www.bell project.eu Vapaan sivistystyön hyödyt eurooppalaisen BeLL-tutkimuksen tuloksia Tammiseminaari 2014, Kuopio 30.1.2014 Jyri Manninen Kasvatustieteiden ja psykologian osasto Itä Suomen yliopisto BeLL Benefits of Lifelong Learning Rahoitus EU:n Lifelong Learning ohjelmasta ( Studies and Comparative Research KA 1 ). Vertaileva tutkimus vapaan sivistystyön opintojen tuottamista hyödyistä Sekä määrällistä että laadullista aineistoa: kyselylomake (n = 8.646) Väittämät asteikolla 1 7 (1 paljon vähemmän 4 ei muutosta 7 paljon enemmän) Avoimet kysymykset Laadulliset teemahaastattelut (8 kpl maittain, yhteensä n = 80). 10 Eurooppalaista maata: Espanja, Englanti, Saksa, Sveitsi, Italia, Suomi, Tsekki, Slovenia, Romania, Serbia. 2011 2014: 2014 Kyselyaineiston keruu päättyi 26.6.2013, haastattelut elo syyskuu 2013 Kyselypalautteiden keruu lokakuussa Tulosten julkistus tammikuussa 2014 (Bonn, Bryssel, Kuopio ) Tutkimusraportti verkossa maaliskuun lopussa 2 www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 1
Wider benefits -lähestymistapa Osallistuminen oppiminen laajemmat hyödyt (wider benefits) Hyödyt Yksilölle itselleen (uudet taidot, ystävät, hyvinvointi...) Perheelle, yhteisölle (lasten opiskelun tukeminen, luottamus...) työelämälle (osaaminen, jaksaminen...) yhteiskunnalle ( aktiivinen kansalaisuus, terveydenhoito ja sosiaalikulut jne.) Millä tavalla yksilöt, ryhmät, organisaatiot ja yhteiskunta hyötyvät koulutuksesta? Project team & partners The following organizations and persons are part of the BeLL research team: Dr. Marion Fleige & Dr. Bettina Thöne Geyer (German Institute for Adult Education DIE, Germany), Prof. Jyri Manninen & Dr. Matti Meriläinen (University of Eastern Finland UEF, Finland), Prof. Monika Kil (Danube University Krems, Austria), Dr. David Mallows, Prof. John Vorhaus & Dr. Samantha Duncan (University of London, Institute of Education IOE, United Kingdom), Prof. Javier Diez (University of Barcelona, CREA Research Centre, Spain), Dr. Petra Javrh, MSc Ester Možina & Dr. Natalija Vrečer (Slovenian Institute for Adult Education SIAE, Slovenia), Dr. Hana Danihelková (Association for Education and Development of Women ATHENA, Czech Republic), MA Irena Sgier & MA Christine Hary (Swiss Federation for Adult Learning SVEB, Switzerland), Prof. Simona Sava (Romanian Institute for Adult Education IREA, Romania), Prof. Katarina Popovic, MA Dubravka Mihajlovic & MA Edisa Kecap (Adult Education Society AES, Serbia), Dr. Paola Zappaterra (Associazione di donne Orlando AddO, Italy) and for the dissemination of the results Dr. Gina Ebner & MA Francesca Operti (European Association for the Education of Adults EAEA, Belgium) 4 www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 2
Tutkimuskohteena vapaan sivistystyön opinnot Ei ammatilliset kurssit Vapaaehtoisuus, omaehtoisuus, harrastustavoitteet Suomessa: Kansalaisopistot Kansanopistot Opintokeskukset Kesäyliopistot Liikunnan oppilaitokset Vastaajamäärät maittain Maa Vastaajia % osuus Englanti 709 8,2 Suomi 1252 14,5 Saksa 902 10,4 Italia 543 6,3 Romania 1043 12,1 Sveitsi 274 3,2 Serbia 981 11,3 Espanja 898 10,4 Tsekki 989 11,4 Slovenia 1055 12,2 Yhteensä 8646 100,0 www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 3
Suomessa kyselyyn vastanneiden (n = 1252) opiskelupaikat: 7 www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 4
ISCED levels %of respondents First or second stage of tertiary education, ISCED 5 and 6 38,1 Post secondary education, ISCED 4 16,5 Upper secondary education, ISCED 3 32,1 Lower secondary education, or second stage of basic 9,6 education, ISCED 2 Primary education, or first stage of basic education, or 3,7 less, ISCED 1 or less Kurssien aiheiden pääteemat Kurssityyppi/aihe mainintoja % Terveys & liikunta 941 10,9 Tietotekniikka & taitokurssit 1210 14,0 Kielet 1290 14,9 Taide, musiikki ja käsityöt 1135 13,1 Yhteiskunta & kulttuuri 914 10,6 Työhön ja ammattiin liittyvät aiheet 958 11,1 Useita eri kursseja suorittaneet 2099 24,3 Yhteensä 8547 98,9 Tieto puuttuu 99 1,1 Vastaajia yhteensä 8646 100,0 www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 5
Suomen kurssiaiheprofiili Main results The BeLL study shows that 1. Participants perceive multiple benefits after participating liberal adult education courses 2. Statistical analyzes of survey data (n= 8646) found 10 benefit factors, and show that all groups of people benefit from adult learning 3. Qualitative analysis of interviews (80) and open questions in the survey (n=4443) show that people are able to recognize, name and describe these benefits. www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 6
Main results Qualitative analysis of interviews (n = 80) show that 1. Participants experience a wide range of benefits and are able to name them - immediate outcomes as well as the development of wider benefits. 2. The impact of liberal adult education goes beyond the individual, affecting also those with whom they share a social context. 3. Participants often use liberal adult education to promote their life projects (cf. Illeris 2004) as well as to acquire specific competences. Question: And the courses you were doing, in terms of thinking about the outcomes - what have you noticed? In technical terms if you like, all the courses I have taken, which are liberal arts, cultural sorts of things, they have all honed by writing skills 1, including the Open University course and the Spanish because you still have to write essays and things, so they have definitely honed my skills 1 and in personal terms they have given me much more self confidence 2. [..] And they have also given me new social outlets 3 ; I have made really good friends 4 really good friends, lasting friendships 4. And other things have come out of them [...] [a 70 year old woman] Benefits: Skills & competencies (writing skills) 1 Self confidence 2 Social networks 3, new friends 4 14 www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 7
Mental Well-being Self-efficacy Locus of contro ol Health Social engagement LS SKILL Tolerance Sense of Purpose in Life Family benefits Work-related benefits Changes in educational experiences Survey questionnaire All potential benefits found in the literature and in earlier studies included in the questionnaire as statements 1. psychological benefits/potential outcomes: Locus of control, self-efficacy efficacy Example: 31. I feel that I have influence over the things that happen to me. 2. other benefits/potential outcomes: Tolerance, trust, changes in educational experiences, competencies, social networks, sense of purpose in life, civic and social engagement, civic competence, mental well-being, work related benefits, physical health, health behaviour, and family related benefits Example: 25. I am supportive of my children s learning. Measurement of change in these: 2.3.1 Now, please assess whether these liberal adult education courses have caused the following changes in your life. Use the following scale: Much less ( ) Less ( ) Slightly less ( ) No change (0) Slightly more (+) More (+ +) Much more (+ + +) www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 8
Lomake hyötyjä (14) mittaavat väittämät (39) muutoksen arviointi paperilomakkeet ja verkkolomakkeet 17 Example: Changes in educational experiences Definition: Learning motivation, learner self confidence, learner efficacy control and outcome beliefs, task value, and expectancyfor success (Pintrich, 1988; Ruohotie, 2000, 8; also expectancy valence model of participation, Rubenson, 1979). Statements: 2. I am motivated to learn 12. I feel confident as a learner 8. I see adult learning as an important opportunity 19. I am encouraging others to learn too Measurement of change in these www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 9
Those who have participated in liberal adult education during the past 12 months 86% have now better learning motivation 87% see adult learning now as a more important opportunity 81% feel now more confident as a learner 78% are more likely to encourage others to learn as well 19 Opiskelun aikaansaamat muutokset (kaikki maat, n = 8646) Vähemmän kuin ennen Ei muutosta Enemmän kuin ennen 8. Näen aikuisopiskelun tärkeänä mahdollisuutena 1,7% 7,9% 2. Olen motivoitunut opiskelemaan 2,5% 8,8% 22. Tapaan muita ihmisiä 2,7% 12,4% 12. Luotan omaan oppimiskykyyni 2,8% 12,3% 19. Kannustan myös muita opiskelemaan 3,3% 14,4% 6. Kokonaisuuden huomioiden olen onnellinen 3,1% 15,3% 86,9% 85,8% 81,4% 80,5% 78,4% 77,2% 9. Arvostan muiden ihmisten näkemyksiä 2,1% 35. Suhtaudun myönteisesti elämään 3,5% 15. Olen tyytyväinen elämääni 4,2% 11. Arvostan muiden ihmisten kulttuureja 2,7% 29. Tiedän, mitä haluan elämältäni 3,6% 23. Kiinnitän huomiota terveyteeni 3,5% 3. Olen mukana verkostoissa (ystävät, (stäät kollegat jne.) 56% 5,6% 5. Pyrin noudattamaan terveitä elämäntapoja 4,0% 33. Luotan siihen, että pystyn toimimaan tehokkaasti yllättävissä 4,6% 28. Kun teen suunnitelmia, olen varma että pystyn myös 4,3% 17,8% 17,6% 18,6% 21,3% 22,5% 24,5% 21,9% 26,0% 26,0% 26,8% 75,7% 74,8% 72,9% 71,5% 69,3% 68,2% 66,9% 65,7% 64,3% 64,0% 30. Uskon, että pystyn itse määräämään elämäni suuntaa 5,0% 26,5% 63,5% 31. Tunnen, että minulla on mahdollisuuksia vaikuttaa minulle 5,1% 26,4% 63,1% 18. Tiedän, miten saan ääneni kuulumaan ryhmässä 5,3% 26,3% 63,0% Esityksen nimi / Tekijä 20 32. Minun on helppo keskittyä tavoitteisiini ja saavuttaa päämääräni 5,6% 27,4% 61,7% www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 10
20. Luotan yleensä muihin ihmisiin 6,8% 29,3% 59,2% 17. Olen tyytyväinen fyysiseen terveydentilaani 9,3% 27,6% 58,4% 34. Jos joku vastustaa minua, löydän keinot joilla saan tahtoni läpi 6,5% 32,4% 55,6% 1. Voin hyvin työssäni nykyään 4,9% 29,2% 54,2% 21. Voisin osallistua vapaaehtoistoimintaan 9,5% 32,1% 52,7% 4. Toimin aktiivisesti lähialueeni hyväksi 11,6% 39,9% 41,6% 14. Luotan päätöksentekijöihin 15,8% 39,6% 36,9% 16.Olen kiinnostunut politiikasta 22,4% 36,1% 35,7% 10. Minulla on mahdollisuus parantaa tulotasoani 12,6% 40,9% 35,6% 13. Minulla on vaihtoehtoisia työ ja uravaihtoehtoja 11,6% 41,1% 35,1% 7. Olen valmis muuttamaan työn perässä 19,3% 38,3% 30,5% 25. Tuen lasteni opiskelua,9% 9,0% 24. Luotan kykyihini toimia vanhempana 1,2% 10,5% 22,3% 20,7% 27. Käytän alkoholia 12,8% 79,0% 5,0% 26. Poltan tupakkaa 6,2% 86,0% 4,9%,0% 10,0% 20,0% 30,0% 40,0% 50,0% 60,0% 70,0% 80,0% 90,0%100,0% 21 Tulosten vertailua - kaikki maat (8646) vs. Suomi (1252) 22 www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 11
Tulosten vertailua - kaikki maat (8646) vs. Suomi (1252) 23 Confirmatory Factor Analysis Benefit Factors (sum scores) Cr.α (n) Locus of Control (3items).85 (8066) Self Efficacy (3).85 (8044) Sense of Purpose in Life (2).78 (8170) Tolerance (2).80 (8147) Social Engagement (5).78 (7717) Changes in educational Experiences (4).80 (7975) Health (3).84 (8056) Mental Well being (2).82 (8134) Work (2).77 (7475) Family (2).89 (2735) Second order factors: CONTROL OF OWN LIFE (8 items).93 (7853) ATTITUDES & SOCIAL CAPITAL (11).89 (7444) HEALTH, FAMILY & WORK (9).83 (2468) www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 12
Main result (10 benefit factors) 71 % had experienced family related benefits Small but statistically significant difference between means of male and female respondents (5.30 vs. 5.48, p <.01) Positive changes in Family factor by gender (more parental confidence & more supportive to childrens' learning) Slightly more More Much more Women (n=1932) 15,5 22,2 35,6 Men (n= 872) 14,7 23,1 29,7 www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 13
86 % experienced positive changes in Social engagement (networks, voluntary activities, meeting other people, trust) Changes in "Social engagement" by type of course Slightly more More Much more Several courses attended 32,0% 37,7% 20,2% Work related and vocational topics 33,3% 37,4% 13,7% Society & culture 37,9% 30,3% 17,1% Creative activities 39,1% 31,0% 14,9% Languages 47,8% 24,9% 7,9% ICT & skills 36,4% 30,6% 16,9% Health & sports 45,4% 29,1% 12,9% The relation between the Course Type and the development of Social engagement was statistically significant and the course type also explained 79,6 % of differences in Social engagement (F 6; 11,929 = 7,738, p <.01, ƞ 2 p =.796). Examples from interviews But you keep learning something new. You keep expanding your horizons, meeting new people and becoming acquainted with other points of view. (GER_E), men, retired, 63 years old That too is dfii definitely quite important. Because people tend to move in certain circles [ ]. And there, it is quite nice to be able to get together with other people for a change, people from different professions with different educational backgrounds [ ]. I personally always find it quite fascinating. (GER_A) I ve been able to make new contacts. My circle of friends and acquaintances has grown. Information is transmitted dbetter as a result. I get important information and hear about what s going on in society. (GER_A), woman, retired, 70 years old www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 14
47 % had also work related benefits (new career or income opportunities) In qualitative analysis (interviews and open questions) also other work related benefits were found, like efficiency & increase in job or task performance : #00:21:06 5#: Yes, without question it has influenced my working quite much. I know the looms through and through. I am capable of repairing them, I know how they work so at work I am capable of doing things that I normally couldn t if hadn t attended these courses. Majority of the participants are not looking for Work related benefits, but experience these as a side product. These seem to be an added value for participation in liberal AE. 89 % had HEALTH, FAMILY & WORK related benefits Some small but statistically significant differences between countries (ANCOVA analysis, controlling for educational level and type of courses) Changes in HEALTH, FAMILY & WORK sum score by country Slightly more More Much more SLO 33,6% 37,7% 18,8% CZE 57,6% 22,5% 2,7% ESP 19,6% 46,9% 27,9% SRB 41,7% 32,3% 16,2% SWI 46,1% 29,4% 10,0% 0% ROM 23,5% 48,8% 23,3% ITA 47,4% 26,2% 9,9% GER 40,2% 34,3% 11,9% FIN UK 35,3% 34,6% 40,9% 31,6% 13,2% 18,7% www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 15
Lower educated experience more changes Changes in HEALTH, FAMILY & WORK sum score by educational level Slightly more More Much more ISCED 5 or 6 40,7% 34,8% 12,8% ISCED 4 42,0% 34,1% 12,6% ISCED 3 34,8% 38,3% 3% 16,7% ISCED 2 28,8% 40,2% 22,3% ISCED 1 or less 20,4% 34,0% 32,7% The survey questionnaire included two open benefit questions and the following instruction: Please think back to your learning experiences and participation during the past 12 months in these liberal adult education courses and try to answer the following questions by writing your answer in the empty space provided below the questions. 2.1 What immediate outcomes, if any, have you noticed from your participation in learning? 2.2 What other outcomes, long term effects or changes have you noticed? www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 16
Examples of individual answers I have learnt some things to apply to my hobby of horse keeping that improves the quality of my life [..]. It keeps my mind active, and improves my wellbeing by giving me goals to achieve. (UK_open_100003) I am healthier and more mobile when I do Pilates. I am more critical of my own art work, and strive to reach a higher level. (UK_open_100009) Example of analysis (first 400 respondents per country, n = 4443) Statements (f = 10.366) Themes (50 benefits + 19 skills) learnt some things to apply to my hobby improves the quality of my life keeps my mind active improves my wellbeing giving me goals to achieve healthier more mobile more critical of my own art work strive to reach a higher level skills (not specified) quality of life mental well being well being in daily life learning motivation physical well being health benefits Self expression and creativity learning motivation www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 17
Key findings in a nutshell SUMMARY www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 18
Main result 2 (second order benefit factors) Structural Equation Model (SEM, n = 8417) The statistical parameters indicated a satisfactory model fit: χ² (367, N=8, 417) = 5700.502, p <.000; comparative fit index (CFI)=0.93; Tucker Lewin index (TLI)=0.92; rootmeansquare error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.04; and standardised root mean square residual (SRMR)=0.04 (Hu and Bentler 1999). Bentler Bonett s test of normed fit index (NFI) (NFI=1 5700.502: 77646.568=0.93 [.90]) showed that the variance of the data was acceptable (Bentler and Bonett 1980). www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 19
Ch2 Ch8 Ch12.69.73.74.73 Changes in Educational Experieces Ch19 C28 C29 C30 C31 C32 C33 C34 C35.79.81.70.73.80.81.83.81 Control of own Life R²=.57.94.75 H5 Participation in Liberal Adult Education.16 ATTITUDES & SOCIAL CAPITAL R²=.03.48 Health.82.69.89 H17 H23 Social Engagemen t.91.90 R²=.03 Tolerance.62.53.68.65.77.84.80 SE3 SE4 SE20 SE21 SE22 T9 T11.92 HEALTH, WORK & FAMILY R²=.84.81.91.5 9.42 Mental Well- Being.84.84.98 Family.82 M6 M15 F24 F25 Work.79.80 W10 W13 Suomeksi www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 20
Lisää tunnetta Tukevat toisiaan Synnyttävät Key findings in a nutshell The BeLL study shows that Liberal adult education generates multiple benefits for individuals and society 70 87 % of respondents experienced positive changes in learning motivation, social interaction, general wellbeing and life satisfaction. Less frequently experienced changes related to work and career and on active citizenship, but even here 31 42 % have experienced some positive changes. Qualitative analysis of interviews (80) and open questions in the survey (n=4443) show that people are able to recognize, name and describe these benefits. www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 21
Key findings in a nutshell Statistical analyzes of survey data (n= 8646) found 10 benefit factors, and show that all groups of people benefit from adult learning These benefits can be summarized as changes in CONTROL OF OWN LIFE, ATTITUDES & SOCIAL CAPITAL and HEALTH, FAMILY & WORK. There are some small but statistically significant differences between gender, types of courses and countries: respondents in Slovenia, Romania and Spain seem to experience more changes, even when background variables are controlled for (theme for further analysis) However, these differences are in practicerather rather small, and the main result is that all groups benefit from liberal adult education, and that all types of courses generate changes in peoples lives. Key findings in a nutshell Significant difference: the lower the educational level is, the more changes participation in liberal adult education generates can narrow gaps between different social groups caused by differences in childhood schooling opportunities is an important equalizer of well being and learning opportunities...is likely to increase the probability of future participation, particularly for those who have had poor previous educational experiences. Therefore it is a good low threshold learning service motivating especially lower educated to study further Some age related differences: for younger participants liberal adult education serves as a stepping stone into society, improves their sense of control of their own life for older participants it is a cushion softening age related changes like retirement, loss of friends and family members, and skills decline www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 22
Kiitoksia! Thank you! www.sivistys.net/nakokulmat/tieteen sana/ 23