Mustahiili hallintaan - kansainvälinen kenttä Nvm Seppo Sarkkinen Ympäristöministeriö Säätytalo 17.4.2013
Mustahiili ja muut SLCF-aineet eri foorumeilla Arktisen neuvoston SLCF työ (AMAP, ACAP, TF 2009-2013, jatkotyö 2013?) UNEP:n SLCF-arvioinnit 2011 Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants Kaukokulkeutumissopimuksen Göteborgin pöytäkirjan muutos (UNECE CLRTAP) EU:n ilmansuojelustrategian uudistaminen Pohjoismainen yhteistyö Kansalliset terveysperusteiset toimet
Arktinen SLCF työ 1 Keväällä 2011, kaksi Arktisen neuvoston 2009 asettamaa ryhmää (The Task Force and the AMAP Expert Group) jätti mustahiiltä käsittelevät arviointiraporttinsa ja suosituksensa jatkotyöstä Arktinen neuvosto pyysi Nuukin julistuksessaan ryhmiä jatkamaan mustahiilityötä soveltuvin osin sekä aloittamaan metaaniin ja alailmakehän otsoniin liittyvän työn. ACAP:ssa aloitettu projekteja mm moottoreista ja pienpoltosta USA, Norja ja Ruotsi tekivät IMO:lle ehdotuksen toimista, jotka ovat tulevaisuudessa tarpeen arktisen merenkulun mustahiilipäästöjen mahdollisiin ilmasto- ja terveysvaikutuksiin puuttumiseksi
Arktinen SLCF työ 2 Toukokuussa 2013, Arktisen neuvosto saa Task Forcen uuden teknisen raportin ja suosituspaperin (4 avainviestiä ja 9 suositusta) Useita suosituksia metaanista Mustahiilen osalta suositellaan lisätyötä päästöinventaarioissa ja lisätoimia useiden toimintojen hiukkaspäästöille, jotta päästöjen pienevä trendi jatkuisi eivätkä tiettyjen toimintojen päästöt alkaisi kasvaa Neuvosto saattaa päättää Kiirunassa neuvotteluprosessin aloittamisesta mustahiiltä koskevasta arktisten maiden instrumentista Prosessi olisi samantyyppinen kuin neuvottelu arktisesta öljyntorjuntasopimuksesta
Particulates and Climate Change 2 General components of particulate matter, such as black carbon and organic carbon, seem to be the most important Short-Lived Climate Forcers (SLCFs) for the Arctic area By reducing emissions of black carbon it is possible to achieve temporary climate benefits (in a scale of a few decades) There is hope that with measures on SLCFs we could avoid exceeding of certain thresholds and succeed to keep the situation under control Concentrations of Fine Particulates (PM2.5) in air are connected with severe health effects However, the measures for CO 2 reductions are also urgent, because the effects of CO 2 measures can be seen only after a few decades in reality, and these measures are more permanent
UNEP assessments In 2011, UNEP published two important reports on SLCFs. UNEP/WMO assessment Summary for decision makers (February 2011) Technical report UNEP synthesis report: Actions for Controlling SLCFs (Nov 2011) Focus on regional mitigation opportunities Includes cost assessments of mitigation measures ( 16 measures ) Shindell et al. 2012 article in Science (13 Jan 2012), which was noticed also in other media
UNEP/WMO 2011 7
Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (CCAC) Global initiative to catalyze new and bolster existing efforts The Coalition s work will augment, not replace, global action to reduce carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Defines SLCPs to include methane, black carbon, tropospheric ozone, and many hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) The Coalition is open to governments and other stakeholders, who are committed to taking action on SLCPs Partners must be committed to the objectives of the coalition, mitigating SLCPs in their own countries, and to helping others to take similar actions. Still, partners may choose to take action in a variety of ways. The first meeting of CCAC was in Stockholm in April 2012
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) The Executive Body decided on in May 2012 to include black carbon as a component of Particulate Matter in the multieffects - protocol (rather general obligations so far) First international agreement addressing short lived climate forcers in the context of air pollution policy Protocol commitments on black carbon are qualitative: Each party should seek particulate matter reduction from black carbon rich sources to the extent it considers appropriate Emission inventories of particulate matter components will be improved The revised protocol includes several obligations for fine particulates: Certain emission reductions of national total emissions from 2005 to 2020 Emission limit values, including recommendations for residential sector
Nordic Co-operation Nordic Environment Ministers had a thematic conversation on SLCFs on March 2012 and they gave a common declaration and published a common newspaper article on SLCFs. In order to improve the basis of Nordic initiatives, the ministers will: Further develop national emission accounts of SLCFs (separate for black carbon) Identify cost-effective measures to reduce emissions and evaluate the need for national or Nordic action plans for emission reductions To support this work, a seminar was arranged on 7-8 June 2012 Environment Ministers in February 2013
National measures on fine particulates and black carbon in Finland Major motivation to reduce PM emissions or concentrations has been the health risks caused by fine particulates Measures for new vehicles have become gradually more stringent by use of EURO emission regulations High quality, sulphur free gasoline and diesel oil is fully introduced to markets Lower taxes are introduced for renewable biofuels Emissions on particulate matter are taken into account in procurement systems for bus services Preparations on the way nationally, in the EU and in UNECE for small scale wood combustion policy measures 11
Possibilities for cooperation between research and technological development Better fuels Synthetic paraffinic diesel oils and other modern biofuels Pellets and other easily burning solid fuels Better burning Modern stoves and fireplaces for small-scale combustion in residential sector Emission after-treatment Particulate after-treatment devices to old existing engines of heavy duty vehicles and non-road mobile machinery in cities 12