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JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN THE ARTS 74 A,88" K@DFFH,*H Q+9?%+7 A+C+) 93O?; 19! Мир героев романа Александра Солженицына В круге первом Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston vanhassa juhlasalissa (S 212) heinäkuun 28. päivänä 2001 kello 12. E F@(:"F4b 'J<">4H"D>@(@ L"8J:\H,H" I>4&,DF4H,H" _&bf8`:b BJ$:4R>"b 2"V4H" *4FF,DH"P44 >" F@4F8">4, JR.>@6 FH,B,>4 *@8H@D" L4:@F@L44 F@FH@4HFb 28-(@ июля 2001 (@*" & 12 R"F@& & EH"D@< "8H@&@< 2":, I>4&,DF4H,H" (S 212) UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2001

Q+9?%+7 A+C+) 93O?; 19! Мир героев романа Александра Солженицына В круге первом

JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN THE ARTS 74 A,88" K@DFFH,*H Q+9?%+7 A+C+) 93O?; 19! Мир героев романа Александра Солженицына В круге первом UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2001

Editors Matti Vainio Department of Musicology, University of Jyväskylä Olli Ahonen Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä URN:ISBN:9513912183 ISBN 951-39-1218-3 (PDF) ISBN 951-39-0958-1 (nid.) ISSN 0075-4633 Copyright 2001, by University of Jyväskylä

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ABSTRACT Forsstedt, Pekka Man in the Face of Evil. The World of Heroes in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn s Novel The First Circle. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2001, 171 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in The Arts, ISSN 0075-4633; 74) ISBN 951-39-1218-3 Summary (Diss.) The study is concerned with the worlds of heroes in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn s novel The First Circle. The main methodological principle is tracing and analysing the point of view of the hero and the ways in which it is narrated ( close reading ). The work consists of two parts, titled Power and Man and the System. Approaches vary from socio-critical and historical ones to psychological and philosophical enquiries. On the basis of such multi-faceted criticism, the poetical canvas of the novel is constructed. The analysis proceeds along the lines of the plot of the novel. One of the most important aspects of this particular novel, and of the author s whole artistic work, is its grounding in facts. The novel is structured as a kind of collage of elements of reality, where the relations between the parts play a central role. On the ethical measure, the main problem of the novel is the problem of evil and it s relation to the individual, on the other hand, and to society as a whole on the other. The context is Russian history, one of its darkest times of Soviet power, the late Stalinism. What kind of people then lived in Russia, what did they do, how did they feel and think? The purpose of this work is to constitute the universality of the concept of man in the context of this particular novel. The characters in it are the same as humans anywhere and anytime, but they are subjected to incredibly harder conditions than people usually are. Thus Solzhenitsyn s novel is like a laboratory of human ethics, where the motivation behind people s actions is divided between the spirit and the pleasure, and the many combinations they form. The novel is also considered in relation to the great tradition of Russian literature and thought. Keywords: The First Circle by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, characters, history, system, power, conscience, evil

Author s address Pekka Forsstedt Tyyppäläntie 2 A 5 40250 Jyväskylä E-mail: pekka_forsstedt@hotmail.com Supervisor Professor Erkki Peuranen Department of Russian University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Reviewers Professor Erkki Peuranen Department of Russian University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Professor Vladimir Zaharov Department of Russian Literature Petrozadovsk State University Petrozadovsk, Russia Opponent Professor Vladimir Zaharov Department of Russian Literature Petrozadovsk State University Petrozadovsk, Russia

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14 >'(-*=H(.+0(22, *-',0,??'(2B(.9-C >,?-<-4 >-.1+(/3, (7, >,/-+-B(.9-C 0?7/3),0, >=5/-<-.+-9-, -.+,'-B(.9-C 9,2<(><-4 - +.). T=),;(.+0(22,(.0,(,5'1?-( (7, +0,'B(.+01 30/3(+.3 >'()*(+,* '1..*,+'(2-3 0 *,2,7'1L-- #;. M='+-.1 Solzhenitsyn=s traditional imagination. (Curtis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unlop J.P. Solzhenitsyn s First Circle. Yale U. 1973) 7/10264,5F(9+ -../(),012-3 -.+1/-2.913 *1D-21 0/1.+-. A%2L('21/@264 *-'@.+1/-2.9,7, 0'(*(2-.'102-01(+.3. A1),*@ #12+(,,5.=;)1A+.3 B(/,0(B(.9-( L19+,'6, >,))(';-01AH-( +('',', >'-B-26, >, 9,+,'6* /A)- 065-'1/-.,+'=)2-B(.+0,. >'(.+=>2,4 0/1.+@A. K19;( =)(/3(+.3 02-*12-( +(*, 9+, 5',.1(+ 06?,0 '(;-*= - 065-'1(+ Ato pay the price of integrity@; 1 +19;(,+2,D(2-3* *=;B-2 - ;(2H-2 >'-.+1/-2.9,* '(;-*(. $(.9,/@9, >'3*,/-2(42,( '1?)(/(2-( 7(',(0 21 Adevils@ - @angels@ /-D1(+ *-' 7(',(0 ',*121 01;26C >.-C,/,7-B(.9-C,++(29,0, 2, *,;(+ 56+@,5F3.2(2, +(*, B+, 0 15 1 :'102-9,/,'-+264 '1..91? 0 AK(/G29(@, 919 K01'),0.9-4,?1C01B(2264 B=0.+0,* '(1/@2,4,>1.2,.+-, 0+32=+64 0 -.>,/-2.9=A.+1/-2.9=A *1D-2= A)(D-L',09-@ 7,/,.,0 - /A)(4, +'(5=(+ 0,)9-,?1;-71(+ 0.( /1*>6 -, -.>6+6013.-*>1+-A +, 9 ;('+0(, +, 9 >1/1B=, 9,2B1(+ 919-*-+, >,/=5(?=*-(*.

16,9,2B1+(/@2,4 '()19<-- ',*121 *2,7-( 7(',- >,)0('7/-.@ 5,/@D,4 ),'15,+9( >, /-2-- =7/=5/(2-3 >.-C,/,7-?*1, 2(9,+,'6( ;( C1'19+('6, 919 :,/,7)-2, >'(+('>(/- 91')-21/@26( -?*(2(2-3, +19-*,5'1?,*,.1* >-.1+(/@ 2( 56/ =),0/(+0,'G2 +,4 0('.-(4 ',*121, 9,+,'13,91?1/1.@ - 21-5,/(( '1.>',.+'12(21-21-5,/(( -?=B(21. #-..('+1<-3!/1)-./101 M'1.2,01 - Krasnov V.G. Polyphony of The First Circle: A Study in the Solzhenitsyn s Affinity with Dostoevsky. Ph.D. Univ. Of Washington (Seattle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m 1,..236.

! Z-2/32)-- ',*12 -*(/,+9/-9- >'- (7, -?)12-- 0 1970 7,)=, >'10)1, 0,.2,02,*, >,/-+-B(.9,7, C1'19+('1 3. :,0'(*(226( -../(),012-3 >, ',*12=,+.=+.+0=A+, 1 0,..+12,0/(2213 0('.-3 ',*121 2( >'-2-*1(+.3 0, 02-*12-( )1;( 0 1997 7,)=. K19, N(1 K,40,/1 0 ;='21/@2,4.+1+@( 0 AM12101@, 0(',3+2,, 2( B-+10D13 ',*12 >,-'=..9-,.=)-+, 6-4 0('.-- ',*121 919,9,2B1+(/@2,4. P/10213 *6./@ >,/2,4 912,2-B(.9,4 0('.-- ',*121, +,*, B+, >,.+=>,9,+)(/@2,7, B(/,0(91 *,;(+ 0/-3+@ 21 C,) -.+,'-- - -*((+ 2'10.+0(22,(?21B(2-(,,91?1/1.@.,0('D(22, (A 2( >,23+,4.!?1*(2 E+,7,, 21,.2,012-- *6./-!.M'1.2,01, >,/-L,2-B(.9,* '102,>'10-- -)(,/,7-B(.9-C >,?-<-4 7(',(0 ',*121 -,5,+.=+.+0-- 0 ',*12( 10+,'.9,4 >,?-<--, -../(),01+(/@2-<1.B-+1(+ 0,?*,;2,4-2+('>'(+1<-A ',*121. +,B9-?'(2-3 A/-5('1/@2,7,.,<-1/-?*1@ -,+*(B1(+, B+, 0, 0?7/3)1C I=5-21 - I1),0-B1 21.,<-1/-?* >,).,?21+(/@2, 21D/-,+'1;(2-( 0?7/3)6 10+,'1. R21.B-+1(+, B+, 0 E+,* ',*12(, +19 ;( 919-0 AI19,0,* 9,'>=.(@, :,/;(2-<62 )1G+ A>,./()2-4 D12.@ A,52,0/G22,*= 9,**=2-?*=@: AEdellä esitetty Aliberaalien sosialistien tulkinta teoksesta ei tosin ole sinänsä mahdoton ja voisi nyt olla yleisesti hyväksytty, jos kommunismi olisi kyennyt uudistumaan. Saattaa jopa olla, että Solzhenitsyn tarjosi tähän Aviimeistä mahdollisuutta@...(toivola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b; N-LD-< 19901, 1990b, $,0-9,0 1990,!-2,9=' 1991, K(/-<621 1991, P'3?2(0-B 1994,.+1+@- N1+62-2,4 1990-1995,.+1+@- $(*?('1 1990-1998, Z'-)/(2)(' 1993). K,>,/,7-B(.9-4 '3), 0 9,+,'64.+10-+.3 :,/;(2-<62, ),0,/@2, D-',9, 2, 21-5,/(( B1.+, >',./(;-01A+.3.03?-. '=..9-*- 9/1..-91*- 19 0(91 ( [()'-21 1992b, N='@( 1993,!-2,7'1),0 1993, M'(),0 1994, $(*?(' 1994c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m 5.

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d, 10) %*(22, -? E+,7, >,/,;(2-3 06+(91(+, >, *2(2-A :>-019,0.9,7,,.+'(*/(2-( :,/;(2-<621 9 >,B+- +,B2,*= C=),;(.+0(22,*= 0,..,?)12-A >,)/-22,4 ;-?2(22,4 '(1/@2,.+- 0 (G A0('+-91/@2,.+-@, 1 +19;( -.9/AB-+(/@213 71'*,2-B2,.+@ )=C,02,7, *-'1 >-.1+(/3. ](2+'1/@213 >',5/(*1 >,B+- 0.(C 7(',(0 :,/;(2-<621,,+*(B1(+.3 0 -../(),012--, - E+, >',5/(*1 065,'1, 1 +19;(,.,?212-( )(4.+0-3 &',*6./1

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