William Labov- Kvantitatiivisen sosiolingvistiikan moderni klassikko

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1 William Labov- Kvantitatiivisen sosiolingvistiikan moderni klassikko Irina Klassikkolukupiiri s , Rutherford, New Jersey, U.S 1971 lingvistiikan professori, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 1 2 Lähde: William Labovin kotisivut Uraa yliopistossa ja vähän muuallakin Harvard College, B.A., 1948 Industrial chemist, Union Ink Co., Ridgefield, NJ, Columbia University, M.A., 1963; Ph.D Assistant Professor, Columbia University, Associate Professor, Professor, University of Pennsylvania, Kirjoja, kirjoja... The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, The Study of Non-Standard English. Champaign, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: U. of Pennsylvania Press, Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia: U. of Pennsylvania Press,1972. What is a linguistic fact? New York: Humanities Press. with David Fanshel. Therapeutic Discourse: Psychotherapy as Conversation. New York: Academic Press, Locating Language in Time and Space. (ed.) New York: Academic Press, Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 1: Internal Factors. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Volume 2: Social Factors. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Volume 3: Cognitive Factors. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, with Sharon Ash and Charles Boberg. The Atlas of North American English. Mouton de Gruyter, In spite of considerable amount of sociolinguistic activity, a socially realistic linguistics seemed a remote prospect in the 1960 s. The great majority of linguists had resolutely turned to the contemplation of their own idiolects. Labov, 1972, s. xiii Aiempia käsityksiä kielitieteen rajoista Saussure: synchronic structural systems and diachronic developments must be studied in isolation Bloomfield: sound change cannot be directly observed Bloomfield: free variation could not in principle be constrained 5 6 William Labov 1

2 Aiempia käsityksiä kielitieteen rajoista Bloch & Trager: feelings about language are inaccessible the linguist should not use non-linguistic data to explain linguistic change Uriel Weinreich taustavaikuttaja empiirisen sosiolingvistiikan isoisä opetti lingvistiikkaa Columbian yliopistossa Labovin ohjaaja sekä Martha s Vineyardin että New Yorkin tutkimuksessa jätti jälkensä jiddishin tutkimukseen, sosiolingvistiikkaan, kielikontaktien tutkimukseen ja semantiikkaan 7 8 Ohjelmanjulistus Weinreich Uriel, William Labov ja M. Herzog Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. teoksessa: Lehman, W. P. ja Y. Malkiel (toim.), Directions for historical linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press. Martha s Vineyard tutkielma maisterin tutkintoa varten tutkimuksen kohteena Martha s Vineyard, 5500 asukkaan saari Massachusetts in rannikolla tutkittavana diftongien /ay/ ja /aw/ ensimmäisen elementin ääntyminen suppeampina ja keskisempinä 9 10 Martha s Vineyard (2) menetelminä: haastattelut, lomakekyselyt, havainnointi haastatteluaineistoa kerättiin 69 saarelaiselta single-style speakers muutoksen sosiaalinen motivaatio: (aw) ja (ay) symboloivat paikallisidentiteettiä Martha s Vineyard (3) eri väestöryhmät ovat kohdanneet erilaisia haasteita, jotka liittyvät heidän statukseensa syntyperäisinä Martha s Vineyardin asukkaina kalastajat kaikkein tiivein ryhmä saarella kielellisen muutokset alkuunpanijoita William Labov 2

3 Diftongien keskittyminen ja asennoituminen saarta kohtaan The Social Stratification of English in New York City Henkilöitä 40 Myönteinen (ay) 63 (aw) 62 tutkimus käsitteli viittä kielellistä muuttujaa: sananloppuinen tai konsonanttia edeltävä (r) (eh) = vokaalin korkeus sanoissa bad, bag... (oh), kuten sanoissa caught, talk... (th) ja (dh), kuten sanoissa thing ja then 19 Neutraali Kielteinen Labov 1972a: The Social Stratification of English in New York City (2) tutkimuksen kulku: pilottihaastattelut (70) tavaratalotutkimus varsinaiset muodolliset sosiolingvistiset haastattelut (Lower East Side, New York) otanta aiemmin tehdyn sosiaaliseen surveytutkimuksen pohjalta 158 informanttia haastateltiin 122 kokonaista haastattelua ja 33 lyhyttä ALS televisiohaastattelua Tutkimus Manhattanin tavarataloissa kolme hintatasoltaan erilaista tavarataloa: Saks Fifth Avenue Macy s, 34th Street & 6th Avenue S. Klein, 14th Street & Broadway menetelmä: kysytään tietä jollekin 4. krs:ssa sijaitsevalle osastolle Tutkimus Manhattanin tavarataloissa Saks, 68 haastattelua Macy s, 125 haastattelua S. Klein, 71 haastattelua 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % no (r) some (r) all (r) Saks Macy's S.Klein Labov 1972a:51 17 Lähteenä Labovin teksti Quantitative Reasoning in Linguistics hänen omilla kotisivuillaan 18 William Labov 3

4 Observer s paradox: The aim of linguistic research in the community must be to find out how people talk when they are not being systematically observed: yet we can only obtain these data by systematic observation. Labov 1972a:209 Lähteenä Labovin teksti Quantitative Reasoning in Linguistics hänen omilla kotisivuillaan Language is not a property of the individual, but of the community Labov 1989: 52 A speech community cannot be conceived as a group of speakers who all use the same forms; it is best defined as a group who share the same norms in regard to language Labov 1972a: Not every style or point on the stylistic continuum is of equal interest to linguists. Some styles show irregular phonological and grammatical patterns, with a great deal of hypercorrection. In other styles, we find more systematic speech, where the fundamental relations which determine the course of linguistic evolution can be seen most clearly. This is the vernacular - the style in which the minimum attention is given to the monitoring of speech. Observation of the vernacular gives us the most systematic data for our analysis of linguistic structure. Labov 1972a: I have resisted the term sociolinguistics for many years, since it implies that there can be successful linguistic theory or practice which is not social. Labov, 1972, s. xiii 24 William Labov 4

5 It seems natural enough that the basic data for any form of general linguistics would be language as it is used by native speakers communicating with each other in everyday life. Labov 1972 a, p. 184 The data that we need cannot be collected from the closet or from any library, public or private; fortunately for us, there is no shortage of native speakers of most languages if we care to listen to them speak. Without such empirical data, we are now in the process of producing a great many well formed theories with nothing to stand on: beautiful constructions with ugly feet. Labov, 1972b, s. 124, Keskeistä materialismissa... the aim here is not necessary to provide linguistics with a new theory of language, but rather to provide a new method of work. Labov 1972 a, s. 207 language is a property of the speech community the approach is based on the objective methods of observation and experiment study of heterogeneity of the speech community and reduces this variation to series of regular quantitative patterns controlled by social factors Keskeistä materialismissa (2) the materialist position is inherently sceptical of the search for universals in the absolute sense of forms or relations found in every language without exception the materialist view finds the union of theory and practice in a close link to the procedures and aims of linguistic description, and a further development of the general theory of linguistic description. 29 Keskeistä materialismissa (3) explanation in the materialist approach is a search for substantive correlates of linguistic behaviour in its physical and social substrata adequate description of language must contain a dynamic and evolutionary perspective. 30 William Labov 5

6 Keskeistä materialismissa (4) Though production may be the preferred source of information on linguistic knowledge, one cannot deside the relevance of these data to the linguistic system without research on the perceptual correlates of variation. Our basic notions about the form and content of grammars cannot be developed fully until we know more about how listeners absorb, code and represent the vast amount of data on linguistic variation that they receive in the course of every-day life. Lähde: Labov, Some Observations on the Foundations of Linguistics, Labovin kotisivut 31 Although the models produced by sociolinguists are often felt in some sense to be closer to the data base than those of other types of linguists, it is important to remember that a representation such as Labov s graph of the variable realization of /r/ in New York City is actually an idealized model of sciolinguistic structure; the figures upon which it is based are the product of a long process of sociological, mathematical and linguistic abstraction Milroy 1987:1 32 Kirjallisuutta One of the minor laws of linguistic field work appears to be that the best informants bake the best apple pies. (Labov 1966: 140) Figueroa, E Sociolinguistic Metatheory. Oxford: Pergamon. Labov, W The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics a. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press b. Language in the inner city: Studies in black English vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press The exact description of a speech community, teoksessa Fasold R. ja D. Schiffrin, (toim.), Language Change and Variation. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co, s Labovin kotisivu: William Labov 6