Fuusiotutkimuksen tilannekatsaus 2014 maailmassa ja Suomessa. ATS seminaari Tuomas Tala VTT Nuclear FinnFusion

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1 Fuusiotutkimuksen tilannekatsaus 2014 maailmassa ja Suomessa ATS seminaari Tuomas Tala VTT Nuclear FinnFusion

2 18/06/14 2 Fusion is a promising (but not yet credible) energy option for the second half of the century Advantages of fusion are enormous: Widely available and virtually unlimited fuel resources No production of greenhouse gases Intrinsically safe Environmentally responsible (recycling of the activated power plant components within 100 years)

3 18/06/14 3 Esityksen aihepiirit EU Fusion Roadmap 2050 EU:n fuusiotiekartta 2050 ITERin tilanne ja tavoitteet Fuusio-DEMOn rooli tiekartassa ja aikataulu Suomen osallistuminen ITERiin ja EU fuusiokartan tutkimukseen

4 18/06/14 4 The EU Fusion Roadmap 2050 addresses three separate periods with distinct main objectives Horizon 2020 ( ) Construct ITER within scope, schedule and cost Secure the success of future ITER operation Prepare ITER generation Lay the foundation of the fusion power plant Promote innovation and EU industry competitiveness Second period ( ) Exploit ITER up to its maximum performance Prepare DEMO construction Third period ( ) Complete ITER exploitation Construct and operate DEMO Fusion roadmap on EFDA website:

5 18/06/14 5 Three key elements of the Roadmap The ITER project as the essential step towards energy production in a fast track A single step (DEMO) between ITER and the commercial fusion power plant designed as The International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF), for material qualification under intense neutron irradiation, in parallel with ITER IFMIF Materiaali-ohjelma Nykyiset kokeet JET & JT-60U tieteellinen toteutettavuus ITER fysiikan & teknologian integrointi teknistieteellinen toteutettavuus DEMO Sähkön tuotanto, kaupallinen toteutettavuus Kaupallinen tuotanto DEMOn suunnittelu konseptien parantaminen

6 18/06/14 6 First, what is ITER? A major international collaboration in fusion energy research involving Europe (+ Switzerland), China, India, Japan, the Russian Federation, South Korea and the USA Overall programme objective: EU, CN, IN, JA, RF, KO, US to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy for peaceful purposes Principal goal: to design, construct and operate a tokamak experiment at a scale which satisfies this objective ITER is designed to confine a DT plasma in which α-particle heating dominates all other forms of plasma heating à a burning plasma experiment

7 18/06/14 7 The ITER device R ~ 6 m h ~ 29 m

8 18/06/14 8 Fusion performance Q = Fusion Power Input Power ~ n i T i τ E Existing experiments have achieved ntτ ~ m -3 skev and Q DT ~ 1 ITER JET and TFTR have produced DT fusion powers >10MW for ~1s ITER is designed to a scale which should yield Q DT 10 at a fusion power of MW for s à Baseline scenario

9 18/06/14 9 ITER Design Goals 1 Physics Produce a significant fusion power amplification factor (Q 10) in long-pulse operation, 500MW of fusion power Aim to achieve steady-state operation of a tokamak (Q = 5) and retain the possibility of exploring controlled ignition (Q 30) 2 Technology Demonstrate integrated operation of technologies for a fusion power plant Test components required for a fusion power plant Test concepts for a tritium breeding module

10 18/06/14 10 Size: moving beyond the human scale almost all components are uncomfortably large can be a challenge for industry Cost: currently estimated to be ~15 billion Euros challenging for politicians Project is currently doing all it can to streamline costs and stay within allowed budget cap Time: 10 years for construction, 20 years of operation again, the long time scales can be difficult for politicians (and physicists) long timescales for manufacture ITER and scale maintenance periods are difficult and lengthy Complexity: highly integrated components, built in different places large effort to manage interfaces and establish and enforce quality assurance (QA) procedures Benefit: a (reasonably) clean, carbon-free energy source for which everyone has access to fuel

11 18/06/14 11 ITER s plasma will store 350 MJ at Q =10 Energy stored in the plasma R 4 ; 1 m MJ # 13 m 3 1 MJ # 80 m 3 10 MJ # 815 m MJ #

12 18/06/14 12 Large Deliveries to ITER, 46 metres long, 9 metres wide and 10 metres high, as heavy as two fully loaded Boeing 747!

13 18/06/14 13 ITER Organization

14 18/06/14 14 Toroidal field coils 16 x 9 m, ~360 t (EU, JP 18 coils) Boeing (maximum take-off weight ~377 t)

15 18/06/14 15 Vacuum Vessel Weighs about 25% less than the Eiffel Tower (more with in-vessel components included) 7300 t 324 m tall

16 18/06/14 16 What After ITER? DEMO will feed fusion electricity into the grid Building on ITER experience, DEMO will breed its own fusion fuel tritium DEMO will need suitable neutron-tolerant materials Goal: Fusion electricity by 2050 Ø DEMO construction has to start in the early 2030s Ø Rely on simple and robust technical solutions DEMO engineering design will become a major activity after 2020 An alternative concept instead of a tokamak (stellarator) could well be selected for DEMO!

17 18/06/14 17

18 18/06/14 18 Suomen fuusiotutkimus: Euratom-Tekes-assosiaatio vuodesta 1993 vuoden 2013 loppuun, 2014 lähtien EUROFUSION konsortio ja kansallisesti FinnFusion Historiaa: Tekes-ohjelmat FFUSION ( ), FFUSION2 ( ), FUSION ( ), Euratom-Tekes-fuusiotutkimuspanostus ( ) 2014à EUROFUSION Consortium Volyymi ~ 5 M /v ~ 50 htv/v Ohjelman kansallisesta ja EU-koordinoinnista koordinoinnista vastaa VTT, FinnFusion Aihealueet 2014: Fuusioteknologia sekä kokeellinen ja laskennallinen plasmafysiikka (Aalto, VTT, HY, ÅA) laajasti kansainvälisenä yhteistyönä (mm. JET, AUG, ITER) Järeän etähuollon simulointi ja koulutus (VTT, TTY) Materiaalitutkimus (VTT, HY) Plasmadiagnostiikka (Aalto, VTT) Hitsausmenetelmien kehitys fuusioreaktorisovelluksiin (VTT, LTY)

19 18/06/14 19 Suomen fuusiotutkimus ja teollisuuden osallistuminen on integroitu täysin EU:n fuusio-ohjelmaan Osallistuminen JET-koetoimintaan (VTT, TKK, HY) Iter-simuloinnit (TKK) Divertor Test Platform DTP2 (TTY, VTT) Lujat kupariseokset ja Cu/SS-liitokset (VTT, Luvata) Monimetallirakenteet pulveri-hip-menetelmällä (VTT, Metso) Materiaalien ja liitosten karakterisointi, NDE, testing (VTT) 3D-muovaus (Hollming Works) Plasma-materiailmiöt JET & AUG (VTT, TKK, HY) Seinämäpinnoitteet ja älypinnat (W, DLC, Be, Diarc, UT)

20 Plasma facing Components: Erosion/ Deposition (Global trends) P Coad PFMC /5/2011 Dump plate: deposition Kuvaa ei voi näyttää. Tietokoneen muisti ei ehkä riitä kuvan avaamiseen, tai kuva on vioittunut. Käynnistä tietokone uudelleen ja avaa sitten tiedosto uudelleen. Jos punainen x-merkki tulee edelleen näkyviin, kuva on ehkä poistettava ja lisättävä uudelleen. OPL: Erosion near midplane IWGL: erosion deposition divertor: deposition (inboard) erosion (outboard)

21 P Coad PFMC /5/2011 DTP2 ITER-RH-testilaitteisto VTT, Tampere Kuvaa ei voi näyttää. Tietokoneen muisti ei ehkä riitä kuvan avaamiseen, tai kuva on vioittunut. Käynnistä tietokone uudelleen ja avaa sitten tiedosto uudelleen. Jos punainen x-merkki tulee edelleen näkyviin, kuva on ehkä poistettava ja lisättävä uudelleen.

22 18/06/14 22 Current tendering activities by Finnish organisations in ITER/F4E TF Coil Cold Test and Insertion Hollming Works (+VTT, TUT) Divertor Cassette Body Hollming Works (+Enmac, Dekra, Prismarit, Tasoteräs) Vacuum Vessel Assembly Welding, Development VTT, LUT (+MeVEA) Divertor Maintenance VTT, TUT Supply of CuCrZr plates for the ITER First Wall Aurubis Mechanical Analyses of ITER Component Elomatic ICT Service Support Space Systems Finland

23 18/06/14 23 Final Words ITER is a burning plasma experiment, a major technology R&D programme and a ground-breaking international collaboration ITER is one of the most challenging and innovative scientific projects in the world today (most expensive single scientific instrument ever built) demonstration of controlled fusion power production is one of the great scientific enterprises of the 21 st century First plasma now planned for Finland is strongly involved in ITER construction (research & industry) and scientific and technological accompanying fusion programme in EU

24 18/06/14 24 For the interested Fusion roadmap on EFDA website: ITER website: The speaker watching DEMO startup

25 18/06/14 25 Broader Appoach: JT-60SA

26 18/06/14 26 The missions to the realisation of fusion electricity

27 18/06/14 27 ITER will be the first magnetic confinement device to produce a net surplus of fusion energy Produces 500 MW fusion power using 50 MW of injected power (i.e. fusion gain Q = 10) Demonstrates the main technologies for a fusion power plant Crucial experiment: The realisation of fusion energy depends fully on ITER s success Currently under construction in Cadarache (France)

28 18/06/14 28 Mission of ITER: Demonstrate the technical feasibility of fusion energy Price tag Cost of construction ~ 15 bn EU share = 45 % (6.6 bn ) Other six parties 9 % each Contributions 85% in-kind and 15% in-cash 500 MW fusion power Amplification Q > 10

29 18/06/14 29 ITER Organization

30 18/06/14 30 ITER Organization

31 18/06/14 31 Inherently steady state: The stellarator could be the power plant solution World s largest stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (Greifswald) will be completed in 2015 Complex 3D geometry, development behind tokamaks Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik Das Plasmagefäß des Wendelstein 7-X: Die Mona Lisa der Schweißkunst - Der Spiegel 1/2009

32 18/06/14 32 Fusion will have to demonstrate the potential for competitive cost of electricity Not a primary goal for DEMO, but Economic fusion electricity production is eventually the target Ø minimise DEMO capital costs Experience from ITER Ø reliable plant with a high availability Ø credible data basis for commercial energy production Socioeconomic research activities on fusion energy (SERF) Ø optimise the strategies for market penetration of fusion