VESIENTUTKIMUSLAITOKSEN JULKAISUJA PUBLICATIONS OF THE WATER RESEARCH INSTITUTE

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1 VESIENTUTKIMUSLAITOKSEN JULKAISUJA PUBLICATIONS OF THE WATER RESEARCH INSTITUTE Guy Hällfors: A preliminary check-list of the phytoplankton of the northern Baltic Sea Tiivistelmä: Alustava pohjoisen Itämeren kasviplanktonluettelo 3 Guy Hällfors, Terttu Melvasalo, Åke Niemi & Hilkka Viljamaa: Effect of different fixatives and preservatives on phytoplankton counts Tiivistelmä: Erilaisten säilöntäaineiden vaikutus kasviplanktonin laskentatuloksiin 25 Lea Kauppi: Phosphorus and nitrogen input from rural population, agriculture and forest fertilization to watercourses Tiivistelmä: Haja-asutuksesta. maanviljelystä ja metsänlannoituksesta aiheutuva fostori- ja typpikuorma 35 lippo Kettunen: Horizontal differences in water quality in an area of Lake Saimaa polluted by waste waters Tiivistelmä: Veden laadun horisontaaliset erot jätevesien pilaamalla vesialueella Saimaalla 47 Tellervo Kylä-Harakka: Application of the Streeter-Phelps model to the Äänekoski watercourse, Central Finland Tiivistelmä: Streeter-Phelps-mallin soveltaminen Äänekosken vesireitille 52 Kalle Matti Lappalainen, Jorma Niemi & Kari Kinnunen: A phosphorus retention model and its application te Lake Päijänne Tiivistelmä: Fosforimalli ja sen soveltaminen Päijänteeseen 6 Maarit Niemi & Jorma Niemi: Diurnal variation of bacteria and bacteriophages in sewage effluent and the flow time of sewage through a treatment plant Tiivistelmä: Bakteerien ja bakteriofaagien esiintyminen puhdistetussa jätevedessä vuorokauden aikana ja puhdistamon viipymän määrittäminen 68 Titta Ojanen: Phosphorus and nitrogen balance of the eutrophic Lake Tuusulanjärvi Tiivistelmä: Tuusulanjärven typpi- ja fosforitase 74 Ilkka Rinne, Terttu Melvasalo, Ake Niemi & Lauri Niemistö: Nitrogenfixation (acetylene reduction method) by blue-green algae in the Baltic Sea in 975 and 977 Tiivistelmä: Sinilevien typensidonta Itämeressä 975 ja Matti Verta, Veijo Miettinen & Kirsti Erkomaa: Concentrations of chlorinated hydro carbons in pike from the Turku archipelago in the years Tiivistelmä: Kloorattujen hiilivetyjen pitoisuuksista Turun saariston hauissa vuosina VESIHALL.ITUS NATIONAL BOARD OF WATERS, FINLAND Helsinki 979

2 ISBN ISSN Helsinki 98. Valtion painatuakeskua

3 35 PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN INPUT FROM RU.. RAL POPULATION, AGRICULTURE AND FOREST FERTILIZATION TO WATERCOURSES Lea Kauppi KAUPPI, L Phosphorus and nitrogen input frorn rural population, agriculture and forest fertiization to watercourses. Publications of the Water Research Institute, National Board of Waters, Finland, No. 34. The significance of rural population, agriculture and forest fertilization as loading factors of watercourses was estimated on the basis of the observa tions in six small drainage basins. The data included continuous runoff observations and observations on water quality made once a month during the years The load caused by one inhabitant in a rural area vas on an average.2 kg a phosphorus and.3 kg a nitrogen, i.e. a minor part of that of an urban inhabitant. Cultivation of Iand caused the phosphorus load of.57 kg ha a and the nitrogen load of 2kgha a, calculated as a mean value for the whole period. However, the amounts varied considerably from year to year. The amounts leached were on an average equivalent to % and 3 % of the asnounts given in fertilizers, respectively. The effect of forest PK-fertilization on the phosphorus Ioad was strongest during a year after fertilization. Calculated per fertilization area the increase in phosphorus load was then.64 kg ha a. Index words: Agriculture, forest fertilization, nitrogen, non-point source Ioading, phosphorus, representative basins, rural population, water quality.. INTRODUCTION 2. OBSERVATION BASINS Estimates of diffuse load of phosphorus and nit rogen to Finnish lakes and rivers have been presented in many studies (Kajosaari 965, Särkkä 972, Kauppi 979), which have dis cussed total diffuse load. It would, however, often be important to be able to distinguish between different non-point sources. The aim of this study was to provide some estimates of the significance of sparse population, agriculture and forest fertilization as loading factors of water courses. Of the six observation basins two were located in Vihti, southern Finland, two in Orivesi, central Finland and two in Ruokolahti, south eastern Finland (Fig. ). Factors describing the characteristics of the basins are presented in Table. The basins have been described in detail by Mustonen (965). Maps of the Teeressuonoja and Kylmänoja basins are presented in Fig. 2. The Siukolanpuro basin consists of the Paunulanpuro basin plus a derisily populated area of.36 km2 (Fig. 3).

4 nitrite, were 36 5 lm Fig. 3. The basins of Paunulanpuro and Siukolanpuro. Fig.. The location of the observation basins. The houses are without sewerage, however. The Huhtisuonoja basin was forest drained in and fertilized in and 973 (Fig. 4). The time and amounts of fertilization are also presented in Fig. & The largest fertiliza tion was carried out in MATERIAL AND METHODS 5 m Cuttivated Iand Fig. 2. The basins of Teeressuonoja and Kylmänoja. Hydrologic observations in the drainage basins were carried out by the Hydrological Office of the Water Research Institute. A measuring weir with a recording gauge was built in each drainage basin for making runoff observations. Water sampies were taken from the overflow of each measuring weir once a month. This study was concerned with ammonium, nitrate, total nitrogen and total phosphorus, although other parameters conductivity and total iron COD, colour, ph, electric also analyzed. The methods used were those presented by Erkomaa et al. (977). The data included the results of the period for the basins Teeressuonoja, Kyl mänoja, Paunulanpuro and Siukolanpuro and of the period for Latosuonoja and Table. Factors describing the characteristics of the observation basins (PEQ = person equivalent). Factor Basin Teeressuonoja Kylmänoja Paunulanpuro Siukolanpuro Latosuonoja Huhnsuonoja Drainage area, km Cultivated land, ha Cultivated Jand, % Peatland, % Population density, p km Livestock, PEQ km

5 37 Forest fertilization [: 967 N-Fo 5 K kg/ha fl kg/ha kg/ha L9 6? kg/ha kg/ha fltflhfl973 LLJJJ 973 2o kg/ha kg/ha , 35 kg/hci kg/ha Cultivated Iand O / / / / 66 Huhtisuon oja / / 9 5 lm Fig. 4. The basins of Latosuonoja and Huhtisuonoja. Huhtisuonoja. Mean values of concentrations were cal culated for each basin yearly and for the whole observation period. The monthly nutrient load of the basins were calculated according to the formula ()

6 kgkrii 2d Kylmanoja 55 kgkn Inorg.N 2-4 Kylmänojo c -n. UI 3 25 kgkn -uubd k Teeressuonojo ) z 4- -, / 2, /, / / /, / / / Fig. 6. Annual phosphorus loads of Teeressuonoja and Kylmänoja in kgkm& 4- - Siukotanpuro Inorg. N kgkm a Tee ressuonoja On o c I 35 2 kgkm cf Paunulanpuro Fig. 5. Annual nitrogen loads of Teeressuonoja and Kylmänoja in Fig. 7. Annual nitrogen loads of Paunulanpuro and Siukolanpuro in

7 39 Lmj = k.cj.qj Lmj Cl qj k load of the i:th month, kg km 2 month concentration in the i:th observation, gl = mean runoff of the i:th month, s km2 =2.592.O The annual loads were then obtained by summation and their mean values calculated. The differences between Kylmänoja and Teeres suonoja and between Siukolanpuro and Paunu lanpuro represented the effects of inhabitation and cultivation of land. The proportions of the two factors were calculated by a pair of equa tions. In order to determine the effect of forest fertilization the ratio of annual phosphorus loads of Huhtisuonoja and Latosuonoja and changes in the ratio were studied. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4. Effect of inhabitation and cultivation of Iand on the diffuse Ioad of phos phorus and nitrogen Mean concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen were much higher in Kylmänoja and Siukolanpu ro than in Teeressuonoja and Paunulanpuro, but the mean runoffs of the observation period did not differ from each other in the basins (Tabies 2 and 3). The annual loads of phosphorus and nit rogen varied significantly from year to year in every basin (Fig. 5 8). For phosphorus ioads (kg km2a) the variation was as follows Teeressuonoja Kylmänoja Paunulanpuro Siukolanpuro and for nitrogen loads (kg km Teeressuonoja Kylmänoja Paunulanpuro Siukolanpuro 2a) respectively () The dependence of annual loads on runoff was quite strong, especially in the case of nit rogen. The major part of inorganic nitrogen was nitrate. The effects of inhabitation and cultivation of iand were calculated from the results of Kyl mänoja and Siukolanpuro, as the number of inhabitants, hectares of cultivated iand and the loads of phosphorus and nitrogen in the basins were ali known. The mean annual load of phosphorus in Kyl mänoja was 23 kg km 2 a, i.e. 92 kg a from the whole 4 km2 basin. Substracting the natural load (5 kg km2a according to resuits of Teeressuonoja) from this, the increase in phos phorus load caused by sparse population and eultivation of iand was 72 kg a for the whole basin. There were 87 inhabitants and 8 hectares of cultivated land in the Kylmänoja basin. If x is the load caused by one inhabitant and y the load caused by cultivation of one hectare, equation (2) can be written: -U U kg kgkrrr 2& Siukolanpuro iiiwj Paunutanpuro The effect of inhabitation and cultivation of land was, however clear (Tabies 4 and 5). Fig. 8. Annual phosphorus Ioads of Paunulanpuro and Siukolanpuro in

8 4 87xp + lo8yp = 72 The densily populated area of the Siukolan puro basin (= Siukolanpuro minus Paunulanpuro) had 85 inhabitants and 3 hectares of cultivated land. The increase of annual phosphorus load compared with the natural load is 7.7 kga for the.36 km2 basin. Equation(3)istherefore: 7.7 (3) 85xp+l3yp=l Solving the equations (4) and (5) gives a value Solving equations (2) and (3) xp has a value for xn of.3 kg a (nitrogen load of one of.2 kg a, i.e. the annual phosphorus load inhabitant) and for YN of 2.4 kg a (the in caused by one inhabitant in a rural area is.2 crease in annual nitrogen load per hectare caused kg per year. Respectively yp is.57 kg a, by cultivation). which is the inerease in annual phosphorus Ioad Because the results have been calculated ac per hectare caused by cultivation. cording to the observations of two basins, they The mean annual. load of nitrogen in Kyl have to be regarded as a case study. It is possible, mänoja during the observation period was 52 that areas now under cultivation would load kg km watercourses also in a natural state more than fore 2 8 kga. The natural load was estimated forested areas, because fields in Kylmänoja and to be 8 kg km Siukolanpuro basins are mainly naturally fertile clayey soils where as forested areas are less fertile oja. So we arrive at equation (4) moreine soils. The effect of this difference could not be considered in this study. The loads per (4) one hectare of cultivated Iand agree, however, 2 a, and from the whole basin there 2a, or 72 kga for the 4 km2 area according to the results of Teeressuon 87 xn + 8 YN = 36 (2) In Siukolanpuro the annual nitrogen load from the whole.86 km2 basin was 465 kg a. Substracting the share of Paunulanpuro, 225 kg a, the nitrogen load from the.36 km2 basin becomes 24 kg a, The natural Ioad can be estimated to be 54 kg a according to the results of Paunulanpuro. Equation (5) isthen: 86 (5) 8SxN+l3yN= Table 2. Means (5E) of concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen, their standard deviations (s) and t-values in Teeres suonoja and Kylmänoja during the period Teeressiionoja Kylmänoja Parameter 5 s x s t-vue Tot. P, jig i NH 4-N,igl *** 3-N,.ug N 473*** Tot. N, jg i *** Runoff, s km = statistically highly significant (99.9 % prob.) ** = statistically significant (99 % prob.) * = statistically almost significant (95 % prob.) Table 3. Means () of concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen, their standard deviations (s) and t-values in Paunu lanpuro and Siukolanpuro during the period Paunulanpuro Siukolanpuro Parameter t-value s s Tot.P, tgi *** 4-N, g *** NH 3-N,j.tg N 999*** Tot.N, jg *** Runoff, s knr

9 4 () Table 4. Means of annual loads of phosphorus and nitrogen, their standard deviations (s) and t-values in Teeres suonoja and Kylmänoja during the period Teeressuonoja Kylmänoja Parameter t-value x s x s P-Joad, kg km2a kg km2a kg km2 a N-Ioad, NH 4-load, N 2a 3-load, kgkm * 574*** * Table 5. Means (5 of annual Ioads of phosphorus and nitrogen, their standard deviations (s) and t-values in Paunulan puro and Siukolanpuro during the period Parameter P-load, kg km2a kg km2a kg krn N-Ioad, kg km2a NH 4-Ioad, N 3-load, 2a Paunulanpuro Siukolanpuro t-value 5 s s 4.9* *** * 7.25* with estimates of other studies. On this basis a risk has been taken to make further calculations of the significance of agriculture and rural lation as loading factors. Sparse population causes less pollution of waters per inhabitant than population with sewerage, It has been estimated sewage coming from the waste water treatment plant of inhabitants contains on an average 2.2 g d phosphorus and gd nitrogen per inhabitant (National Board of Waters 976). Annually this amounts to.8 kg phosphorus and 4, kg nitrogen per inhabitant. Thus a person living in a city causes a phosphorus Ioad over 6 times of a rural inhabitant. For nitrogen the difference is even greater. The National Board of Waters (976) has laid down the objectives for reducing waste water load by 98. For domestic sewage the objective is an effective reduction of phosphorus, in practice 8 9 % reduction. The residual load would then be of the same order of magnitude per inhabitant as in a rural area. For nitrogen no specific objectives have been laid down. Amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen reaching watercourses from cultivated land are small compared with the amounts spread on to the soil as fertilizers. In Kylmänoja the amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen which reached the that popu that watercourse were on an average equivalent to % and 3 % of the amounts given in fertilizers, spectivey. However, the amounts varied sderably from year to year depending on weather conditions, crop etc. For example the phorus Ioad per hectare varied from.7 to.5 kg in Kylmänoja during the period , and the nitrogen load from 5 to 39 kg ha Kajosaari (965) has sthdied the Ieaching of phosphorus from cultivated land. He found out that one hectare of cultivated land increased the phosphorus load by.63 kga. This value agrees well with the results of this study. Mussaari and Pekkarinen (978) have estimated that some 3 kgs of nitrate were leached per hectare of cultivated Iand from the Kyrkå River area in 977. In Kylmänoja the Iargest Ioad of nitrogen was 39 kgs per hectare of cultivated land in 97. Thus these results are also in mu tual agreement. In Scandinavia several studies have been made concerning nutrient loads from cultivated Iand. For example Ahi (977) has presented results from Sweden, Holmen (977) from Norway and Larsen (977) from Denmark. In Table 6 some results have been collected. Estimated nutrient loads vary considerably. This variation is caused by differences in soil type, the length of observa a a. con phos

10 land non-cultivated ultivated non-cultivated cultivated nutrient-poor nutrient-rich non-cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated 42 Table 6. Some results of studies concerning nutrient load from non-cultivated and cultivated land in Nordic countries. a) Country Nutrient load (kg ha use Phosphorus Nitrogen Reference Sweden AhI (977) Ahi (977) Norway Holmen (977) Holmen (977) Denmark land.5 5 Larsen (977) land Larsen (977) Finland Kauppi (979).63 Kajosaari (965) 3 Mussaari and Pekkarinen (978).57 2 This study tion period and weather conditions during the period. In order to get precise values for nutrient ioads from cultivated land in a certain area, it would he necessary to perform a study in the area. centrations higher than before fertilization were found for 2 3 years after fertilization. The results of the years were used to determine the regression function between the monthly phosphorus loads of Huhtisuonoja and Latosuonoja before fertilization. The correlation 4.2 Effect of forest fertilization on the was strong (r =.97). The calculated loads for diffuse Ioad of phosphorus Huhtisuonoja for the years were obtained from the results of Latosuonoja using High concentrations of phosphorus were ob- this regression function. The effect of fertiliza served in Huhtisuonoja during spring and autumn floods after forest fertilization (Fig. c I -c In a 9). Con tion was clear: Phosphorus Ioad Huhti- (kg km suonoja calculated observed Ratio (C) () C O:C a) The effect was strongest in the year of fer tilization or one year after (Figs. and ). Fig. 9. Variation of total phosphorus concentration in Huhtisuonoja in Calculated per fertilization area the increase

11 - 43 in phosphorus load was.64 kg ha a in 968, a year after the largest fertilization had been implemented. This represented 2. of the amount of phosphorus spread in fertilizers in 967. The relation of cumulative phosphorus loads showed elearly the effect of fertilization (Fig. 2). Linna (966) found that forest PK-fertiliza tion resulted in high phosphate concentrations in the spring after fertilization, He did not cal culate the loads because of the short observation period. Särkkä (97) studied the effects of PK fertilization on phosphorus load. The load in creased 2 kg km2 a on an average during of the amount of phosphorus spread in fertilizers. the first year, which corresponded to.5 Karsisto and Ravela (97) found that the summer phosphorus load increased 66 g ha % % after PK-fertilization, Spring and autumn floods were not studied, Kenttämies (977) studied the leaching of phosphorus and potassium from drained and fertilized peatlands. He found that in the two observation basins the leaching of phosphorus increased 59 kg km respectively, during the first year after fertiliza 2a and 47 kg km tion. This accounted for about phorus given in fertilizers. % 2a. of the phos -o UI 5. SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENT NON-POINT SOURCES TO THE NUTRIENT LOAD OF WATER COURSES Non-point sources comprised an important pat of the total pollution load to watercourses in Finland in 976 (Table 7). The nutrient loads from industry and domestic sewage are based on statistics gathered by the National Board of Waters (977 and 978). Because of partial use of the existing production capacity in 976, 65 kgknf. 2 Huhtisuonoja Jh HHL kgkm a -t -c Observed phosphorus Ica Fig.. Correlation between calculated and observed annual phosphorus loads in Huhtisuonoja in I:ig.. Annual phosphorus loads of Fiuhtisuonoja and Latosuonoja in

12 44 Table 7. Phosphorus and nitrogen load from point and non-point sources in Finland in kgki Latosuonojo 32 Fig. 2. The relation of cumulative phosphorus Ioads ot Huhtisuonoja and Latosuonoja in Source Nutrient load (t a) Phosphorus Nitrogen Industrial effluents 57 (8)* 5 7 (8 )* Sewage 6 2 Sparse population 2 Agriculture 79 ( 4)** 23 (3 )** Forest fertilization 53 * Estimates for % use of capacity. ** Mean values for the period estimates of ioads for % use have been made in parenthesis. Phosphorus and nitrogen ioads from sparse population have been calcuiated by muitiplying the specific ioads obtained in this study by the amount of population without sewerage. In order to obtain the nutrient load caused by cuitivation of iand the specific loads of one hectare in 976 in this study and the total area of cuitivated land were used. Loads calcuiated using specific loads from ali the data of have been presented in parenthesis for com parison, because the year 976 was exceptionally dry. The ioads of forest fertilization are those estimated by Kenttämies (978). The ioad caused by cuitivation of land inciudes also the load of cattle-farming. It was supposed that ali the manure was used as fertiiizer, The natural ioad was not inciuded in Table 7, because it is a part of the natural cycie of nutrients and not loading in the same sense as the others. Domestic sewage comprises the greatest singh source of phosphorus load to watercourse Cultivation of land is, however, of the same order of magnitude during normal weather conditions. It is more difficult to compare the effects in a recipient, because a common opinion is that phosphorus from the former source is biologicaily more easily available than that froir the latter. In any case the effects of domestk sewage can easily be determined because of irs point source character. Phosphorus load from sparse population is nowadays barely one eighth part of the load of domestic sewage and about one quarter of that of industrial effluents. Even if the objective of an effective reduction of phosphorus from sewage were reaiized, the significance of sparse population as a loading factor would remain slight, because more peopie wili be connectcd with sewerage. The National Board of Waters (976) has laid down the objective that the phosphorus load of industrial effluents should be decreased to 2 8 t per year in 98. If the use of fertilizers does not increase markediy, the loads from agriculture and forestry will remain at their present level. Therefore phosphorus loading kgd or about to watercourses may decrease in the 98 s. In the case of nitrogen the National Board of Waters (976) estimated that the sewage load will increase about 5 % between the years 972 and 98, but as early as 976 nitrogen was on the level estimated for 98. The industrial nitrogen ioad is hoped to decrease by one fifth between 972 and 98. Whether the sewage load increases or not, agricuiture wiil stiil remain a major singie source of nitrogen to watercourses. In 976 the nitrogen ioad from agriculture was almost twice the second largest source of loading, sewage. In

13 45 normal weather conditions the nitrogen load of agriculture would be more than sewage load. LOPPUTI IVISTELMÄ 2 /2 times the Fosforin ja typen hajakuormitusta koskevia ar vioita on esitetty useissa eri yhteyksissä. Laskel mat, jotka käsittelevät hajakuormitusta kokonai suutena, antavat sinänsä välttämätöntä tietoa mm. valtakunnallisiin kokonaiskuorrnitusarvioj hin. Kuitenkin on ilmennyt tarvetta erottaa myös eri hajakuormituslähteiden osuus toisistaan. Tä män työn tarkoituksena oli omalta osaltaan ar vioida haja-asutuksen, peltoviljelyn ja metsän lannoituksen merkitystä vesistöjen kuormittajina. Aineisto käsitti 3 pienistä hydrologisista havain toalueista valittua alueparia, yhteensä siis 6 aluet ta, joilta poistuvan veden määrä on mitattu jatku vasti ja veden laatua seurattu kerran kuukaudessa vuodesta 962 lähtien. Teeressuonoj an, Kylmän ojan, Paunulanpuron ja Siukolanpuron aineistois ta otettiin mukaan vuodet , Lato suonojan ja Huhtisuonojan aineistosta vuodet Haja-asutuksen merkitys vesistöjen kuormitta jana on tulosten perusteella melko vähäinen. Kyl rnänojan ja Siukolanpuron havaintojen mukaan haja-asutusalueella asuvan henkilön ominaiskuor mitus on fosforin osalta,2 kg as pen osalta,3 kg as a ja ty a. Verrattuna yleiseen viemärilaitokseen liittyneen asutuksen aiheutta - maan fosfori- ja typpikuormitukseen haja-asutus on vesistön kannalta haitattomampaa: asukaan j ätevedenpuhdistamon kuormitukseksi g as d fosforia on vuonna 97 arvioitu 2,2 ja g as d typpeä (National Board ofwa ters 976). Vuotuisiksi arvoiksi muutettuna ne ovat,8 kg as a fosforiaja4,okgas a typpeä. Ero on fosforilla lähes seitsenkertainen ja typellä yli kymmenkertainen. Koska haja asutusalueiden väestö koko ajan vähenee ja vas taavasti taajamien väestömäärä lisääntyy, tulee haja-asutuksen merkitys vesistöj en kuormittajana ilmeisesti edelleen pienenemään. Toisin kuin haja-asutus, peltoviljely lisää huo mattavasti vesistöjemme ravinnekuormitusta. Ky - mänojan ja Siukolanpuron aineistoista lasketut keskimääräiset huuhtoutumat ovat,57 kg pelto kg pelto-hal a typ peä. Pellolta huuhtoutuvat ravinnemäärät vaihte a fosforia ja ha 2 livat hyvin paljon vuodesta toiseen. Sen sijaan luonnontilaisten alueiden huuhtoutumat eivät poikenneet normaalitasosta edes vuonna 974, jolloin valumat olivat selvästi yli pitkän ajan keskiarvoj en. Valtakunnallisissa kuormituslas kelmissa peltoviljelyn osuus on merkittävä: sen fosforikuormitus on samaa suuruusluokkaa kuin yhdyskuntien, ja typen kohdalla peltoviljely on ylivoimaisesti suurin yksittäinen kuormituslähde. On mahdollista, että nyt peltona olevat aiu eet kuormittaisivat luonnontilaisinakin enemmän kuin nykyiset metsämaat, koska pellot sekä Kyl mänojan että Siukolanpuron alueilla ovat etu päässä luonnostaan ravinteisia savimaita ja met sämaat katuja moreenimaita. Tätä kysymystä tässä tutkimuksessa ole voitu selvittää tarkemmin. Metsänlannoituksen osuus vesistöjen ravinne kuormituksesta on valtakunnallisesti vähäinen. Sen sijaan paikallisesti sen vaikutus voi olla huo mattava: Huhtisuonoj an alueen laaj impien lannoi tusten jälkeen fosforihuuhtoutuma lannoitetulta alueelta lisääntyi,64 kg ha ei a luonnonti laan verrattuna ensimmäisenä lannoituksen jälkei senä vuonna. REFERENCES AhI, T Diffusa i till mark användning. Diffuse Pubi. 977, 2: Erkomaa, K., Makinen,. & Sandman, 977. ja valvonnan alaisten fysikaaliset Board 2. Holmen, S.A Er av og i Norge. Diffuse föroreningar relation vannförurensninger. Nordforsk, Miljövårdssekretariatet. ranomaisen muslaitosten telmät. National 54p. julkisen. Vesivi vesitutki ja kemialliset analyysimene of Waters, tilførslene Finland, Report fosfor fra jordbruket undervurdert forurensninger. Nordforsk, Miljövårdssekretariatet. Pubi. 977, 2: Kajosaari, E sesta vesistöihin. English nitrogen vann Huomioita fosforin huuhtoutumi the of phosphorus into watercourses. Vesitalous summary: 3:7 25. Karsisto, K. & Ravela, H. 97. Eri fosfori- ja English tujen metsäojitusalueika. On washing 965, ajankohtina annet kalilannoitteiden huuhtoutumisesta summaly: Washing away

14 46 of phosphorus and potassium from areas drained for forestry and topdressed at different times of the year. Suo 22 (3 4): Kauppi, L Effect of drainage basin characteristics on the diffuse load of phosphorus and nitrogen. Publications of the Water Research lnstitute 3: 2 4. Kenttämies, K Litiakningen av fosfor och kalium från dikade och gödslade torvmarker. Diffuse vann förurensninger. Nordforsk, Miljövårdssekretariatet. Pubi. 977, 2: Kenttämies, K Metsätalous. Maa- ja metsätalou den vesiensuojelu. Vesiensuojelun tilannekatsaus. Mimeogr. 7 p. (Available in the National Board of Waters, Helsinki, Finland). Larsen, V Oversigt over diffus stoftilførsel till vandløb fra landbruget. Diffuse vannforurensninger. Nordforsk, Miljövårdssekretariatet. Pubi. 977, 2:65 8. Linna, R Piipsannevan suohydrologisen koekentän perustaminen ja alustavat havainnot. Diplo mityö. Oulu University. 6 p. Oulu. Mussaari,. & Pekkarinen, M Nutrient wash off in the Siuntionjoki nver watershed. Nordic hydrological conference and second nordic IHP meeting, Hanasaari, July 3 August 3, 978, II: Mustonen, S.E Hydrologic investigations by the Board of Agriculture during the years 957 to 964. Soil and Hydrotechnical lnvestigations. 44 p. National Board of Waters 976. Vesiensuojelun periaat teiden soveltamisesta. Preface: Application of Water Pollution Control Principles. Publications of the National Board of Waters, Finland, No p. National Board of Waters 977. Vesihuoltolaitokset English summary: Water Supply and Sewer Systems National Board of Waters, Finland, Report p. Natjonal Board of Waters 978. Teollisuuden vesitilasto English summary. National Board of Waters, Finland, Report p. Särkkä, M. 97. Metsänlannoituksen vaikutus vesis töissä. English summary: On the influence of forest fertilization on watercourses. Suo 2 (3 4) : Särkkä, M The washing out of nutrients in the watersheds. Aqua Fennica 972:88 3.