INSTITUTE OF DENTISTRY UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI FINLAND

Transkriptio

1 INSTITUTE OF DENTISTRY UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI FINLAND PUBLICATIONS 2007 with Abstracts Edited by Hélène Javén HELSINKI ISSN Annual publications of the Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki Vol.13, 2007

2 To the reader. The Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, has the pleasure of sending to you our Publications 2007 This publication, thirteenth in a series, has 111 entries and includes 107 articles in English, Finnish or Swedish; summarized in English for your convenience. We hope that you will find the booklet useful. Should you want to make a request for any listed book or article, please contact the authors or our Library at the addresses below. The library also has current bibliographic database of the publications of Finnish dentists. Retrospective catalogues go back to 1890s. For more information about the Institute of Dentistry, please log in to our homepage at With kind regards Jarkko Hietanen Dean Institute of Dentistry P.O.Box 41 FIN University of Helsinki Finland Library services are also available by fax by phone , or by kirjasto@hammas.helsinki.fi 1

3 CONTENTS: BOOKS AND ARTICLES BOOKS Hatakka Katja Probiotics in the prevention of clinical manifestations of common infectious diseases in children and in the elderly...11 Khami Mohammad R. Preventive dentistry and dental education in Iran...13 Nieminen Pekka Molecular genetics of tooth agenesis...15 Sarkonen Nanna Oral Actinomyces species in health and disease...17 ARTICLES IN ENGLISH Al-Sukhun Jehad, Lindqvist Christian, Ashammakhi Nureddin, Penttilä Heikki Microvascular stress analysis. Part I : simulation of microvascular anastomoses using finite element analysis...19 Ali Ahmed, Rautemaa Riina, Hietanen Jarkko, Beklen Arzu, Konttinen Yrjö T. A possible CD1a Langerhans cell-mast cell interaction in chronic hyperplastic candidosis 20 Apajalahti Satu, Peltola Jaakko Apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment -- a retrospective study Asikainen Antti J., Hagström J., Sorsa Timo, Noponen Jukka, Kellomäki Minna, Juuti Hanne, Lindqvist Christian, Hietanen Jarkko, Suuronen Riitta Soft tissue reactions to bioactive glass combined with chitosan...21 Bakhshandeh Soheila, Murtomaa Heikki, Mofid Rasoul, Vehkalahti Miira, Suomalainen Kimmo Periodontal treatment needs of diabetic adults...21 Bakhshandeh S., Murtomaa Heikki, Vehkalahti Miira, Mofid R., Suomalainen Kimmo Dental findings in diabetic adults...22 Beklen Arzu, Ainola Mari, Hukkanen Mika, Gürgan C., Sorsa Timo, Konttinen Yrjö T. MMPs, IL-1, and TNF are regulated by IL-17 in periodontitis...22 Buduneli Eralp, Vardar-Sengul Saynur, Buduneli Nurcan, Atilla, Gül, Wahlgren Jaana, Sorsa Timo Matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1, and laminin-5 gamma2 chain immunolocalization in gingival tissue of endotoxin-induced periodontitis in rats : effects of low-dose doxycycline and alendronate

4 Carrilho M. R. O., Carvalho Ricardo Marins, de Goes M. F., di Hipólito V., Geraldeli S., Tay Franklin R., Pashley D. H., Tjäderhane Leo Chlorhexidine preserves dentin bond in vitro...24 Carrilho M. R. O., Geraldeli S., Tay Franklin R., de Goes M. F., Carvalho Ricardo Marins, Tjäderhane Leo, Reis A.F., Hebling J., Mazzoni A., Breschi L., Pashley D. In vivo preservation of the hybrid layer by chlorhexidine...24 Cinar A. B., Murtomaa Heikki A comparison of psychosocial factors related to dental anxiety among Turkish and Finnish pre-adolescents...25 Garcia-Godoy Franklin, Tay Franklin R., Pashley David H., Feilzer Albert, Tjäderhane Leo, Pashley Edna L. Degradation of resin-bonded human dentin after 3 years of storage...25 Ghasemi H., Murtomaa Heikki, Vehkalahti Miira, Torabzadeh H. Determinants of oral health behaviour among Iranian dentists...26 Gursoy Ulvi Kahraman, Sokucu Oral, Uitto Veli-Jukka, Aydin Ahmed, Demirer Serhat, Toker Hulya, Erdem Onur, Sayal Ahmed The role of nickel accumulation and epithelial cell proliferation in orthodontic treatment-induced gingival overgrowth...27 Hannas Angelica R., Pereira Jose C., Granjeiro Jose M., Tjäderhane Leo The role of matrix metalloproteinases in the oral environment...27 Hästbacka Johanna, Hynninen Marja, Kolho Elina, Pettilä Ville, Tervahartiala Taina, Sorsa Timo, Lauhio Anneli Collagenase 2/matrix metalloproteinase 8 in critically ill patients with secondary peritonitis...28 Hatakka Katja, Ahola A. J., Yli-Knuuttila Heli, Richardson Malcolm, Poussa Tuija, Meurman Jukka H., Korpela Riitta Probiotics reduce the prevalence of oral candida in the elderly --a randomized controlled trial...29 He Xiangyi, Shu Weina, Kang Yanli, Li Zhiqiang, Zhang Jing, Kari Kirsti, Meurman Jukka H. Esthetic and functional rehabilitation of a patient with nonsyndromic oligodontia : a case report from China...29 Heliövaara Arja, Rautio Jorma, Nyström Marjatta Dental arches in submucous cleft palate: comparison of six-year-old boys with unoperated submucous cleft palate, with operated cleft of the soft palate, and without a cleft...30 Hessari H., Eghbal M. J., Murtomaa Heikki Oral health among 35- to 44-year-old Iranians

5 Ilumets Helen, Rytilä Paula, Demedts Ingel, Brusselle Guy, Sovijärvi Anssi, Myllärniemi Marjukka, Sorsa Timo, Kinnula Vuokko Matrix metalloproteinases -8, -9 and -12 in smokers and patients with Stage 0 COPD...31 Janket Sok-Ja, Jones Judith, Rich Sharron, Miller Donald, Wehler Carolyn J., Van Dyke Thomas E., Garcia Raul, Meurman Jukka H. The effects of xerogenic medications on oral mucosa among the Veterans Dental Study participants...32 Janket Sok-Ja, Shen Ye, Meurman Jukka H. Letter by Janket et al regarding article, "Use and misuse of the receiver operating characteristic curve in risk prediction"...32 Khami Mohammad R., Murtomaa Heikki, Jafarian Mohammad, Virtanen Jorma Knowledge and attitude of Iranian dental school educators towards prevention...32 Khami Mohammad R., Virtanen Jorma, Jafarian Mohammad, Murtomaa Heikki Oral health behaviour and its determinants amongst Iranian dental students...33 Khami Mohammad R., Virtanen Jorma, Jafarian Mohammad, Murtomaa Heikki Prevention-oriented practice of Iranian senior dental students...34 Könönen Eija, Paju Susanna, Pussinen Pirkko, Hyvönen Mari, Di Tella Paulo, Suominen- Taipale Liisa, Knuuttila Matti Population-based study of salivary carriage of periodontal pathogens in adults...34 Kostamo Katriina, Tervahartiala Taina, Sorsa Timo, Richardson Malcolm, Toskala Elina Metalloproteinase function in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal pylyposis...35 Kurkivuori Johanna, Salaspuro Ville, Kaihovaara Pertti, Kari Kirsti, Rautemaa Riina, Grönroos Lisa, Meurman Jukka H., Salaspuro Mikko Acetaldehyde production from ethanol by oral streptococci...36 Lahti Satu, Vehkalahti Miira, Nordblad Anne, Hausen Hannu Dental fear among population aged 30 years and older in Finland...37 Laine Mikael, Porola Pauliina, Udby Lene, Kjeldsen Lars, Cowland Jack B., Borregaard Niels, Hietanen Jarkko, Ståhle Mona, Pihakari Antti, Konttinen Yrjö T. Low salivary dehydroepiandrosterone and androgen-regulated cysteine-rich secretory protein 3 levels in Sjögren's syndrome...37 Lam Patrick, Hyvärinen Kati, Kauppi Maria, Cosen-Binker Laura, Laitinen Saara, Keränen Sirkka, Gaisano Herbert, Olkkonen Vesa A cytosolic splice variant of Cab45 interacts with Munc18b and impacts on amylase secretion by pancreatic acini...38 Lana-Elola Eva, Rice Ritva, Grigoriadis Agamemnon E., Rice David Cell fate specification during calvarial bone and suture development

6 Leskinen Markus J., Eklund Kari K., Sorsa Timo, Golub Lorne M., Kovanen Petri T., Lindstedt Ken A. Inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation by a chemically modified tetracycline...39 Maijala M., Rautemaa Riina, Järvensivu Anne, Richardson Malcolm, Salo Tuula, Tjäderhane Leo Candida albicans does not invade carious human dentine...40 Meurman Jukka H., Sanz Mariano, Janket Sok-Ja Oral infection and vascular disease..40 Meurman Jukka H., Stamatova I. Probiotics: contributions to oral health...41 Meurman Jukka H., Siikala E., Richardson Malcolm, Rautemaa Riina Non-Candida albicans Candida yeasts of the oral cavity...41 Munjal S. K., Prescher N., Struck F., Sorsa Timo, Maier K., Netuschil L. Evaluation of immunoassay-based MMP-8 detection in gingival crevicular fluid on a point-of-care platform...42 Nakano Kazuhitko, Lapirattanakul Jinthana, Nomura Ryota, Nemoto Hirotoshi, Alaluusua Satu, Grönroos Lisa, Vaara Martti, Hamada Shigeyuki, Ooshima Takashi, Nakagawa Ichiro Streptococcus mutans clonal variation revealed by multilocus sequence typing...42 Narbutaite Julija, Vehkalahti Miira, Milciuviene Simona Dental fluorosis and dental caries among 12-yr-old children from high- and low-fluoride areas in Lithuania...43 Nyström Marjatta, Ranta Helena, Peltola Jaakko, Kataja J. M. Timing of developmental stages in permanent mandibular teeth of Finns from birth to age Pääkkönen Virve, Vuoristo Jussi, Salo Tuula, Tjäderhane Leo Effects of TGF-beta1 on interleukin profile of human dental pulp and odontoblasts...44 Paju Susanna, Scannapieco F. A. Oral biofilms, periodontitis, and pulmonary infections...44 Paju Susanna, Sinisalo Juha, Pussinen Pirkko, Valtonen Ville, Nieminen Markku S. Is periodontal infection behind the failure of antibiotics to prevent coronary events? Palotie U., Vehkalahti Miira Use of local anesthesia in restorative treatment for adults in Finland...45 Pavlic Alenka, Lukinmaa Pirjo-Liisa, Nieminen Pekka, Kiukkonen Anu, Alaluusua Satu Severely hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism

7 Peltola Petteri, Vehkalahti Miira, Simoila Riitta Effects of 11-month interventions on oral cleanliness among the long-term hospitalised elderly...46 Pirilä Emma, Korpi Jarkko T., Korkiamäki Timo, Jahkola Tiina, Gutierrez-Fernandez Ana, López-Otin Carlos, Saarialho-Kere Ulpu, Salo Tuula, Sorsa Timo Collagenase-2 (MMP-8) and matrilysin-2 (MMP-26) expression in human wounds of different etiologies...47 Plasschaert A. J. M., Manogue M., Lindh C., McLoughlin J., Murtomaa Heikki, Nattestad A., Sanz M. Curriculum content, structure and ECTS for European dental schools...48 Pohjola Vesa, Lahti Satu, Vehkalahti Miira, Tolvanen Mimmi, Hausen Hannu Association between dental fear and dental attendance among adults in Finland...48 Prescher N., Maier K., Munjal S. K., Sorsa Timo, Bauermeister C.- D., Struck F., Netuschil L. Rapid quantitative chairside test for active MMP-8 in gingival crevicular fluid...49 Pussinen Pirkko, Alfthan Georg, Jousilahti Pekka, Paju Susanna, Tuomilehto Jaakko Systemic exposure to Porphyromonas gingivalis predicts incident stroke...49 Pussinen Pirkko, Paju Susanna, Mäntylä Päivi, Sorsa Timo Serum microbial- and hostderived markers of periodontal diseases a review Pussinen Pirkko, Tuomisto Karoliina, Jousilahti Pekka, Havulinna Aki, Sundvall Jouko, Salomaa Veikko Endotoxemia, immune response to periodontal pathogens, and systemic inflammation associate with incident cardiovascular disease events...50 Qvarnström Markku, Janket Sok-Ja, Nuutinen Pekka, Furuholm Jussi, Meurman Jukka H. Salivary constituents and acidogenic microbial counts in coronary artery bypass graft patients from baseline to three-years after operation...51 Rajasuo A., Sihvonen O. J., Peltola M., Meurman Jukka H. Periodontal pathogens in erupting third molars of periodontally healthy subjects...51 Rautemaa Riina, Hietanen Jarkko, Niissalo Sirkku, Pirinen Sinikka, Perheentupa Jaakko Oral and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma --a complication or component of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED, APS-I) Rautemaa Riina, Lauhio Anneli, Cullinan M. P., Seymour G. J. Oral infections and systemic disease

8 Rautemaa Riina, Richardson Malcolm, Pfaller Michael, Koukila-Kähkölä Pirkko, Perheentupa Jaakko, Saxen Harri Decreased susceptibility of Candida albicans to azole antifungals : a complication of long-term treatment in autoimmune polyendocrinopathycandidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) patients Reinhardt R. A., Stoner J. A., Golub L. M., Lee H. M., Meinberg T. A., Lynch J. C., Ryan M. E., Sorsa Timo, Payne J. B. Efficacy of sub-antimicrobial dose doxycycline in post-menopausal women: clinical outcomes...54 Richardson Malcolm, Rautemaa Riina, Hietanen Jarkko Diagnosis of Candida infection in tissue by immunohistochemistry...55 RimaajaTuomas, Haanpää Maija, Blomstedt Göran, Färkkilä Markus Headaches after acoustic neuroma surgery...55 Sahlberg Carin, Peltonen Eija, Lukinmaa Pirjo-Liisa, Alaluusua Satu Dioxin alters gene expression in mouse embryonic tooth explants...55 Saied-Moallemi Zahra, Murtomaa Heikki, Tehranchi A., Virtanen, Jorma Oral health behaviour of Iranian mothers and their 9-year-old children...56 Seitsalo Hubertus, Niemelä Raija K., Marinescu-Gava Magdalena, Vuotila Tuija, Tjäderhane Leo, Salo Tuula Effectiveness of low-dose doxycycline (LDD) on clinical symptoms of Sjögren's Syndrome : a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled cross-over study Seppänen Mikko, Lokki Marja-Liisa, Notkola Irma-Leena, Mattila K., Valtonen Ville, Nieminen Anja, Vesanen Marja, Asikainen Sirkka, Meri Seppo Complement and c4 null alleles in severe chronic adult periodontitis...57 Stamatova Iva, Meurman Jukka H., Kari Kirsti, Tervahartiala Taina, Sorsa Timo, Baltadjieva Maria Safety issues of Lactobacillus bulgaricus with respect to human gelatinases in vitro...58 Sulkala Merja, Tervahartiala Taina, Sorsa Timo, Larmas Markku, Salo Tuula, Tjäderhane Leo Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) is the major collagenase in human dentin...58 Suojanen Juho, Salo Tuula, Sorsa Timo, Koivunen Erkki AlphaMbeta2 integrin modulator exerts antitumor activity in vivo...59 Suomalainen Anni, Salo A., Robinson Soraya, Peltola Jaakko The 3DX multi image micro-ct device in clinical dental practice

9 Tallón-Walton Victoria, Manzanares-Céspedes Maria Cristina, Arte Sirpa, Carvalho- Lobato Patricia, Valdivia-Gandur Ivan, Garcia-Susperregui Antonio, Ventura Francesc, Nieminen Pekka Identification of a novel mutation in the PAX9 gene in a family affected by oligodontia and other dental anomalies...60 Tjäderhane Leo The origin of enamel fluid...61 Tjäderhane Leo, Hotakainen T., Kinnunen S., Ahonen M., Salo Tuula The effect of chemical inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases on the size of experimentally induced apical periodontitis...61 Tjäderhane Leo, Kalliokoski Annikka Articaine-containing local anaesthetics and sensory disturbances...61 Tuomainen Anita, Nyyssönen Kristiina, Laukkanen Jari A., Tervahartiala Taina, Tuomainen Tomi-Pekka, Salonen Jukka T., Sorsa Timo, Pussinen Pirkko Serum matrix metalloproteinase-8 concentrations are associated with cardiovascular outcome in men...62 Väänänen Anu, Ylipalosaari Merja, Parikka Mataleena, Kainulainen Tiina, Rehn Marko, Heljasvaara Ritva, Tjäderhane Leo, Salo Tuula Collagen XVIII modulation is altered during progression of oral dysplasia and carcinoma...62 Vesterinen Maarit, Ruokonen Hellevi, Leivo Tomi, Honkanen Ann-Marie, Honkanen Eero, Kari Kirsti, Lindqvist Christian, Meurman Jukka H. Oral health and dental treatment of patients with renal disease...63 Virtanen Jorma, Berntsson Leeni T., Lahelma Eero, Köhler Lennart, Murtomaa Heikki Children's use of dental services in the five Nordic countries...63 Vys niauskaité Sonata, Vehkalahti Miira Professional guidance on and self-assessed knowledge of oral self-care as reported by dentate elderly patients in Lithuania...64 ARTICLES IN FINNISH OR SWEDISH Kemppainen Pentti, Salo Tuula, Sorsa Timo Pätevistä hammaslääketieteen opettajista on pula...65 Lauhio Anneli, Richardson Riina, Lindqvist Christian, Valtonen Ville Suu infektiofokuksena...65 Le Bell Yrsa, Färkkilä Markus, Hiiri Anne, Kuttila Seppo, Könönen Mauno, Närhi Matti, Raustia Aune, Remes-Lyly Taina Purentaelimistön toimintahäiriöt (TMD)

10 Le Bell Yrsa, Färkkilä Markus, Hiiri Anne, Kuttila Seppo, Könönen Mauno, Närhi Matti, Raustia Aune, Remes-Lyly Taina Purentaelimistön toimintahäiriöt (TMD)...66 Lukinmaa Pirjo-Liisa, Sahlberg Carin, Alaluusua Satu Dioksiinin ja sen kaltaisten aineiden toksiset vaikutukset kehittyvään hampaaseen...66 Meurman Jukka H. Norovirus...67 Meurman Jukka H. Vaarallisia fusobakteereja ja biofilmejä...67 Meurman Jukka H. Vuoden 2007 lääketieteen ja fysiologian Nobel-palkinto geenitutkijoille...67 Meurman Jukka H. Malaria...67 Meurman Jukka H. Onko hammashoito este verenluovutukselle...68 Meurman Jukka H. Probiootit...68 Meurman Jukka H. Suuinfektiot ja vanhuus...69 Peltola Jaakko Hampaiston ja kasvojen alueen kolmiulotteinen mikro-tt-kuvaus...69 Pussinen Pirkko Parodontiitti riskinä aivohalvaukselle...69 Ropo Laura, Virtanen Jorma, Alaluusua Satu Maitohammaskarieksen korjaava hoito...69 Sorsa Timo H-indeksi on uusi tutkijoiden arviointimittari...70 Sorsa Timo, Meurman Jukka H Raskaus ja suun terveys...70 Tjäderhane Leo, Kalliokoski Annikka Lokalanestetika med artikain och känselstörningar...70 Tuomainen Anita, Nyyssönen Kristiina, Laukkanen Jari, Tervahartiala Taina, Tuomainen Tomi-Pekka, Salonen Jukka, Sorsa Timo, Pussinen Pirkko Seerumin kollagenaasi 2:n (MMP-8) ja kudosvälitilan estäjä 1:n (TIMP-1) pitoisuudet ateroskleroosin riskitekijänä miehillä...71 Tjäderhane Leo, Kalliokoski Annikka Artikaiinipuudutteet ja tuntohäiriöt...71 Vehkalahti Miira, Paalanen Laura Makeat välipalat Elintavat ja niiden väestöryhmäerot Suomessa

11 Virtanen Jorma, Tefke Hanna-Leena Puutteita vastaanoton hygieniassa ja hoitomenetelmissä...72 Virtanen Jorma, Laine Antti Erikoissairaanhoidon mahdollisuudet ja resurssit...72 Virtanen Jorma, Murtomaa Heikki Ylihammaslääkärien näkemykset suuhygienistien toimenkuvasta Etelä-Suomessa...72 Virtanen Jorma, Murtomaa Heikki Suuhygienistin työ arvostettua...73 Virtanen Jorma, Laine Antti Hammashoidon nykyiset järjestämisvelvoitteet...73 Waltimo-Siren Janna Tunnetko Marfan-oireyhtymän?...73 INDEX OF AUTHORS

12 BOOKS: PROBIOTICS IN THE PREVENTION OF CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF COMMON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CHILDREN AND IN THE ELDERLY HATAKKA KATJA Helsinki : , 33 p. : ill., tabl. Diss. University of Helsinki, ISBN (nid.) Hengitystieinfektiot ja ruoansulatuskanavan infektiot ovat lasten yleisimpiä infektiotauteja, suun limakalvon hiivainfektioita esiintyy puolestaan yleisesti vanhuksilla. Infektiotautien aiheuttama tautitaakka rasittaa sekä yksilöitä itseään että heidän perheitään, mutta välillisesti myös yhteiskuntaa. Probioottiset, terveydelle hyödylliset bakteerit tasapainottavat elimistön normaalimikrobistoa ja stimuloivat immuunivastetta, ja voivat siten vähentää infektiotautiriskiä. Probioottisen Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-bakteerin sekä Lactobacillus GG:tä sisältävän probioottiyhdistelmän vaikutuksia infektiotautiriskiin tutkittiin terveillä päiväkotihoidossa olevilla lapsilla, korvatulehduskierteisillä lapsilla, pitkäaikaishoidossa olevilla vanhuksilla sekä kotona tai palvelutaloissa asuvilla vanhuksilla. Lactobacillus GG:tä sisältävän maidon päivittäinen nauttiminen 7 kuukauden ajan vähensi päiväkotihoidossa olevilla lapsilla komplisoituneiden hengitystieinfektioiden, pääasiallisesti korvatulehdusten, esiintyvyyttä 17 %, antibioottihoidon tarvetta 19 % sekä poissaolopäiviä % verrokkimaitoryhmään verrattuna. Korvatulehduskierteisillä lapsilla neljän probiootin yhdistelmä, joka sisälsi Lactobacillus GG:n lisäksi toisen laktobasillin, bifidobakteerin ja propionihappobakteerin, vähensi toistuvien flunssien (vähintään 4 tautiepisodia) esiintyvyyttä 12 % 6 kuukautta kestävän tutkimuksen aikana, etenkin lapsilla, joilla oli taipumusta allergiaan. Kapselimuodossa nautittu probioottiyhdistelmä ei vähentänyt korvatulehduspatogeenien (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis) nenänielukantajuutta eikä korvatulehdusten esiintyvyyttä infektiokierteestä kärsivillä lapsilla. Toistuvia korvatulehduksia esiintyi kuitenkin probioottiryhmässä merkitsevästi vähemmän allergisen taustan omaavilla lapsilla. Probioottiyhdistelmä ei vähentänyt hengitystieinfektioiden esiintyvyyttä huonokuntoisilla, pitkäaikaishoidossa olevilla vanhuksilla 5 kuukauden tutkimuksen aikana. Probioottihoito ei vaikuttanut akuuttien ripulitautien esiintyvyyteen päiväkotihoidossa olevilla lapsilla eikä pitkäaikaishoidossa olevilla vanhuksilla. Sen sijaan Lactobacillus GG:tä sisältävän probioottiyhdistelmän nauttiminen juustona 4 kuukauden ajan pienensi kotona tai palvelutaloissa asuvilla vanhuksilla korkean suun hiivakantajuuden esiintyvyyden riskiä 75 % sekä alhaisen syljenerityksen riskiä 56 % kontrollijuustoon verrattuna. Spesifiset probioottibakteerit, kuten Lactobacillus GG, näyttävät lieventävän hengitystieinfektiota perusterveillä lapsilla sekä infektiokierteisillä lapsilla, etenkin niillä, joilla on 11

13 taipumus allergiaan. Probioottien vaikutusmekanismia ei tutkittu näissä kliinisissä interventioissa, mutta vaikutuksen voidaan olettaa välittyvän immuunivasteen tehostumisen kautta. Probioottien vaikutukset infektioiden ehkäisyssä ovat lieviä, ja teho näyttää riippuvan henkilön immunologisesta tilasta, sillä probiootit eivät vähennä infektiotautiriskiä hyvin huonokuntoisilla vanhuksilla. Vaikutukset ovat probioottikantakohtaisia ja probioottien nauttimismuoto voi vaikuttaa niiden tehoon. Elintarvikkeen muodossa nautittu Lactobacillus GG:tä sisältävä probioottiyhdistelmä tasapainottaa vanhusten suun mikrobistoa vähentämällä hiivakantajuutta. Infectious diseases put an enormous burden on both children and the elderly in the forms of respiratory, gastrointestinal and oral infections. There is evidence suggesting that specific probiotics may be antagonistic to pathogens and may enhance the immune system, but the clinical evidence is still too sparce to make general conclusions on the disease-preventive effects of probiotics. This thesis, consisting of four independent, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials, investigated whether Lactobacillus GG (LGG) or a specific probiotic combination containing LGG would reduce the risk of common infections or the prevalence of pathogens in healthy and infection-prone children and in independent and institutionalised elderly people. In healthy day-care children, the 7-month consumption of probiotic milk containing Lactobacillus GG appeared to postpone the first acute respiratory infection (ARI) by one week (p=0.03, adjusted p=0.16), and to reduce complicated infections (39% vs. 47%, p<0.05, adjusted p=0.13), as well as the need for antibiotic treatment (44% vs. 54%, p=0.03, adjusted p=0.08) and day-care absences (4.9 vs. 5.8 days, p=0.03, adjusted p=0.09) compared to the placebo milk. In infection-prone children, the 6-month consumption of a combination of four probiotic bacteria (LGG, L. rhamnosus LC705, Propionibacterium freudenreichii JS, Bifidobacterium breve 99) taken in capsules appeared to reduce recurrent ARIs (72% vs. 82%, p<0.05; adjusted p=0.06), and the effect was particularly noticeable in a subgroup of children with allergic diseases (12% vs. 33%, p=0.03), although no effect on the presence of nasopharyngeal rhinovirus or enterovirus was seen. The 5-month consumption of the same probiotic combination did not show any beneficial effects on the respiratory infections in frail, institutionalised elderly subjects. In healthy children receiving Lactobacillus GG, the reduction in complications resulted in a marginal reduction in the occurrence of acute otitis media (AOM) (31% vs. 39%, p=0.08; adjusted p=0.19), and the postponement of the first AOM episode by 12 days (p=0.04; adjusted p=0.09). However, in otitis-prone children, a probiotic combination did not reduce the occurrence of AOM or the total prevalence of common AOM pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis), except in the case of children with allergic diseases, in whom probiotics reduced recurrent AOM episodes (0% vs. 14%, p=0.03). In addition, interaction between probiotics and bacterial carriage was seen: probiot-ics reduced AOM in children who did not carry any bacterial pathogens (63% vs. 83%), but the effect was the reverse in children carrying bacteria in the nasopharynx (74% vs 62%) (p<0.05). 12

14 Long-term probiotic treatment, either LGG given in milk to healthy children for 7 months or a combination of probiotics given in capsules to institutionalised elderly subjects for 5 months, did not reduce the occurrence of acute diarrhoea. However, when the probiotic combination (LGG, L. rhamnosus LC705, Propionibacterium JS) was given in cheese to independent elderly subjects for 4 months, the oral carriage of high Candida counts was reduced in the probiotic group vs. the placebo group (21% vs. 34%, p=0.01, adjusted p=0.004). The risk of hyposalivation was also reduced in the probiotic group (p=0.05). In conclusion, probiotics appear to slightly alleviate the severity of infections by postponing their appearance, by reducing complications and the need for antimicrobial treatments. In addition, they appear to prevent recurrent infections in certain subgroups of children, such as in infection-prone children with allergic diseases. Alleviating ARI by probiotics may lead to a marginal reduction in the occurrence of AOM in healthy children but not in infection-prone children with disturbed nasopharyngeal microbiota. On the basis of these results it could be supposed that Lactobacillus GG or a specific combination containing LGG are effective against viral but not against bacterial otitis, and the mechanism is probably mediated through the stimulation of the immune system. A specific probiotic combination does not reduce respiratory infections in frail elderly subjects. Acute diarrhoea, either in children or in the elderly, is not prevented by the continuous, long-term consumption of probiotics, but the consumption of a specific probiotic combination in a food matrix is beneficial to the oral health of the elderly, through the reduction of the carriage of Candida. PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY AND DENTAL EDUCATION IN IRAN KHAMI MOHAMMAD R. Helsinki : , 38 p. : ill., tabl. Diss. University of Helsinki, ISBN (nid.) The present study investigated the preventive orientation of the dental education system in Iran as reflected in the responses of dental school educators and dental students to a questionnaire survey. Two questionnaires, one for dental school educators and one for senior dental students, were designed and piloted. Of the 15 state dental schools in Iran, 7 were randomly selected, and all the dental school educators and senior dental students in these schools were asked to voluntarily fill in the anonymous questionnaires. In addition to background information, both questionnaires requested information on knowledge of tooth decay, attitudes towards prevention and oral self-care habits of the respondents. The students' questionnaire also covered items concerning preventionoriented practice, study motives, and career preferences. 13

15 Among the educators, women were more likely to report favourable oral self-care habits than men. The other determinants of oral self-care habits were educators' familiarity with the oral public health field, and students' attitudes towards prevention. Characteristics of the profession and social status and security were the top-ranked that motivated students to study dentistry, and students mainly preferred to continue their education to get a apecialty degree, and to enter private practice after graduation. To increase the orientation of Iran's health care system towards prevention, and to cope with current concepts of prevention, corresponding changes should be made in the dental education system. Tiivistelmä: The present study investigated the preventive orientation of the dental education system in Iran as reflected in the responses of dental school educators and dental students to a questionnaire survey. Two questionnaires, one for dental school educators and one for senior dental students, were designed and piloted. Of the 15 state dental schools in Iran, 7 were selected using a multi-stage sampling approach, and all the dental school educators and senior dental students in these schools were asked to voluntarily fill in the anonymous questionnaires. Totally, 291 educators (80%) and 270 students (82%) participated in the study. In addition to background information, both questionnaires requested information on knowledge of caries prevention, attitudes towards preventive dentistry and oral health behaviour of the respondents. The students' questionnaire also covered items concerning prevention-oriented practice, study motives, and career preferences. Contrary to knowledge and attitudes of the students, those of the educators' were positively associated with some of their academic and personal background characteristics. Women were more likely to report favourable oral self-care habits than men. The other determinants of oral health behaviour were educators' familiarity with the oral public health field, and students' attitudes towards prevention. A higher score on preventive practice among the students was associated with better oral self-care habits and positive attitudes towards prevention. Characteristics of the profession and social status and security were the top-ranked that motivated students to study dentistry, and students mainly preferred to enter postgraduate courses and private practice after graduation. To increase the orientation of Iran's health care system towards prevention, and to cope with current concepts of prevention, corresponding changes should be made in the dental education system. The results of this study support the revision of the dental curriculum by placing more emphasis on prevention-related topics and by integrating preventionrelated concepts into all disciplines. Additionally, practicing dentists and dental educators should be provided with opportunities to attend continuing education courses and to conduct seminars and congresses on various aspects of preventive dentistry at home as well as abroad. 14

16 MOLECULAR GENETICS OF TOOTH AGENESIS NIEMINEN PEKKA Helsinki : , n. 50 p. : ill., Diss. University of Helsinki, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences & Institute of Dentistry & Institute of Biotechnology, (Dissertationes bioscientiarum molecularium Universitatis Helsingiensis in Viikki ;ISSN ; 27/2007), ISBN (nid.) Väitöskirjatyössä etsittiin synnynnäistä hampaiden puuttumista eli ageneesia aiheuttavia perinnöllisiä tekijöitä. Yksi tai useampi viisaudenhammas jää kehittymättä yli viidenneksellä, ja muiden hampaiden puuttumista havaitaan noin 8 %:lla. Lievätkin puutokset voivat aiheuttaa purentahäiriöitä ja kosmeettista haittaa, mutta laaja-alaiset puutokset, joita esiintyy harvemmin, vaativat aina hammaslääkärin erityistä huomiota ja usein erikoishoitoa. Hammaspuutokset voivat myös olla merkki perinnöllisestä oireyhtymästä. Hampaiden kehitys alkaa sikiövaiheessa ja jatkuu aina viisaudenhampaiden puhkeamiseen saakka. Tietyt ympäristötekijät voivat vaikuttaa hampaiden kokoon ja aiheuttaa jopa hampaiden puuttumista. Perinnöllisten tekijöiden osuus puutosten aiheuttajana on kuitenkin merkitsevin, ja nykyään myös tunnemme geenivirheitä, jotka aiheuttavat laajaalaisia tai oireyhtymiin liittyviä puutoksia. Väitöskirjatyössä osoitettiin, että suomalaisessa perheessä vallitsevasti periytynyt laajaalainen puutos johtui PAX9-geenin virheestä. Toisessa osatutkimuksessa osoitettiin, että MSX1-geenin poistuma liittyi laaja-alaisten hammaspuutosten esiintymiseen Wolf- Hirschhorn oireyhtymän yhteydessä. Molemmat virheet vähentävät tuotetun proteiinin määrää kehityksen aikana ja vaikuttavat olennaisesti muiden geenien ilmentymisen säätelyyn. Yhteenveto tunnetuista hammaspuutoksista näiden geenien virheiden yhteydessä osoittaa, että virheet aiheuttavat samantapaisen mutta kummallekin geenille ominaisen hammaspuutosten muodon. Väitöskirjatyössä etsittiin myös yleisempien, lievien hammaspuutosten taustalla olevia perintötekijöitä. Nämä tekijät voivat yhdessä johtaa laaja-alaisiin puutoksiin. Tutkimuksessa oli mukana joukko suomalaisia sukuja, joissa lievä puutos periytyy vallitsevasti. Tutkimuksen tuloksena paikallistimme kromosomin 18 alueen, joka todennäköisesti sisältää puutosta aiheuttavan perintötekijän. Lisäksi saatiin näyttöä eräiden muiden perimän alueiden yhteydestä hammaspuutoksien syntyyn. Nämä alueet eivät sisällä jo tunnettuja hammaspuutoksia aiheuttavia perintötekijöitä. Esitän, että erityisesti pysyvän hampaiston viimeisinä kehittyvät hampaat ovat alttiitta kehityksen aikaisille määrällisille vajeille ja niiden kehitys voi epäonnistua tiettyjen kriittisten kehitysvaiheiden ylittämisessä. Tulokset auttavat ymmärtämään hammaspuutosten syntyä ja perinnöllisyyttä ja jatkotutkimukset voivat johtaa uusien hampaiden kehitykseen vaikuttavien geenien tunnistamiseen. 15

17 Congenital missing of teeth, tooth agenesis or hypodontia, is one of the most common developmental anomalies in man. The common forms in which one or a few teeth are absent, may cause occlusal or cosmetic harm, while severe forms which are relatively rare always require clinical attention to support and maintain the dental function. Observation of tooth agenesis is also important for diagnosis of malformation syndromes. Some external factors may cause developmental defects and agenesis in dentition. However, the role of inheritance in the etiology of tooth agenesis is well established by twin and family studies. Studies on familial tooth agenesis as well as mouse null mutants have also identified several genetic factors. However, these explain syndromic or rare dominant forms of tooth agenesis, whereas the genes and defects responsible for the majority of cases of tooth agenesis, especially the common and less severe forms, are largely unknown. In this study it was shown, that a dominant nonsense mutation in PAX9 was responsible for severe tooth agenesis (oligodontia) in a Finnish family. In a study of tooth agenesis associated with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, it was shown that severe tooth agenesis was present if the causative deletion in 4p spanned the MSX1 locus. It was concluded that severe tooth agenesis was caused by haploinsufficiency of these transcription factors. A summary of the phenotypes associated with known defects in MSX1 and PAX9 showed that, despite similarities, they were significantly different, suggesting that the genes, in addition to known interactions, also have independent roles during the development of human dentition. The original aim of this work was to identify gene defects that underlie the common incisor and premolar hypodontia. After excluding several candidate genes, a genomewide search was conducted in seven Finnish families in which this phenotype was inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. A promising locus for second premolar agenesis was identified in chromosome 18 in one family and this finding was supported by results from other families. The results also implied the existence of other loci both for second premolar agenesis and for incisor agenesis. On the other hand the results did not lend support for comprehensive involvement of the most obvious candidate genes in the etiology of incisor and premolar hypodontia. Rather, they suggest remarkable genetic heterogeneity of tooth agenesis. The available evidence suggests that quantitative defects during tooth development predispose to a failure to overcome a developmental threshold and to agenesis. The results of the study increase the understanding of the etiology and heredity of tooth agenesis. Further studies may lead to identification of novel genes that affect the development of teeth. 16

18 ORAL ACTINOMYCES SPECIES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE SARKONEN, NANNA Helsinki : , 38 p. : ill., Diss., University of Helsinki. - National Public Health Institute, - (Publications of the National Public Health Institute. A ISSN ; 8/2007), ISBN (nid.) Syntymähetkellä suuontelo on steriili, mutta jo ensimmäisten syntymää seuraavien tuntien aikana vastasyntyneen iholle, limakalvoille ja suolistoon alkaa syntyä harmittomien mikrobien muodostamia elinyhteisöjä. Terveen ja tasapainoisen suuontelon mikroorganismit muodostavat suun normaalin mikrobiston, joka muuttuu sekä määrällisesti että laadullisesti iän myötä vallitsevien anatomisten ja fysiologisten tekijöiden, sekä ulkoisen bakteeritarjonnan vaikutuksesta. Aktinomykes-bakteerit ovat tärkeitä säätelytekijöitä sekä normaalin bakteeriston että infektioiden kannalta toimien streptokokkien ohella ensivaiheen tarttuja-bakteereina suun eri pehmyt- ja kovakudospinnoille muodostuvissa biofilmeissä. Niiden merkitys kehittyvän biofilmin tärkeänä rakenneosana perustuu ns. koaggregaatiokykyyn eri bakteerilajien välillä sekä myös erityisiin adhesiineihin, joiden avulla ne pystyvät vaikuttamaan tarttumiseen. Aktinomykesten tunnistus kliinisissä laboratorioissa on aiemmin perustunut miltei yksittäisiin biokemiallisiin reaktioihin. Kiinnostus aktinomykeksiä kohtaan on kuitenkin lisääntynyt viime aikoina huomattavasti, koska Aktinomykes-lajeja on esiintynyt kliinisissä näytteissä yhä enemmän ja aiemmasta kirjallisuudesta poiketen niiden on havaittu olevan osallisena myös useissa erilaisissa infektioissa. Viimeaikaisten taksonomisten muutosten myötä Aktinomykeslajien tunnnistaminen kliinisissä laboratorioissa on kuitenkin edelleen vaikeutunut huomattavasti. Tässä väitöskirjatyössä kehitetty kattava fenotyyppisiin menetelmiin perustuva identifiointiohjeisto on mahdollistanut eri lajien esiintyvyyden ja merkityksen selvittämisen väitöskirjan muissa osatöissä, joissa selvitimme eri lajien ilmaantumista ja kolonisaation pysyvyyttä vastasyntyneen lapsen suun kehittyvässä bakteeristossa; tutkimme aktinomykesten merkitystä epäonnistuneiden hammasimplanttien pinnan kolonisoitujina ja eri lajien esiintymistä implantin menetykseen johtavassa tulehduksessa; selvitimme, tarttuvatko aktinomykekset implanttirakenteen ts. titaanin pintaan, ja voiko tähän tarttuvuuteen vaikuttaa biomateriaalien pinta-ominaisuuksia muuttamalla. Tutkimustulokset osoittivat aktinomykesten esiintyvyyden lapsilla nousevan kolmasosasta jopa 97 %:iin kahden ensimmäisen elinvuoden aikana. Ylivoimaisesti yleisin Aktinomykes-löydös jokaisella näytteenottokerralla oli A. odontolyticus, jota esiintyi yleisesti jo kahden kuukauden ikäisillä lapsilla. A. naeslundii oli seuraavaksi yleisin Aktinomykes-laji, mutta sitä löytyi ensimmäisen kerran vasta vuoden iässä, mikä on mahdollisesti yhteydessä hampaallisuuteen. Tutkimustulosten mukaan aktinomykekset muodostivat yleisimmän bakteeriryhmän (94% näytteistä) epäonnistuneiden implanttien kolonisoitujina. Myös näissä näytteissä A. odontolyticus osoittautui yleisimmäksi Aktinomykes-lajiksi. Tutkimus titaanin pintaominaisuuksien vaikutuksesta eri Aktinomykes-lajien tarttumiseen osoitti, että elektronimikroskoopissa tarkasteltuna eri lajeilla on erilainen affiniteetti titaanin pintaan proteiinipinnoitteen sekä pinnan karheusasteen vaikuttaessa solumääriin. 17

19 Tämän väitöskirja-tutkimuksen myötä kehitetyt fenotyyppiset identifiointi-ohjeistot mahdollistivat eri Actinomyces-lajien tunnistamisen kliinisistä näytteistä yhä luotettavammin. Luotettava laji-tason identifiointi loi edelleen perustan tutkimukselle, jossa selvitettiin eri Actinomyces-lajien osuutta ja merkitystä suun kehittyvässä bakteeristossa sekä terveyden että infektioiden kannalta. Tutkimustulokset eri lajien osuudesta biomateriaalien pinnalle kehittyvän bakteeri-biofilmin koostumukseen tuovat uutta tietoa implanttitulehdusten vielä heikosti tunnetusta mikrobiologiasta. Kokeellisia tutkimustuloksia lajien tarttuvuudesta eri tavoin käsitellyille titaanipinnoille voidaan hyödyntää implantologiassa käytettävien biomateriaalien kehittämisessä bakteerikasvua suosimattomaksi. The genus Actinomyces consists of a heterogeneous group of gram-positive, mainly facultatively anaerobic or microaerobic rods showing various degrees of branching. In the oral cavity, streptococci and Actinomyces form a fundamental component of the indigenous microbiota, being among initial colonizers in polymicrobial biofilms. The significance of the genus Actinomyces is based on the capability of species to adhere to surfaces such as on teeth and to co-aggregate with other bacteria. Identification of Actinomyces species has mainly been based on only a few biochemical characteristics, such as pigmentation and catalase production, or on the use of a single commercial kit. The limited identification of oral Actinomyces isolates to species level has hampered knowledge of their role both in health and disease. In recent years, Actinomyces and related organisms have attracted the attention of clinical microbiologists because of a growing awareness of their presence in clinical specimens and their association with disease. This series of studies aimed to amplify the identification methods for Actinomyces species. With the newly developed identification scheme, the age-related occurrence of Actinomyces in healthy mouths of infants and their distribution in failed dental implants was investigated. Adhesion of Actinomyces species to titanium surfaces processed in various ways was studied in vitro. The results of phenotypic identification methods indicated a relatively low applicability of commercially available test kits for reliable identification within the genus Actinomyces. However, in the study of conventional phenotypic methods, it was possible to develop an identification scheme that resulted in accurate differentiation of Actinomyces and closely related species, using various different test methods. Genotypic methods based on 16S rrna sequence analysis of Actinomyces proved to be a useful method for genus level identification and further clarified the species level identification with phenotypic methods. The results of the study of infants showed that the isolation frequency of salivary Actinomyces species increased according to age: thirty-one percent of the infants at 2 months but 97% at 2 years of age were positive for Actinomyces. A. odontolyticus was the most prominent Actinomyces colonizer during the study period followed in frequency by A. naeslundii and A. viscosus. In the study of explanted dental implants, Actinomyces was the most prevalent bacterial genus, colonizing 94% of the fixtures. Also in the implants A. odontolyticus was revealed as the most common Actinomyces species. It was present in 84% of Actinomyces - positive fixtures followed in frequency by A. naeslundii, A. viscosus and A. israelii. In an in vitro study of titanium surfaces, different Actinomyces species showed variation regarding their adhesion to titanium. Surface roughness as well as albumin coating of 18

20 titanium had significant effects on adhesion. The use of improved phenotypic and molecular diagnostic methods increased the accuracy of the identification of the Actinomyces to species level. This facilitated an investigation of their occurrence and distribution in oral specimens in both health and disease. ARTICLES IN ENGLISH MICROVASCULAR STRESS ANALYSIS. PART I : SIMULATION OF MICROVASCULAR ANASTOMOSES USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS. AL-SUKHUN JEHAD, LINDQVIST CHRISTIAN, ASHAMMAKHI NUREDDIN, PENTTILÄ HEIKKI British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery. 45: , PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To develop a finite element model (FEM) to study the effect of the stress and strain, in microvascular anastomoses that result from the geometrical mismatch of anastomosed vessels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: FEMs of end-to-end and end-to-side anastomoses were constructed. Simulations were made using finite element software (NISA). We investigated the angle of inset in the end-to-side anastomosis and the discrepancy in the size of the opening in the vessel between the host and recipient vessels. The FEMs were used to predict principal and shear stress and strain at the position of each node. RESULTS: Two types of vascular deformation were predicted during different simulations: longitudinal distortion, and rotational distortion. Stress values ranged from to 282.4MPa for the maximum principal stress, from to MPa for the minimum principal stress, and from to 333.1MPa for the maximum shear stress. The highest values were recorded when there was a 50% mismatch in the diameter of the vessels at the site of the end-to-end anastomosis. CONCLUSION: The effect of the vessel's size discrepancy on the blood flow and deformation was remarkable in the end-to-end anastomosis. End-to-side anastomosis was superior to end-to-end anastomosis. FEM is a powerful tool to study vascular deformation, as it predicts deformation and biomechanical processes at sites where physical measurements are likely to remain impossible in living humans. 19

21 A POSSIBLE CD1A LANGERHANS CELL-MAST CELL INTERACTION IN CHRONIC HYPERPLASTIC CANDIDOSIS ALI AHMED, RAUTEMAA RIINA, HIETANEN JARKKO, BEKLEN ARZU, KONTTINEN YRJÖ T. Journal of oral pathology & medicine. 36 (6): , AIMS: T lymphocyte-antigen-presenting cell (APC) interaction plays a central role in T lymphocyte activation and APC maturation. We therefore studied the CD1a-positive Langerhans cells with respect to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)-positive cells in chronic hyperplastic candidosis (CHC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tissue sections of CHC were compared with leukoplakia and healthy oral mucosa using RANKL and CD1a monoclonal antibodies in an avidin-biotin peroxidase complex protocol. Two different antigen-retrieval protocols, pepsin preincubation and Tris-EDTA heat treatment, were used. RESULTS: CD1a-positive Langerhans cells were in healthy and leukoplakia epithelium found in the middle layer, but in CHC in all layers of the epithelium, at the basement membrane and as mononuclear round cells in the lamina propria. Use of pepsin digestion enabled studies of mast cells and their activation in the form of degranulation of RANKL. CONCLUSIONS: The numerical, morphological and topographical versatility of the CD1a-positive Langerhans cells in CHC can be clarified by dendritic cell (DC) recruitment into the epithelium. RANKpositive and RANKL-sensitive DCs have ample opportunity to interact with local T lymphocytes. Use of an optimized antigen-retrieval protocol enabled demonstration of an active engagement (degranulation) of mast cells, which represent a rapidly available source of soluble RANKL. APICAL ROOT RESORPTION AFTER ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT -- A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY. APAJALAHTI SATU, PELTOLA JAAKKO European journal of orthodontics. 29: , The purpose of the study was to compare the incidence and severity of apical root resorption in patients treated with different orthodontic appliances and to evaluate the effect of treatment duration on the degree of apical root resorption. A further aim was to analyse the degree of apical root resorption in different tooth groups in patients presenting with root resorption. The sample consisted of 625 patients (269 males, 356 females) aged 8-16 years at the beginning of treatment. Active removable plates and fixed appliances were used most frequently. Following exclusion of poor quality radiographs, the final sample included 601 patients (348 females, 253 males). Root resorption in all tooth groups, except third molars, was evaluated from pre- and post-treatment panoramic radiographs. The correlation of root resorption with treatment modality and duration was studied using multinomial logistic regression analysis. Of the tooth groups, maxillary incisors showed apical root resorption most frequently, followed by the mandibular 20

22 incisors. Root resorption was significantly correlated with fixed appliance treatment (P < 0.001). In addition, the duration of fixed appliances treatment was found to contribute significantly (P < 0.01) to the degree of root resorption. The mean duration of treatment in patients without root resorption was 1.5 years, whereas in those with severe resorption was 2.3 years. The most severe resorption was seen in the maxillary incisors and premolars. It is concluded that with a long duration of fixed appliance treatment, the risk of severe resorption increases. In patients where treatment is prolonged, a 6-month radiographic follow-up is recommended. SOFT TISSUE REACTIONS TO BIOACTIVE GLASS COMBINED WITH CHITOSAN ASIKAINEN ANTTI J., HAGSTRÖM J., SORSA TIMO, NOPONEN JUKKA, KELLOMÄKI MINNA, JUUTI HANNE, LINDQVIST CHRISTIAN, HIETANEN JARKKO, SUURONEN RIITTA Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A. 83 (2): , The aim of this study was to evaluate rabbit soft tissue reactions to bioactive glass mesh by using a histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Bioactive glass (13-93) mesh fixed with 3 wt % chitosan was implanted into the dorsal subcutaneous space of New Zealand White rabbits (n=18) for six, 12, and 24 weeks, respectively. After 6 weeks the bioactive glass remnants were surrounded by foreign-body granuloma with eosinophilic granulocytes. After 12 and 24 weeks the implanted material was mainly absorbed, but, if any particles still remained the foreign-body reaction was notably milder. Yet, a mild chronic inflammatory infiltrate was present. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -2, -3, -13 and tissue inhibitory protein (TIMP-1 and -2) expressions were studied by immunohistochemistry. MMP-3, -13, TIMP-1, and -2 positivity were detected throughout the follow-up period. MMP-2 positivity was only occasionally seen in the 24 week samples, which is constitutively expressed but is not related to inductive MMP-3 and -13 cascade. The presence of eosinophilic granulocytes in some of the samples raises the possibility of an allergic reaction to the materials. MMP-3 and -13 are suggested to participate in the host reaction to either bioactive glass or chitosan. Copyright (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. PERIODONTAL TREATMENT NEEDS OF DIABETIC ADULTS BAKHSHANDEH SOHEILA, MURTOMAA HEIKKI, MOFID RASOUL, VEHKALAHTI MIIRA, SUOMALAINEN KIMMO Journal of clinical periodontology. 34: 53-57, AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate diabetes-related factors in relation to periodontal treatment needs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 299 dentate diabetics attending a diabetic clinic in Tehran, Iran. A self- 21