Kulkarni M, Wickman K, Malow J. Changing the culture of hand hygiene compliance using a bundle that includes a violation letter. Am J Infect Control 2010, in press. 42. Reichardt C. No correlation between alcoholic hand rub consumption and compliance in 73 German ICUs Abstrakti Nro739. Fiftth decennial international conference on healthcare-associated infections March 18 22, Atlanta, Gerogia, USA. 43. Burke JP. Infection control A problem for patient safety. New Engl J Med 2003;348: Darouiche RO. Device-associated infections: a macroproblem that starts with microadherence. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33: Harbarth S, Sudre P, Dharam S, et al. Outbreak of Entrobacter cloacae related to understaffing, overcrowding, and poor hygiene practices. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20: Borg MA. Bed occupancy and overcrowding as determinant factors in the incidence of MRSA infections within general ward settings. J Hosp Infect 2003;54:

4 4 47. Grundmann H, Hori S, Winter B, et al. Risk factors for the transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an adult intensive care unit: fitting a model to the data. J Infect Dis 2002;185: Hugonnet S, Chevrolet JC, Pittet D. The effect of workload on infection risk in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2007;35: Lyytikäinen O, Kanerva M, Agthe, et al. Healthcare-associated infections in Finnish acute care hospitals: a national prevalence survey, J Hosp Infect 2008;69: Kärki T, Meriö-Hietaniemi I, Möttönen T, Ruutu P, Lyytikäinen O. Hoitoon liittyvien infektioiden torjunta Suomen sairaaloissa Suom Lääkäril 2010; painossa. 51. Richards C, Emori TG, Edwards J, et al. Characteristics of hospitals and infection control professionals participating in the national nosocomial surveillance system Am J Infect Control 2001;29: van den Broek PJ, Kluytmans JA, Ummels LC, Voss A, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM. How many infection control staff do we need in hospitals? J Hosp Infect 2007;65: Detsky ME, Etchells E. Single-patient rooms for safe patient-centered hospitals. JAMA 2008; 300:

5 Luku 2 Hoitoon liittyvien infektioiden esiintyvyys ja merkitys 1. Selwyn S. Hospital infection: the first 2500 years. J Hosp Infect 1991;18 (supplementti A): Haley RW, Quade D, Freeman HE, Bennett JV. The SENIC Project. Study on the efficacy of nosocomial infection control (SENIC Project). Summary of study design. Am J Epidemiol 1980;111: Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW, et al. The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121: Harbath S, Sax H, Gastmeier P. The preventable proportion of nosocomial infections: an overview of published reports. J Hosp Infect 2003;54: Jarvis WR. The Lowbury Lecture. The United States approach to strategies in the battle against healthcare-associated infections, 2006: transitioning from benchmarking to zero tolerance and clinician accountability. J Hosp Infect 2007;65 Suppl 2: Graves N, McGowan JE Jr. Nosocomial infection, the Deficit Reduction Act, and incentives for hospitals. JAMA 2008;300: Stone PW. Changes in Medicare reimbursement for hospital-acquired conditions including infections. Am J Infect Control 2009;37:A Jhung MA, Banerjee SN. Administrative coding data and health care-associated infections. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49: Stone PW, Horan TC, Shih HC, Mooney-Kane C, Larson E. Comparisons of health careassociated infections identification using two mechanisms for public reporting. Am J Infect Control 2007;35: Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, eds. To err is human: building a safer health system. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, Council of the European Union. Council recommendation on patient safety, including the prevention and control of healthcare associated infections. 2947th employment, social poicy, health and consumer affairs council meeting, Luxembourg, 9 June Edistämme potilasturvallisuutta yhdessä. Suomalainen potilasturvallisuusstrategia Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön julkaisuja 2009: Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006;367: World Alliance for Patient Safety. The Global Patient Safety Challenge Clean Care is Safer Care. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2005 ( en/, accessed 1 December 2008). 15. Minei JP, Hawkins K, Moody B, et al. Alternative case definitions of ventilator-associated pneumonia identify different patients in a surgical intensive care unit. Shock 2000;14:331 6; discussion Rosenthal R, Weber WP, Marti WR, et al. Surveillance of surgical site infections by surgeons: biased underreporting or useful epidemiological data? J Hosp Infect 2010 Mar 12. [Epub ahead of print] 17. Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, et al. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, Am J Infect Control 1988;16: Didier Pittet, Benedetta Allegranzi, Hugo Sax, et al. Considerations for a WHO European strategy on health-care-associated infection, surveillance, and control. Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5: Lyytikäinen O, Kanerva M, Aghte N, Möttönen T. Sairaalainfektioiden esiintyvyys Suomessa Suomen Lääkärilehti 2005;60: Llata E, Gaynes R, Fridkin S. Measuring the scope and magnitude of hospital-associated infections in the United States: the value of prevalence studies. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48: Gordts B, Vrijens F, Hulstaert F, Devriese S, Van de Sande S. The 2007 Belgian national prevalence survey for hospital-acquired infections. J Hosp Infect 2010 Apr 8. [Epub ahead of print] 22. van der Kooi TI, Manniën J, Wille JC, van Benthem BH. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in The Netherlands, : results of the first four national studies. J Hosp Infect 2010 Apr 8. [Epub ahead of print] 5

6 6 23. Vincent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, Silva E, et al. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA 2009;302: Jarvis W. Investigation of outbreaks. In: Mayhall C, ed. Hospital epidemiology and infection control. 3. ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2004: Gastmeier P, Stamm-Balderjahn S, Hansen S, et al. How outbreaks can contribute to prevention of nosocomial infection: analysis of outbreaks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26: Gould D, Drey N, Millar M, Wilks M, Chamney M. Patients and the public: knowledge, sources of information and perceptions about healthcare-associated infections. J Hosp Infect 2009;72: HHS Action Plan to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections , Department of Health and Human Services, USA, Kanerva M, Ollgren J, Virtanen M, Lyytikäinen O. Sairaalainfektiot aiheuttavat huomattavan tautitaakan. Suom Lääkäril 2008;63: Januel JM, Harbarth S, Allard R, et al. Estimating attributable mortality due to nosocomial infections acquired in intensive care units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31: Wolkewitz M, Vonberg RP, Grundmann H, et al. Risk factors for the development of nosocomial pneumonia and mortality on intensive care units: application of competing risks models. Crit Care 2008;12:R Jarvis W. The United States approach to strategies in the battle against health-care associated infections, 2006: transitioning from benchmarking to zero tolerance and clinician accountability. J Hosp Infect 2007;65(S2): Mayor S. Hospital acquired infections kill patients a year in England. Br Med J 2000;321: Garcia-Martin M, Lardelli-Claret P, Jiménez-Moleón J, Bueno-Cavanillas A, Luna-del-Castillo J, Gálvez-Vargas R. Proportion of hospital deaths potentially attributable to nosocomial infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22: Graves N, Harbarth S, Beyersmann J, Barnett A, Halton K, Cooper B. Estimating the cost of health care-associated infections: mind your p s and q s. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50: Roberts RR, Frutos PW, Ciavarella GC, et al. Distribution of fixed vs variable costs of hospital care. JAMA 1999;281: Graves N, Weinhold D, Tong E, et al. Effect of healthcare-acquired infection on length of hospital stay and cost. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28: Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30: Beyersmann J, Kneib T, Schumacher M, Gastmeier P. Nosocomial infection, length of stay, and time-dependent bias. 38. Stone P, Braccia D, Larson E. Systematic review of economical analyses of health care-associated infections. Am J Infect Control 2005;33: America TrcotSoHEo. Enhancing patient safety by reducing healthcare-associated infections: The role of discovery and dissemination. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31: Plowman R, Graves N, Griffin S, et al. The rate and cost of hospital-acquired infections occurring in patients admitted to selected specialties of a district general hospital in England and the national burden imposed. J Hosp Infect 2001;47: Anonymous. MRSA: how politicians are missing the point. Lancet 2005;365:1203.

7 Luku 3 Tartunnan aiheuttajat ja tartuntatavat Bennett JV ja Brachman PS, eds. Hospital infections, 4 ed., Lippincott-Raven publishers, Philadelphia, Buchen-Osmond C. Taxonomy and classification of viruses. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. 8th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press 2003: Huovinen P, Meri S, Peltola H, Vaara M, Vaheri M, Valtonen V, (toim.) Mikrobiologia ja infektiosairaudet. Kirja I. Helsinki, Duodecim, Lyytikäinen O, Lumio J, Sarkkinen H, Kolho E, Ruutu P. Veriviljelypositiiviset sairaalainfektiot ja niiden aiheuttajat. Vuoden 1999 seurantatulokset. Suom Lääkäril 2000;44: Lyytikäinen O, Kanerva M, Agthe N, Möttönen T, Ruutu P; Finnish Prevalence Survey Study Group.Healthcare-associated infections in Finnish acute care hospitals: a national prevalence survey, J Hosp Infect. 2008;69: Poikonen E, Lyytikainen O, Anttila VJ, Kuusela P, Koukila-Kahkola P, Ollgren J, Ruutu P. Nosocomial candidaemia in a Finnish tertiary care centre during Scand J Infect Dis 2009 Jun 1:1 7. Vandamme PAR. Taxonomy and classification of bacteria. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. 8th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press 2003:

8 Luku 4 Mikrobiologian laboratorion osuus hoitoon liittyvissä infektioissa Siitonen A, Vuopio-Varkila J, Salminen M, von Bonsdorff C-H. Mikrobiologiset tutkimusmenetelmät infektioepidemiologian aseina. Duodecim 2002;118: Vuopio-Varkila J, Salmenlinna S, Kerttula A, ym. MRSA-kantojen nimeäminen uudistuu. Suomen sairaalahygienialehti 2005;23: Kerttula A.M, Lyytikäinen O, Virolainen-Julkunen A ja Vuopio-Varkila, J. Perimätutkimukset valaisevat Suomen huonontuneen MRSA-tilanteen taustaa. Suom Lääkäril 2006:61: Roivainen M, Maunula L ja Kuusi M. Norovirusepidemiat ovat haaste terveydenhoitojärjestelmälle. Suom Lääkäril 2009;64: Foxman B, Zhang L, Koopman JS, Manning SD, Marrs CF. Choosing an appropriate bacterial typing technique for epidemiologic studies. Epidemiol Perspect Innov 2005;2:10. Kerttula AM, Mero S, Pasanen T, Vuopio-Varkila J, Virolainen A. Evaluation of phenotypic and molecular methods for screening and detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Scand J Infect Dis 2008;40: Vainio A, Kardén-Lilja M, Ibrahem S, et al. Clonality of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in Finland as defined by several molecular methods. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;27: Hautala T, Ikäheimo I, Husu H, et al. A cluster of Candida krusei infections in a haematological unit. BMC Infect Dis 2007;7:97. Kerttula AM, Lyytikäinen O, Kardén-Lilja M, et al. Nationwide trends in molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Finland, BMC Infect Dis 2007;7:94. 8

9 Luku 5 Bakteereiden luonnollinen ja hankittu resistenssi Cosgrove S. The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and patient outcomes: mortality, length of hospital stay, and health care costs. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42 Suppl 2:S Niederman MS. Use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials for the treatment of pneumonia in seriously ill patients: maximizing clinical outcomes and minimizing selection of resistant organisms. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42 Suppl 2:S Meurman O. ESBL. Suomen Sairaalahygienialehti 2005; 23: Tenover FC. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Am J Med. 2006;119(Suppl 1):S Levin TP, Suh B, Axelrod P, Truant AL, Fekete T. Potential clindamycin resistance in clindamycin-susceptible, erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: report of a clinical failure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(3): Robicsek A, Strahilevitz J, Jacoby GA, et al. Fluoroquinolone-modifying enzyme: a new adaptation of a common aminoglycoside acetyltransferase. Nat Med 2006;12: Martínez-Martínez L, Pascual A, Jacoby GA. Quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid. Lancet 1998;35: Arason VA, Kristinsson KG, Sigurdsson JA, Stefansdottir G, Molstad S, Gudmunson S. Do antimicrobials increase the carriage rate of penicillin resistant pneumococci in children? Cross sectional prevalence study. BMJ 1996;313: Rantala M, Huikko S, Huovinen P, Jalava J. Prevalence and molecular genetics of macrolide resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected in Finland in Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49: Muuta luettavaa Arias, C. A., and B. E. Murray Antibiotic-resistant bugs in the 21st century a clinical super-challenge. New Engl J Med 360: Boucher, H. W., G. H. Talbot, J. S. Bradley, J. E. Edwards, Jr., D. Gilbert, L. B. Rice, M. Scheld, B. Spellberg, and J. Bartlett Bad bugs, no drugs: No ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 48:1 12. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M2-A9: Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. Approved standard, 9th ed. CLSI, Wayne, PA. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M7-A7: Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard, 7th ed. CLSI, Wayne, PA. Hawkey P. M., and A. M. Jones The changing epidemiology of resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 64, Suppl. 1,i3 i10. Livermore, D Has the era of untreatable infections arrived? J Antimicrob Chemother 64, Suppl. 1,i29 i36. McGowan Jr JE. Resistance in nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria: multidrug resistance to the maximum. Am J Med 2006;119(Suppl 1):S Paterson DL. Resistance in gram-negative bacteria: enterobacteriaceae. Am J Med 2006; 119(Suppl 1):S20 8. Rice LB. Antimicrobial resistance in gram-positive bacteria. Am J Med 2006;119(Suppl 1):S

10 Luku 6 Mikrobilääkepolitiikka ja hoitoon liittyvät infektiot 1. Dellit TH, Owens RC, McGowan JE, et al, Infectious Disease Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America: Guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44: Eickhoff TC. Antibiotics and nosocomial infections. In: Bennett JV ja Brachman PS, eds. Hospital infections, 4. ed., Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1998: Gaynes R, The impact of antimicrobial use on the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in hospitals. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997;11: Tacconelli E. Antimicrobial use: risk driver of multidrug resistant microorganisms in helthcare settings. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009;22: Bronzwaer SLAM, Cars O, Bucholz U, et al. A European study on the relationship between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8: Rice LB. Federal funding for the study of antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens: no ESKAPE. J Infect Dis 2008;197: Gilbert DN, et al. The 10 x 20 Initiative: pursuing a global commitment to develop 10 new antibacterial drugs by Clin Infect Dis 2010;50: Hulscher MEJL, Girol RPTN, Meer van deer JWM. Antibiotic prescribing in hospitals: a social and behavioural scientific approach. Lancet Infec Dis 2010;10: Fishman NO. Antimicrobial management and cost containment. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds, Mandell, Douglas and Bennett s Priciples and practice of infectious diseases 5th edition, Churchill Livingstone, Philadeplhia 2000: Wilton P, Smith R, Coast J, Millar M. Strategies to contain the emergence of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review of effectiviness and cost-effectiviness. J Health Serv Res Policy 2002;7: Henning KJ, Sepkowitz K. Antibiotic use policy. In: AmstrongD, Cohen J, eds. Infectious diseases, Mosby, London 1999:Section 7, Chapter Leibovici L, Soares-Weiser K, Paul M, et al. Considering resistance in systematic reviews of antibiotic treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;52: Donskey CJ. The role of the intestinal tract as a reservoir and source for transmission of nosocomial pathogens. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39: Rice LB The Maxwell Finland lecture: For the duration rational antibiotic administration in an era of antimicrobial resistance and Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46: Davey P, Brown E, Fenelon L, et al. Systematic review of antimicrobial drug prescribing in hospitals. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12: Mears A, White A, Cookson B, et al. Healthcare-associated infection in acute hospitals: which interventions are effective? J Hosp Infect 2009;71: Berrington A. Antimicrobial prescribing in hospitals: be careful what you measure. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65: Diekema DJ, BootsMiller BJ, Vaughn TE, et al. Antimicrobial resistance trends and outbreak frequency in United States hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38: Mol PGM, Rutten WJMJ, Gans ROB, Degener JE, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM. Adherence barriers to antimicrobial treatment guidelines in teaching hospital, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10: Koellef M, Ward S, Sherman G, et al. Inadequate treatment of nosocomial infections is associated with certain empiric antibiotic choices. Crit Care Med 2000;28: Wise R. Maximizing efficacy and reducing the emergence of resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51 Suppl S1: Dellinger EP. Prophylactic antibiotics: Administration and timing before operation are more important than administration after operation. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007;44: Steinberg JP, et al. Timing of antimicrobial prophylaxis and the risk of surgical site infections. Results from the trial to reduce antimicrobial prophylaxis errors. Ann Surg 2009;250: Malangoni MA. Timing is everything. Ann Surg 2009;250: Solomkin JS. Antibiotic resistance in postoperative infections. Crit Care Med 2001;29 Suppl: N97 N Bailey TC, McMullin T. Using information systems technology to improve antibiotic prescribing. Crit Care Med 2001;29 Suppl:N87 N91. 10

11 27. Yong MK, Buising KL, Cheng AC, Thursky KA. Improved susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria in an intensive care unit following implementation of a computerized antibiotic decision support system. J Antimicrob Chemother Mar Fowler VG, Sanders LL, Sexton DJ, et al. Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia according to compliance with recommendations of infectious disease specialists: Experience with 244 patients. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27: Fridkin SK, Lawton R, Edwards JR, et al. Monitoring antimicrobial use and resistance: Comparison with a national benchmark on reducing vancomycin use and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8: Harbath S, Nobre V, Pittet D. Does Antibiotic Selection Impact Patient Outcome? Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007;44: Livermore DM. Multiple mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our worst nightmare? Clin Infect Dis 2002;34: Safdar N, Handelsman J, Maki DG. Does combination antimicrobial therapy reduce mortality in Gram-negative bacteremia? A Meta-analysis. Lancet Inf Dis 2004;4: Thomas JJ, Forrest A, Bhavnani SM, Hyatt JM, Cheng A, Ballow CH, Schentag JJ. Pharmacodynamic evaluation of factors associated with the development of bacterial resistance in acutely ill patients during therapy. Antimocrob Agents Chemother 1998;42: Boffi El Amari E, Chamot E, Auckenthaler R, Pechere JC, Delden Van C. Influence of previous exposure to antibiotic therapy on the susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremic isolates. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33: Martínez JA, et al. Influence of antipseudomonal agents on Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization and acquisition of resistance in critically ill medical patients. Intensive Care Med Mar;35: Pujol M, Gudiol F. Evidence for antibiotic cycling in control of resistance. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2001;14: Bruce J, et al. Antibiotic stewardship and consumption: findings from a pan-european hospital study. J Antimicrob Chemother Oct;64(4): Epub 2009 Aug Allerberger F, Gareis R, Jindrák V, Struelens MJ. Antibiotic stewardship implementation in the EU: the way forward. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009 Dec;7(10): Talbot GH. Drug development for MDR-GNR. Current and future landscapes. Fiftth decennial international conference on healthcare-associated infections March 18 22, Atlanta, Gerogia, USA. 39. Kumar A, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock CCM 2006;34:

12 Luku 7 Hoitoon liittyvien infektioiden seuranta 1. Grönroos P, Levola R, Lumio J, Rantala A. Sairaalainfektioiden seuranta. Kirjassa: Kujala P, Grönroos P, Rantala A, Tiittanen L, Hellstén S, toim. Infektioiden torjunta sairaalassa. 4. painos. Helsinki 1999: Horan TC, Gaynes RP. Surveillance of nosocomial infections. In: Mayhall CG, ed. Hospital epidemiology and infection control. 3nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004: Pottinger JM, Herwaldt LA, Perl TM. Basics of surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18: Scheckler WE, Brimhall D, Buck AS, et al. Requirements for infrastructure and essential activities of infection control and epidemiology in hospitals: a consensus panel report. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998;19: Gastmeier P, Sohr D, Just H-M, Nassauer A, Daschner F, Rüden H. How to survey nosocomial infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21: Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, Horan TC, Hughes JM. CDC definitions. Am I Infect Control 1988;16: Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control 2008;36: Haley RW, Hooton TM, Culver DH, et al. Nosocomial infections in U.S. hospitals, : estimated frequency by selected characteristics of patients. Am J Med 1981;70: Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW, Morgan WM, Emori TG. The national nosocomial infection rate a new need for vital statistics. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121: Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW, et al. The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121: Haley RW, Morgan WE, Culver DH, et al. Update from SENIC project. Hospital infection control: recent progress and opportunities under prospective payment. Am J Infect Control 1985;13: Wenzel RP. The economics of nosocomial infections. J Hosp Infect 1995;31: Ojajärvi J. Sairaalahygienian vaiheet Suomessa. Sosiaalilääketieteellinen Aikakausilehti 1990;3: Lääkintöhallituksen työryhmän mietintö n:ro 15. Sairaalainfektiotyöryhmän mietintö. Helsinki Sairaalaliitto, Sairaalahygieniaprojekti 333. Sairaalahygieniatoiminnan organisointi maassamme. Muistio Palmu A, Ratia M. Sairaalainfektioiden rekisteröinti Suomessa. Suomen Sairaalahygienialehti 1986;3: Lyytikäinen O, Jalkanen M, Ratia M, Héllsten S, Kujala P, Rantala A, Ruutu P. Sairaalainfektioiden torjunta Suomen sairaaloissa. Suom Lääkäril 2003;24: Jokinen C. Kokemuksia sairaalainfektioiden rekisteröinnistä. Suom Lääkäril 1984;39: Nissén M, Elomaa N, Hiekkaniemi H. Infektiosairauksien ja antibioottihoidon seurannan hyödyntäminen Vaasan keskussairaalassa. Suom Lääkäril 1999:10: Nissén M, Elomaa N, Hiekkaniemi H. Infektioiden seurantajärjestelmä Vaasan keskussairaalassa. Suom Lääkäril 1999;10: Roy M-C, Trish TM. Basics of surgical-site infection surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18: The Society for Hospital Epidemiology of America; the Association for Practitioners in Infection Control; the Centers for Disease Control; the Surgical Infection Society. Consensus paper for the surveillance of surgical wound infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13: Haley RW, Culver DH, Morgan WH, et al. Identifying patients at high risk of surgical wound infection. A simple multivariate index of patient susceptibility and wound contamination. Am J Epidemiol 1985;121:

13 24. Culver DH, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, et al. Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and patient risk index. Am J Med 1991;91 (Suppl B):3B-152S 157S. 25. A report from National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System. Nosocomial infection rates for interhospital comparison: limitations and possible solutions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1991;12: Sherertz RJ. Surveillance for infections associated with vascular catheters. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17: Gastmeier P, Kampf G, Wischnewski N, Schumacher M, Daschner F, Rüden. Importance of the surveillance method: national prevalence studies on nosocomial infections and the limits of comparison. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998;19: Gastmeier P, Sohr D, Rath A, et al. Repeated prevalence investigations on nosocomial infections for continious surveillance. J Hosp Infect 2000;45: Gastmeier P, Bräuer H, Sohr D, et al. Converting incidence and prevalence data of nosocomial infections: results from eight hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22: Weinstein JW, Mazon D, Pantelick E, Reagan-Cirincione P, Dembry LM, Hierholzer WJ. A decade of prevalence surveys in a tertiary-care center: trends in nosocomial infection rates, device utilization, and patient acuity. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20: Perencevich EN, Stone PW, Wright SB, et al. Raising standards while watching the bottom line: making a business case for infection control. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28: Gaynes RP, Culver DH, Horan TC, Edwards JR, Richards C, Tolson JS and the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Surgical site infection (SSI) rates in the United States, : The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System Basic SSI Risk Index. Clin Inf Dis 2001;33 (Suppl 2):S Nicolle LE. Long-term care issues for the twenty-first century. In: Wenzel RP. ed. Prevention and control of nosocomial infections. 4nd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia 2003: Smith PW, Rusnak PG. Infection prevention and control in the long-term-care facility. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18: McGeer A, Campbell B, Emori TG, et al. Definitions of infection for surveillance in longterm care facilities. Am J Infect Control 1991;19: Edmond MB. National and international surveillance systems for nosocomial infections. In: Wenzel RP, ed. Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infections. 4nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003: Richards C, Emori TG, Edwards J, Fridkin S, Tolson J, Gaynes R, The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system. Am J Infect Control 2001;

14 Luku 8 Infektioepidemioiden selvittely ja hallinta 1. Kujala P, Lyytikäinen O, Vuopio-Varkila J. Sairaalainfektiot. Kirjassa: Huovinen P, Meri S, Peltola H, Vaara M, Vaheri A, Valtonen V, toim. Mikrobiologia ja infektiosairaudet, kirja II. Helsinki: Duodecim, 2003, Beck-Sague C, Jarvis WR, Martone WJ. Outbreak investigations. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18: Jarvis WR. Nosocomial outbreaks: the Centers for Disease Control s Hospital Infections Program experience, Am J Med 1991;9 (suppl 3B): Wendt C, Herwaldt LA. Epidemics: identification and management. In: Wenzel RP, ed. Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infections. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1997: Zaza S. Jarvis WR. Investigation of outbreaks. In: Mayhall CG, ed. Hospital epidemiology and infection control. 1st ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1996: Martone WJ, Jarvis WR, Culver DH, Haley RW. Incidence and nature of endemic and epidemic nosocomial infections. In: Bennett JV, Brachman PS eds. Hospital infections. 3rd ed. Boston, Md: Little, Brown and Company, 1992: Bertrand X, Thouverez M, Talon D, et al. Endemicity, molecular diversity and colonisation routes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 2001;27: Thompsson ND, Perz JF, Moorman AC, Holmberg SD. Non-hospital health-care-associated hepatitis B and C virus transmission: United States Ann Intern Med 2009;150: Iversen BC, Jacobsen T, Eriksen HM, Bukholm G, Melby KK; Nygård K, Aavitsland P. An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection caused by contaminated mouth swabs. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44: Gastmeier P, Stamm-Balderjahn S, Hansen S, Zusschneid I, Sohr D, Behnke M, et al. Where should we search when confronted with outbreaks of nosocomial infection. Am J Infect Control 2006;34: Gastmeier P, Stamm-Balderjahn S, Hansen S, Nietzchke-Tiemann F, Zusschneid I, et al. How outbreaks can contribute to prevention of nosocomial infection: analysis of 1,022 outbreaks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26: Hansen S, Stamm-Aalderjohn S, Zuschneid I, et al. Closer of medical departments during nosocomial outbreak: data from a systematic analysis of the literature. J Hosp Infect 2009;65:

15 Luku 9 Iho ja infektioiden torjunta 1. Oikarinen A, Tasanen-Määttä K. Ihon rakenne ja tehtävät. Kirjassa: Hannuksela M, Karvonen J, Reunala T, Suhonen R, (toim.). Ihotaudit.1. painos. Helsinki: Duodecim, 2003: Kownatzki E. Hand hygiene and skin health. J Hosp Infect 2003;55: Larson E. Skin hygiene and infection prevention: more of the same or different approaches? Clin Infect Dis 1999;29: Widmer AF. Replace hand washing with use of a waterless alcohol hand rub? Clin Infect Dis 2000;31: Brown E, Wenzel RP, Hendley JO. Exploration of the microbial anatomy of normal human skin by using plasmid profiles of coagulase-negative staphylococci: Search for the reservoir of resident skin flora. J Infect Dis 1989;160: Selwyn s, Ellis H. Skin bacteria and skin disinfection reconsidered. Brit Med J 1972;1: Pittet D, Dharan S, Touveneau S, et al. Bacterial contamination of the hand of hospital staff during routine patient care. Arch Intern Med 1999;159: Pittet D, Mourouga P, Pernege TV. Compliance with handwashing in a teaching hospital. Ann Intern Med 1999;130: Coignard B, Grandbastien B, Berrouane Y, Krembel C, Queverue M, Salomez J-L, Martin G. Handwashing quality: Impact of a special program. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998;19: Pittet D, Boyce JM. Revolutionising hand hygiene in health-care settings: guidelines revisited. Lancet Infect Dis 2003;3: Erasmus V, Daha TH, Brug H, et al. Systematic review of studies on compliance with hand hygiene guidelines in hospital care. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31: Boyce JM. Using alcohol for hand antisepsis: dispelling old myths (editorial). Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21: Boyce JM, Pittet D. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/ APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51: Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Boyce J; World Health Organization World Alliance for Patient Safety First Global Patient Safety Challenge Core Group of Experts. The World Health Organization Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care and their consensus recommendations. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30: Larson EL, Morton HE. Alcohols. In: Block SS. Ed. Disinfections, Sterilization and Preservation. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1991; Pittet D. Hand Hygiene: improved standards and practice for hospital care. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003;16: Kampf G, Löffler H. Dermatological aspects of a successful introduction and continuation of alcohol-based hand rubs for hygienic hand disinfection. J Hosp Infect 2003;55: Food and Drug Administration. Tentative final monograph for healthcare antiseptic drug products; proposed rule. Federal Register 1994;59: Boyce JM, Kelliher S, Vallande N. Skin irritation and dryness associated with two hand-hygiene regimens: soap-and-water hand-washing versus hand antisepsis with an alcoholic hand gel. Infect Contr Hosp Edpidemiol 2000;21: Souweine B, Lautrette A, Aumeran C, et al. Comparison of acceptability, skin tolerance, and compliance between handwashing and alcohol-based handrub in ICUs: results of a multicentric study. Intensive Care Med Jul;35(7): Epub 2009 Apr Kampf G, Wigger-Alberti W, Wilhelm KP. Do atopics tolerate alcohol-based hand rubs? A prospective, controlled, randomized double-blind clinical trial. Acta Derm Venereol 2006;86(2): Löffler H, Kampf G. Hand disinfection: how irritant are alcohols? J Hosp Infect 2008;70 Suppl 1: Dulon M, Pohrt U, Skudlik C, Nienhaus A. Prevention of occupational skin disease: a workplace intervention study in geriatric nurses. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161: Girard R, Amazian K, Fabry J. Better compliance and better tolerance in relation to a wellconducted introduction to rub-in hand disinfection. J Hosp Infect 2001;47:

16 Parienti JJ, Thilbon P, Heller R, et al. Hand-rubbing with an aqueous alcoholic solution vs traditional surgical hand-scrubbing and 30-day surgical site infection rates. JAMA 2002;288: Lóden M, Andersson A-C. Effect of topically applied lipids on surfactant-irritated skin. Br J Dermatol 1996;134: Kucharekova M, Van De Kerkhof PCM, Van Der Valk PGM. A randomised comparison of an emollient containing skin-related lipids with a petrolatum-based emollient as adjunct in the treatment of chronic hand dermatitis. Contact dermatitis 2003;48: Heeg P. Does hand care ruin disinfection? J Hosp Infect 2001;48 (suppl A):S37 S Stingeni L, Lapomarda V, Lisi P. Occupational hand dermatitis in hospital environments. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33: Dickel H, Kuss O, Schmidt A, Kretz J, Diepgen TL. Importance of irritant contact dermatitis in occupational skin disease. Am J Clin Dermatol 2002;3: Jolanki R, Estlander T, Karjalainen A, Kanerva L. Ammatti-ihotautivaara eri ammateissa. Suom Lääkäril 1998;53: Jolanki R, Savela A, Estlander T, Kanerva L. Ammatti-ihotautien aiheuttajat Suomessa vuosina Suom Lääkäril 1998;53: Löffler H, Effendy I. Prevention of irritant contact dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol 2002;12: WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care. First Global Patient Safety Challenge Clean Care is Safer Care. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. ISBN World Health Organization 2009.

17 Luku 10 Ympäristön merkitys infektioissa 1. Kramer A, Schwebke I, Kampf G. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2006;6: Hota B. Contamination, disinfection, and cross-colonization: are hospital surfaces reservoirs for nosocomial infection? Clin Infect Dis 2004;39: Dancer SJ. The role of environmental cleaning in the control of hospital-acquired infection. J Hosp Infect 2009;73: Maki DG, Alvarado CJ, Hassemer CA, Zilz MA. Relation of the inanimate environment to endemic nosocomial infection. N Engl J Med 1982;307: Weber DJ, Rutala WA. The environment as a source of nosocomial infections. In Wenzel RP, ed. Prevention and control of hospital infections, 4. ed. Lippicott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 2003: Rhame FS. The inanimate environment. In: Bennett JV ja Brachman PS, eds. Hospital infections, 4. ed. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia 1998: Wang SA, Tokars JI, Biachine PJ, et al. Enterobacter clocae bloodstream infection traced to contaminated human albumin. Clin Infect Dis 2002;30: Bennett SN, McNeil MM, Bland LA, et al. Postoperative infections traced to contamination of an intravenous anesthetic, propofol. New Engl J Med 1995;333: Weber S, Pfaller MA, Herwaldt LA. Role of molecular epidemiology in infection control. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997;11: Tenover FC, Arbiet RD, Goering RV. How to select and interpret molecular strain typing methods for epidemilogic studies of bacterial infections: a review for healthcare epidemiologists. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18: Archibald LK, Jarvis WR. The role of the laboratory in outbreak investigations. Semin Infect Control 2001;1: Pannuti CS. Hospital environment for high-risk patients. In Wenzel RP, ed. Prevention and control of hospital infections, 3. ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1997: Ayliffe GAJ, Collins BJ, Taylor LJ. The hospital environment. In: Hospital-acquired infection, Ayliffe GAJ, Collins BJ, Taylor LJ. Wright, London 1990: Cole EC, Cook CE. Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies. Am J Infect Control 1998;26: Sands KEF, Goldman DA. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus and Group A streptococci. In Bennett JV ja Brachman PS, eds. Hospital infections, 4. ed. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia 1998: Carter CD, Barr BA. Infection control issues in construction and renovation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997;18: Nichols RL. The operating room. In: Bennett JV and Brachman PS, eds. Hospital infections, 4. ed. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia 1998: Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities. Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection control practises advisory committee (HICPAC). Morb Mort Wkly Rep 2003;52: Brandt C, Hott U, Sohr D, Daschner F, Gastmeier P, Rüden H. Operating room ventilation with laminar airflow shows no protective effect on the surgical site infection rate in orthopedic and abdominal surgery. Ann Surg 2008;248: Pasquarella C, Pitzurra O, Herren T, et al. Lack of influence of body exhaust gowns on aerobic bacterial surface counts in a mixed-ventilation operating theatre. A study of 62 hip arthroplasties. J Hosp Infect 2003;54: Goetz A, Yu VL. Nosocomial Legionella infection. In: Mayhall CG, ed. Hospital Epidemiology and infection control. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1996: Butler JC, Fields BS, Breiman RF. Prevention and Control of legionellosis. Infect Dis Clin Practice 1997;6: Ayliffe GAJ, Lowbury EJL, Geddes AM, Williams JD. Decontamination of the environment, equipment and the skin. In: Control of hospital infection, Ayliffe GAJ, Lowbury EJL, Geddes AM, Williams JD. eds. 3. ed. Chapman & Hall Medical London 1992: Boyce JM, Havill NL, Otter JA, et al. Impact of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Room Decontamination on Clostridium difficile Environmental Contamination and Transmission in a Healthcare Setting. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;28:

18 Vuento R. Kaasumaiset desinfektioaineet huonetilojen käsittelyssä. Suomen Sairaalahygienialehti 2008;26: Bernard L, Kereveur A, Durand D, et al. Bacterial contamination of hospital physician s stethoscopes. Infect Contr Hops Epidemiol 1999;20: Brook I. Bacterial flora of stethoscopes earpieces and otitis externa. Arch Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997;106: Rogers M, Weinstock DM, Eagan J, et al. Rotavirus outbreak on a pediatric oncology floor: possible association with toys. Am J Infect Control 2000;28: Blaser MJ, Smith PF, Cody HJ, et al. Killing of fabric-associated bacteria in hospital laundry by low-temperature washing. J Infect Dis 1984;149: Martin MA. Nosocomial infections related to patient care support services: In: Wenzel RP, ed. Prevention and control of hospital infections, 3. ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1997: McDonald LL, Pugliese G. Laundry service. In: Mayhall CG, ed. Hospital Epidemiology and infection control. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1996: Hospital Infection Society (HIS). Manual for microbiological commissioning and monitoring of operating theatre suites. 2002: American national standard for hemodialysis system. Arlington VA: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, RD Amato RL. Water treatment for hemodialysis, including the latest AAMI standars. Nephrol Nursing Journal 2001;28: European Pharmakopea. Bacterial endotoxins. 6th ed. 2008: European Pharmakopea. Hemodialysis water 6th ed. 2008: monographs H:

19 Luku 11 Sairaaloiden ja hoitolaitosten LVI-ratkaisut ja infektioiden torjunta 1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) Atlanta, Kanerva M, Mentula S, Lyytikäinen O, Ruutu P, Kusnetsov J, Nuorti P. Legionelloosin seuranta ja torjunta tehostuvat. Suom Lääkäril 2003;58; Ympäristöministeriö. Rakennusten sisäilmasto ja ilmanvaihto. Suomen rakentamismääräyskokoelma, osa D2, Ympäristöministeriö, Helsinki Rakennustietosäätiö. Sisäilmastoluokitus 2008, RT :, Alen R, Kolari S Puhtaan ilmanvaihdon asennusopas. Sisäilmatieto s. Narvanne J, Majanen A, Eskola L, Kukkonen E, Holopainen R, Tuomainen M. (2002). Ilmanvaihtojärjestelmän puhtauden tarkastusohje. Teknillinen korkeakoulu, LVI-tekniikan laboratorio. 6. Asikainen V, Pasanen P, Holopainen R. (2007) LVI-kortti Ilmanvaihtojärjestelmän puhtauden tarkastus. Ilmanvaihdon parannus- ja korjausratkaisut. 7. Sairaalaliitto. Energiansäästö ja sairaalahygienia. Helsinki, Sairaalaliitto, Sairaalaliitto. Sairaaloiden LVI-laitteiden hygienia. Helsinki, Sairaalaliitto, Seppänen O, Seppänen M. Rakennusten sisäilmasto ja LVI-tekniikka, Helsinki, Sisäilmayhdistys ry, Rakennustietosäätiö. Terveyskeskukset ja terveysasemat, RT : Rakennustietosäätiö, Holopainen R, ym. (2010). Ilmanvaihtojärjestelmien puhdistaminen sairaaloiden vuodeosastoilla. Sisäilmayhdistyksen raportti 28 (Sisäilmastoseminaari 2010). s

20 Luku 12 Korjausrakentaminen ja infektioiden torjunta Kanerva M, Mentula S, Lyytikäinen O, Ruutu P, Kusnetsov J, Nuorti P. Legionelloosin seuranta ja torjunta tehostuvat. Suom Lääkäril 2003;48: Centers for diseases control and prevention healthcare infection control practices advisory committee (HICPAC). Guidelines for enviromental infection control in health-care facilities, Löytyy osoitteesta: Valsai-sairaaloiden korjausprosessin kuvaus: Vonnberg R-P, Gastmeier P. Nosocomial aspergillosis in outbreak settings. J Hosp Infection 2006;63: