The (very) basics of clause-linking Minimal well-formed clause (main clause) Lauseiden rinnastaminen core Two-clause coordinate structure + core Tommi Jantunen, SVKS112, 6.4.2017 core + core Subordinated complement clause core + core (+ core core + core + core ) BRIL, Isabelle (Ed.) 2010. Clause Linking and Clause Hierarchy : Syntax and Pragmatics. Philadelphia, PA, USA: John Benjamins Publishing Company. GAST, Volker & Diessel, Holger (Ed.) 2012. Clause Linkage in Cross-Linguistic Perspective: Data-Driven Approaches to Cross-Clausal Syntax. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. Background on clausal coordination Conjunctive coordination is primarily asyndetic in FinSL Typological perspective Traditionally defined as the linking of two (or more) clauses of the same rank. Structural symmetry vs. structural asymmetry Traditional question: How explicit is the linkage (syndetic vs. asyndetic)? Conjunctive ( and ), adversative ( but ), and disjunctive ( or ) coordination Bi-clausal vs. multiple coordination Specific questions for SLs Prosody of clausal coordination? Modality differences in clausal coordination? Presumed in the research into FinSL High frequency of ellipsis of thematic elements 1. BOY LOOK-AT ' REALLY NOTIFY DOG PALM-UP / PALM-DOWN [Ø BOY SEARCH Ø FROG ] ' [DOG HELP Ø BOY SEARCH STUDY] (The boy looked at the jar and then turned to the dog like "what now".) Well, the boy began to look for the frog and the dog helped him in the search.' 2. [ Ø BOY&SNOWMAN HOME+GO ] ' [ INDEX SNOWMAN GO ] 'They went home and the snowman left. 3. [ Ø WE BE-PRESENT HELSINKI ] ' [ Ø WE RETURN RECENTLY ] 'We were there in Helsinki and came back only recently. (CFINSL2013_005_05, signer 2, COO-2) (CFINSL2013_005_05, signer 1, COO-7) (Mocap data 2, signer 1, sentence 21) GAST, Volker & Diessel, Holger (2012). The typology of clause linkage: status quo, challenges, prospects. In Gast, Volker & Diessel, Holger (Eds.), Clause Linkage in Cross-Linguistic Perspective: Data-Driven Approaches to Cross-Clausal Syntax, pp. 1-36.. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. HASPELMATH, Martin (2007). Coordination. In Timothy Shopen (Ed.), Language typology and syntactic description: Complex constructions. Volume 2, pp. 1 51. Second edition. Cambridge: CUP. JANTUNEN, Tommi (under revision). Clausal coordination in FinSL. November 2014. TANG, Gladys & Lau, Prudence (2012). Coordination and subordination. In Roland Pfau, Markus Steinbach & Bencie Woll (Eds.), Sign language: An international handbook, pp. 340 365. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. 1
Adversative & disjunctive coordination is primarily syndetic in FinSL 4. On coordinators in FinSL...[NICE] ØBUT [TIRED EXHAUSTED] (The boy was happy and he waved farewell to the snowman.) He had had fun but now he was totally exhausted.' (CFINSL2013_008_05, signer 1, COO-8) 5....MAYBE STILL PRACTICE ICE-HOCKEY SURE INDEX ' BUT NEVERTHELESS FAVOR DECREASE '...people still practice ice hockey but its popularity has diminished. (CFINSL2013_008_06, signer 1, but-4) 6....ME SELF GROW-UP ALREADY ' OR CULTURE CLIMATE CHANGE... '(I don't know if it is) me who has grown up or if the cultural atmosphere has changed... (CFINSL2013_008_06, signer 1, or-2) Multiple coordination 7. 8. ALSO GO-FORWARD ' CL-A-"open door ' STUDY HOW CLOTHES They went on, opened the closet door and studied what kinds of clothes there were. (CFINSL2013_005_05, signer 1, COO-5) Multiple conjunctive coordination is primarily asyndetic. If there is a coordinator, it is attached prepositively to the final clause. In multiple adversative and disjunctive coordination, the syndetic strategy is preferred. The coordinators BUT and OR attach prepositively to the final clause. JANTUNEN, Tommi (under revision). Clausal coordination in FinSL. November 2014. OR NB! There is also a conjunctive coordinator AND in FinSL but it belongs to a highly marked register very close to Finnish. All coordinators can be used sentence-initially as turn-initial utterance particles. DAVIDSON, Kathryn (2013). And or or : General use coordination in ASL. Semantics & Pragmatics 6(4):1-44. HASPELMATH, Martin (2007). Coordination. In Timothy Shopen (Ed.), Language typology and syntactic description: Complex constructions. Volume 2, pp. 1 51. Second edition. Cambridge: CUP. JANTUNEN, Tommi (under revision). Clausal coordination in FinSL. November 2014. VELUPILLAI, Viveka (2012). An Introduction to Linguistic Typology. Amsterdam: JB. Yhteenveto lauserinnastuksen päätyypit SVK:ssa Semanttinen tyyppi Merkitön rakenne Merkkinen rakenne additiivi ( ja ) konjunktiot MYÖS, PLUS [POIKA ITKEÄ] [TYTTÖ NAURAA] [POIKA ITKEÄ] MYÖS [TYTTÖ NAURAA] konjunktio MUTTA [POIKA ITKEÄ] MUTTA [TYTTÖ NAURAA] [POIKA ITKEÄ] [TYTTÖ NAURAA] konjunktio TAI [POIKA ITKEÄ] TAI [TYTTÖ NAURAA] [POIKA ITKEÄ] [TYTTÖ NAURAA] kontrastiivi ( mutta ) h1: CL-A-"climbing-right-paw ' CL-V-"jump ' ESCAPE h2: CL-A-"climbing-left-paw CL-S-"edge ESCAPE 'Gently the frog climbed up the wall, jumped down from the edge of the jar, and escaped. (CFINSL2013_008_05, signer 2, COO-4) BUT Syndetic coordination is monosyndetic (as opposed to bi- or multisyndetic). On the basis of evidence from eye blinks, coordinators are used prepositively (as opposed to postpositively) with the second clause in FinSL. The use of conjunctive coordinators ALSO and PLUS is marked. PLUS disjunktiivi ( tai ) DAVIDSON, K. 2013. And or or : General use coordination in ASL. Semantics & Pragmatics 6(4), 1-44. GAST, V. & H. Diessel 2012. The typology of clause linkage: Status quo, challenges, prospects. Teoksessa V. Gast & H. Diessel (toim.), Clause Linkage in cross-linguistic perspective: Datadriven approaches to cross-clausal syntax, 1 36. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. HASPELMATH, M. 2007. Coordination. Teoksessa T. Shopen (toim.), Language typology and syntactic description: Complex constructions. Volume 2, 1-51. Toinen painos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. JANTUNEN, T. 2015. Clausal coordination in Finnish Sign Language. Julkaistavaksi tarjottu käsikirjoitus, tammikuu 2015. TANG, G. & Lau, P. 2012. Coordination and subordination. Teoksessa R. Pfau, M. Steinbach & B. Woll (toim.), Sign language: An international handbook, 340-365. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. 2
Prosodiaan liittyviä kysymyksiä 1. Millainen on ei-manuaalinen prosodia (so. kehon, pään ja kasvojen kerrosteinen toiminta) lauserinnastuksen tunnusmerkittömissä rakenteissa? 2. Miten prosodia muuttuu, kun tunnusmerkittömät konjunktiorakenteet (kontrastiivit ja disjunktiivit) tuotetaan tunnusmerkkisinä rakenteina? Kysymys 1 yhteenveto Semanttinen tyyppi Merkitön rakenne Prosodinen erityispiirre additiivi ( ja ) kontrastiivi ( mutta ) disjunktiivi ( tai ) konjunktio MUTTA konjunktio TAI pään sivusuuntainen kallistusliike, joka sitoo lauseet kokonaisuuksiksi pään syvyyssuuntainen liike konjunktioviittoman MUTTA aikana pää ja/tai keho liikkuvat TAI-viittoman aikana sivusuunnassa viittomatilan yhdesta paikasta toiseen paikkaan PFAU, R. & Quer, J. 2010. Nonmanuals: Their grammatical and prosodic roles. Teoksessa D. Brentari (toim.), Sign languages: A Cambridge language survey, 381-402. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. SANDLER, W. 2012. Visual prosody. Teoksessa R. Pfau, M. Steinbach & B. Woll (toim.), Sign language: An international handbook, 55-76. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. TANG, G. & Lau, P. 2012. Coordination and subordination. Teoksessa R. Pfau, M. Steinbach & B. Woll (toim.), Sign language: An international handbook, 340-365. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. DAVIDSON, K. 2013. And or or : General use coordination in ASL. Semantics & Pragmatics 6(4), 1-44. JANTUNEN, T. 2015. Clausal coordination in Finnish Sign Language. Julkaistavaksi tarjottu käsikirjoitus, tammikuu 2015. TANG, G. & Lau, P. 2012. Coordination and subordination. Teoksessa R. Pfau, M. Steinbach & B. Woll (toim.), Sign language: An international handbook, 340-365. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. Esimerkki 9 disjunktiivi ( tai ) Esimerkki 10 kontrastiivi ( mutta ) 3
Esimerkki 11 additiivi ( ja ) Kysymys 2 yhteenveto Semanttinen tyyppi Merkkinen rakenne Prosodinen erityispiirre kontrastiivi ( mutta ) normaalin pään liikkeen korostaminen, kehon liikkeen (prominentinpi) mukaantulo [POIKA ITKEÄ] Ø [TYTTÖ NAURAA] disjunktiivi ( tai ) [POIKA ITKEÄ] Ø [TYTTÖ NAURAA] normaalin kehon ja/tai pään liikkeen jopa liioittelu korostaminen DAVIDSON, K. 2013. And or or : General use coordination in ASL. Semantics & Pragmatics 6(4), 1-44. GAST, V. & H. Diessel 2012. The typology of clause linkage: Status quo, challenges, prospects. Teoksessa V. Gast & H. Diessel (toim.), Clause Linkage in cross-linguistic perspective: Data-driven approaches to cross-clausal syntax, 1 36. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. JANTUNEN, T. 2015. Clausal coordination in Finnish Sign Language. Julkaistavaksi tarjottu käsikirjoitus, tammikuu 2015. TANG, G. & Lau, P. 2012. Coordination and subordination. Teoksessa R. Pfau, M. Steinbach & B. Woll (toim.), Sign language: An international handbook, 340-365. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. Esimerkki 12 merkitön ja merkkinen kontrastiivirakenne [ ( auttaa) KYLLÄ ] r [ MUTTA Esimerkki 13 tunnusmerkkinen disjunktiivirakenne NYT (ei ole enää ) ] [ VANHA] [ MUKAVA ] TUTTU KUURO [MENNÄ-LUO ] [ VÄSYNYT ] 4
Yhteenveto prosodiasta Disjunktiivisella ja kontrastiivisella lauserinnastuksella on distinktiivinen ei-manuaalinen prosodia SVK:ssa (vrt. Davidson 2013). Additiivisen lauserinnastuksen osalta ei-manuaalinen prosodia ei ole yhtä yksiselitteinen, mutta pään sivusuuntaisella kallistusliikkeellä on siinä tärkeä rooli, kuten lausekoheesion ylläpitämisessä yleensäkin (ks. Pfau & Quer 2010). Manuaalisten merkitsinten poissaolo kasvattaa ei-manuaalisen prosodian roolia lauserinnastuksessa (Tang & Lau 2012). Prosodian ja syntaksin yhteispeli on SVK:n lauserinnastuksessa suhteellisen systemaattista (ks. Sandler 2012). SL-specific coordination List buoy construction Used to conjunctively coordinate multiple units and events. Is a prepositive and (bi- or) multisyndetic coordination strategy. Two simultaneously produced Type 3 verbals Simultaneous coordination of two clauses. Iconic modification of the movement parameter of verbal signs Express the temporal sequentiality of events. DAVIDSON, K. 2013. And or or : General use coordination in ASL. Semantics & Pragmatics 6(4), 1-44. GAST, V. & H. Diessel 2012. The typology of clause linkage: Status quo, challenges, prospects. Teoksessa V. Gast & H. Diessel (toim.), Clause Linkage in cross-linguistic perspective: Data-driven approaches to cross-clausal syntax, 1 36. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. JANTUNEN, T. 2015. Clausal coordination in Finnish Sign Language. Julkaistavaksi tarjottu käsikirjoitus, tammikuu 2015. PFAU, R. & Quer, J. 2010. Nonmanuals: Their grammatical and prosodic roles. Teoksessa D. Brentari (toim.), Sign languages: A Cambridge language survey, 381-402. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. SANDLER, W. 2012. Visual prosody. Teoksessa R. Pfau, M. Steinbach & B. Woll (toim.), Sign language: An international handbook, 55-76. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. TANG, G. & Lau, P. 2012. Coordination and subordination. Teoksessa R. Pfau, M. Steinbach & B. Woll (toim.), Sign language: An international handbook, 340-365. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. JANTUNEN, Tommi (under revision). Clausal coordination in FinSL. November 2014. LIDDELL, Scott K. (2003). Grammar, gesture, and meaning in ASL. Cambridge: CUP. VELUPILLAI, Viveka (2012). An Introduction to Linguistic Typology. Amsterdam: JB. Type 3 verbals Iconic modification of movement 14. 15. "the signer looks around in a puzzled manner" h1: CL-Vbent-"sit -right h2: CL-Vbent-"sit -left i. 'The boy and the dog sit and look around in a puzzled manner.' ii. 'The boy sits and looks around in a puzzled manner and the dog sits and looks around in a puzzled manner' (CFINSL2013_008_05, signer 2, COO-10) Ø SNOWMAN CL-Ax-"play with the light switch" ' "LAMP-ON/LAMP-OFF" 'The snowman turns the switch and looks to see how the light goes first on and then off.' (CFINSL2013_008_05, signer 1, COO-5) 5
Modality differences in clausal coordination The clause CA sample In terms of basic clausal coordination, FinSL is very similar to the world's spoken languages. However, the visual-gestural channel of FinSL and of all SLs nevertheless affects the way how clauses can be coordinated. From the perspective of SLs, the modality differences are being caused, most notably, by the presence of the "other" hand (together with other non-manual articulators) and by the pervasive iconicity in sign language structure. Frog, where are you? Five native FinSL signers (1 male, 4 female; ages between 20 60 years) Combined duration 13 minutes and 18 seconds 1473 sign tokens 537 structurally annotated (verbal centered) clauses 198 instances of CA Question: How does the presence of CA affect flat linkage (cf. clausal coordination) in FinSL? JANTUNEN, Tommi (under revision). Clausal coordination in FinSL. November 2014. Annotation of clauses flat linkages Overview (16) a. n BOY n DOG v CARRY n FROG ' x TOGETHER v GO-HOME [A ] Vr1 P x (S) Vr2 'The boy and the dog carry the frog and together they go home.' b. n FROG / v k CL-V-circle ' v k CL-V-jump ' v BOUNCE n WINDOW TOP svr1 svr2 (A) Vr3 P 'The frog moves around (in the jar), jumps up and bounces to the window.' The average share of CA in the story is 35% (the average in Auslan is 34%). JANTUNEN, T. (2017). Constructed action, the clause and the nature of syntax in Finnish Sign Language. Manuscript submitted for publication. FERRARA, L. & Johnston, T. (2014). Elaborating who s what: A study of constructed action and clause structure in Auslan (Australian Sign Language). Australian Journal of Linguistics 34:193 215. HODGE, G. & Ferrara, L. (2013). Showing the story: Enactment as performance in Auslan narratives. In L. Gawne & J. Vaughan (eds.), Selected Papers from the 44th Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society, 372 397. Melbourne: University of Melbourne. JANTUNEN, T. (2017). Constructed action, the clause and the nature of syntax in Finnish Sign Language. Manuscript submitted for publication. 6
Linking of clauses Linking of clauses The more CA there is in the narratives, the higher the percentual share of those predicates (of all predicates) participating in flat clausal linkages (R=0.920). Stories with a high proportion of CA also allow for a large number of clauses (even seven or eight) to be combined with a flat linkage (R=0.969). JANTUNEN, T. (2016). Clausal coordination in Finnish Sign Language. Studies in Language 40(1), 204-234. JANTUNEN, T. (2017). Constructed action, the clause and the nature of syntax in Finnish Sign Language. Manuscript submitted for publication. JANTUNEN, T. (2016). Clausal coordination in Finnish Sign Language. Studies in Language 40(1), 204-234. JANTUNEN, T. (2017). Constructed action, the clause and the nature of syntax in Finnish Sign Language. Manuscript submitted for publication. Gesture IN language syntax Two different prototypes More conventional categorical syntax More unconventional gradient syntax Iconicity Unconventionality Gradience + Restricted use of CA Extensive use of CA Preference for clauses that have a sequential internal organization (e.g. clauses are built with Type 1 and 2 verbals) Clausal linkage may also be hierarchical (i.e. the linkage involves coordination and subordination) Nonmanual activity contributes to the clausal level (e.g. the role of the head is relatively salient) Preference for clauses that have a simultaneous internal organization (e.g. clauses are built with Type 3 verbals) Clausal linkage is primarily flat (i.e. the linkage involves coordination and clause chaining) Nonmanual activity contributes to the discourse level (e.g. the role of the whole body is relatively salient) OKRENT, A. (2002). A modality-free notion of gesture and how it can help us with the morpheme vs. gesture question in sign language linguistics (or at least give us some criteria to work with). In Richard P. Meier, Kearsy Cormier & David Quinto-Pozos (eds.), Modality and structure in signed and spoken languages, 175-198. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. JANTUNEN, T. (2016). Constructed action, the clause and the nature of syntax in Finnish Sign Language. Manuscript submitted for publication, November 2016. 7