The (very) basics of clause- linking Minimal well- formed clause (main clause) Lauseiden rinnastaminen Tommi Jantunen, SVKS112, 15.4.2015 core Two- clause coordinate structure core + core Subordinated complement clause + core core (+ core core + core + core ) + core BRIL, Isabelle (Ed.) 2010. Clause Linking and Clause Hierarchy : Syntax and Pragma9cs. Philadelphia, PA, USA: John Benjamins Publishing Company. GAST, Volker & Diessel, Holger (Ed.) 2012. Clause Linkage in Cross- Linguis9c Perspec9ve: Data- Driven Approaches to Cross- Clausal Syntax. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. Background on clausal coordinaxon Typological perspec;ve TradiXonally defined as the linking of two (or more) clauses of the same rank. Structural symmetry vs. structural asymmetry TradiXonal quesxon: How explicit is the linkage (syndexc vs. asyndexc)? ConjuncXve ( and ), adversaxve ( but ), and disjuncxve ( or ) coordinaxon Bi- clausal vs. mulxple coordinaxon Specific ques;ons for SLs Prosody of clausal coordinaxon? Modality differences in clausal coordinaxon? Presumed in the research into FinSL High frequency of ellipsis of themaxc elements Osa 1 LAUSERINNASTUKSEN PERUSTEET SVK:SSA GAST, Volker & Diessel, Holger (2012). The typology of clause linkage: status quo, challenges, prospects. In Gast, Volker & Diessel, Holger (Eds.), Clause Linkage in Cross- Linguis9c Perspec9ve: Data- Driven Approaches to Cross- Clausal Syntax, pp. 1-36.. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. HASPELMATH, MarXn (2007). CoordinaXon. In Timothy Shopen (Ed.), Language typology and syntac9c descrip9on: Complex construc9ons. Volume 2, pp. 1 51. Second edixon. Cambridge: CUP. JANTUNEN, Tommi (under revision). Clausal coordinaxon in FinSL. November 2014. TANG, Gladys & Lau, Prudence (2012). CoordinaXon and subordinaxon. In Roland Pfau, Markus Steinbach & Bencie Woll (Eds.), Sign language: An interna9onal handbook, pp. 340 365. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. 1
AdversaXve & disjuncxve coordinaxon is primarily syndexc in FinSL ConjuncXve coordinaxon is primarily asyndexc in FinSL 1. BOY LOOK- AT ' REALLY NOTIFY DOG PALM- UP / PALM- DOWN [ØBOY SEARCH ØFROG ] ' [DOG HELP ØBOY SEARCH STUDY] (The boy looked at the jar and then turned to the dog like "what now".) Well, the boy began to look for the frog and the dog helped him in the search.' 4....[NICE] ØBUT [TIRED EXHAUSTED] (The boy was happy and he waved farewell to the snowman.) He had had fun but now he was totally exhausted.' (CFINSL2013_008_05, signer 1, COO- 8) (CFINSL2013_005_05, signer 2, COO- 2) 2. [ ØBOY&SNOWMAN HOME+GO ] ' [ INDEX SNOWMAN GO ] 'They went home and the snowman ler. 5. (CFINSL2013_008_05, signer 1, COO- 7)...MAYBE STILL PRACTICE ICE- HOCKEY SURE INDEX ' BUT NEVERTHELESS FAVOR DECREASE '...people sxll pracxce ice hockey but its popularity has diminished. (CFINSL2013_008_06, signer 1, but- 4) 3. [ ØWE BE- PRESENT HELSINKI ] ' [ ØWE RETURN RECENTLY ] 'We were there in Helsinki and came back only recently. 6. (Mocap data 2, signer 1, sentence 21)...ME SELF GROW- UP ALREADY ' OR CULTURE CLIMATE CHANGE... '(I don't know if it is) me who has grown up or if the cultural atmosphere has changed... (CFINSL2013_008_06, signer 1, or- 2) On coordinators in FinSL ALSO PLUS BUT 8. OR SyndeXc coordinaxon is monosyndexc (as opposed to bi- or mulxsyndexc). On the basis of evidence from eye blinks, coordinators are used preposixvely (as opposed to postposixvely) with the second clause in FinSL. The use of conjuncxve coordinators ALSO and PLUS is marked. NB! There is also a conjuncxve coordinator AND in FinSL but it belongs to a highly marked register very close to Finnish. MulXple coordinaxon 7. All coordinators can be used sentence- inixally as turn- inixal uuerance parxcles. DAVIDSON, Kathryn (2013). And or or : General use coordinaxon in ASL. Seman9cs & Pragma9cs 6(4):1-44. HASPELMATH, MarXn (2007). CoordinaXon. In Timothy Shopen (Ed.), Language typology and syntac9c descrip9on: Complex construc9ons. Volume 2, pp. 1 51. Second edixon. Cambridge: CUP. JANTUNEN, Tommi (under revision). Clausal coordinaxon in FinSL. November 2014. VELUPILLAI, Viveka (2012). An Introduc9on to Linguis9c Typology. Amsterdam: JB. h1: CL- A- "climbing- right- paw ' CL- V- "jump ' ESCAPE h2: CL- A- "climbing- ler- paw CL- S- "edge ESCAPE 'Gently the frog climbed up the wall, jumped down from the edge of the jar, and escaped. (CFINSL2013_008_05, signer 2, COO- 4) GO- FORWARD ' CL- A- "open door ' STUDY HOW CLOTHES They went on, opened the closet door and studied what kinds of clothes there were. (CFINSL2013_005_05, signer 1, COO- 5) MulXple conjuncxve coordinaxon is primarily asyndexc. If there is a coordinator, it is auached preposixvely to the final clause. In mulxple adversaxve and disjuncxve coordinaxon, the syndexc strategy is preferred. The coordinators BUT and OR auach preposixvely to the final clause. JANTUNEN, Tommi (under revision). Clausal coordinaxon in FinSL. November 2014. 2
Yhteenveto lauserinnastuksen päätyypit SVK:ssa SemanPnen tyyppi Merkitön rakenne Merkkinen rakenne addixivi ( ja ) jukstaposixo konjunkxot MYÖS, PLUS [POIKA ITKEÄ] [TYTTÖ NAURAA] [POIKA ITKEÄ] MYÖS [TYTTÖ NAURAA] kontrasxivi ( muua ) konjunkxo MUTTA jukstaposixo [POIKA ITKEÄ] MUTTA [TYTTÖ NAURAA] [POIKA ITKEÄ] [TYTTÖ NAURAA] Osa 2 LAUSERINNASTUKSEN PROSODIASTA disjunkxivi ( tai ) konjunkxo TAI jukstaposixo [POIKA ITKEÄ] TAI [TYTTÖ NAURAA] [POIKA ITKEÄ] [TYTTÖ NAURAA] DAVIDSON, K. 2013. And or or : General use coordinaxon in ASL. Seman9cs & Pragma9cs 6(4), 1-44. GAST, V. & H. Diessel 2012. The typology of clause linkage: Status quo, challenges, prospects. Teoksessa V. Gast & H. Diessel (toim.), Clause Linkage in cross- linguis9c perspec9ve: Data- driven approaches to cross- clausal syntax, 1 36. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. HASPELMATH, M. 2007. CoordinaXon. Teoksessa T. Shopen (toim.), Language typology and syntac9c descrip9on: Complex construc9ons. Volume 2, 1-51. Toinen painos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. JANTUNEN, T. 2015. Clausal coordinaxon in Finnish Sign Language. Julkaistavaksi tarjouu käsikirjoitus, tammikuu 2015. TANG, G. & Lau, P. 2012. CoordinaXon and subordinaxon. Teoksessa R. Pfau, M. Steinbach & B. Woll (toim.), Sign language: An interna9onal handbook, 340-365. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. Prosodiaan liiuyviä kysymyksiä 1. Millainen on ei-manuaalinen prosodia (so. kehon, pään ja kasvojen kerrosteinen toiminta) lauserinnastuksen tunnusmerkittömissä rakenteissa? 2. Miten prosodia muuttuu, kun tunnusmerkittömät konjunktiorakenteet (kontrastiivit ja disjunktiivit) tuotetaan tunnusmerkkisinä jukstapositiorakenteina? Kysymys 1 yhteenveto SemanPnen tyyppi Merkitön rakenne Prosodinen erityispiirre addixivi ( ja ) kontrasxivi ( muua ) disjunkxivi ( tai ) jukstaposixo konjunkxo MUTTA konjunkxo TAI pään sivusuuntainen kallistusliike, joka sitoo lauseet kokonaisuuksiksi pään syvyyssuuntainen liike konjunkxoviiuoman MUTTA aikana pää ja/tai keho liikkuvat TAI- viiuoman aikana sivusuunnassa viiuomaxlan yhdestä paikasta toiseen paikkaan PFAU, R. & Quer, J. 2010. Nonmanuals: Their grammaxcal and prosodic roles. Teoksessa D. Brentari (toim.), Sign languages: A Cambridge language survey, 381-402. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. SANDLER, W. 2012. Visual prosody. Teoksessa R. Pfau, M. Steinbach & B. Woll (toim.), Sign language: An interna9onal handbook, 55-76. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. TANG, G. & Lau, P. 2012. CoordinaXon and subordinaxon. Teoksessa R. Pfau, M. Steinbach & B. Woll (toim.), Sign language: An interna9onal handbook, 340-365. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. DAVIDSON, K. 2013. And or or : General use coordinaxon in ASL. Seman9cs & Pragma9cs 6(4), 1-44. JANTUNEN, T. 2015. Clausal coordinaxon in Finnish Sign Language. Julkaistavaksi tarjouu käsikirjoitus, tammikuu 2015. TANG, G. & Lau, P. 2012. CoordinaXon and subordinaxon. Teoksessa R. Pfau, M. Steinbach & B. Woll (toim.), Sign language: An interna9onal handbook, 340-365. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. 3
Esimerkki 9 disjunkxivi ( tai ) Esimerkki 10 kontrasxivi ( muua ) Esimerkki 11 addixivi ( ja ) Kysymys 2 yhteenveto SemanPnen tyyppi Merkkinen rakenne Prosodinen erityispiirre kontrasxivi ( muua ) disjunkxivi ( tai ) jukstaposixo [POIKA ITKEÄ] Ø [TYTTÖ NAURAA] jukstaposixo [POIKA ITKEÄ] Ø [TYTTÖ NAURAA] normaalin pään liikkeen korostaminen, kehon liikkeen (prominenxnpi) mukaantulo normaalin kehon ja/tai pään liikkeen jopa liioiuelu korostaminen DAVIDSON, K. 2013. And or or : General use coordinaxon in ASL. Seman9cs & Pragma9cs 6(4), 1-44. GAST, V. & H. Diessel 2012. The typology of clause linkage: Status quo, challenges, prospects. Teoksessa V. Gast & H. Diessel (toim.), Clause Linkage in cross- linguis9c perspec9ve: Data- driven approaches to cross- clausal syntax, 1 36. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. JANTUNEN, T. 2015. Clausal coordinaxon in Finnish Sign Language. Julkaistavaksi tarjouu käsikirjoitus, tammikuu 2015. TANG, G. & Lau, P. 2012. CoordinaXon and subordinaxon. Teoksessa R. Pfau, M. Steinbach & B. Woll (toim.), Sign language: An interna9onal handbook, 340-365. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. 4
Esimerkki 12 merkitön ja merkkinen kontrasxivirakenne [ ( auttaa) KYLLÄ ] b [ MUTTA Esimerkki 13 merkkinen disjunkxivirakenne NYT (ei ole enää ) ] [ VANHA] [ MUKAVA ] TUTTU KUURO [MENNÄ-LUO ] [ VÄSYNYT ] Yhteenveto prosodiasta Disjunktiivisella ja kontrastiivisella lauserinnastuksella on distinktiivinen ei-manuaalinen prosodia SVK:ssa (vrt. Davidson 2013). Additiivisen lauserinnastuksen osalta ei-manuaalinen prosodia ei ole yhtä yksiselitteinen, mutta pään sivusuuntaisella kallistusliikkeellä on siinä tärkeä rooli, kuten lausekoheesion ylläpitämisessä yleensäkin (ks. Pfau & Quer 2010). Manuaalisten merkitsinten poissaolo kasvattaa ei-manuaalisen prosodian roolia lauserinnastuksessa (Tang & Lau 2012). Prosodian ja syntaksin yhteispeli on SVK:n lauserinnastuksessa suhteellisen systemaattista (ks. Sandler 2012). Osa 3 VIITTOMAKIELEN OMIA RINNASTUSTAPOJA DAVIDSON, K. 2013. And or or : General use coordinaxon in ASL. Seman9cs & Pragma9cs 6(4), 1-44. GAST, V. & H. Diessel 2012. The typology of clause linkage: Status quo, challenges, prospects. Teoksessa V. Gast & H. Diessel (toim.), Clause Linkage in cross- linguis9c perspec9ve: Data- driven approaches to cross- clausal syntax, 1 36. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. JANTUNEN, T. 2015. Clausal coordinaxon in Finnish Sign Language. Julkaistavaksi tarjouu käsikirjoitus, tammikuu 2015. PFAU, R. & Quer, J. 2010. Nonmanuals: Their grammaxcal and prosodic roles. Teoksessa D. Brentari (toim.), Sign languages: A Cambridge language survey, 381-402. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. SANDLER, W. 2012. Visual prosody. Teoksessa R. Pfau, M. Steinbach & B. Woll (toim.), Sign language: An interna9onal handbook, 55-76. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. TANG, G. & Lau, P. 2012. CoordinaXon and subordinaxon. Teoksessa R. Pfau, M. Steinbach & B. Woll (toim.), Sign language: An interna9onal handbook, 340-365. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. 5
SL- specific coordinaxon List buoy construc;on Used to conjuncxvely coordinate mulxple units and events. Is a preposixve and (bi- or) mulxsyndexc coordinaxon strategy. Two simultaneously produced Type 3 verbals Simultaneous coordinaxon of two clauses. Iconic modifica;on of the movement parameter of verbal signs Express the temporal sequenxality of events. JANTUNEN, Tommi (under revision). Clausal coordinaxon in FinSL. November 2014. LIDDELL, Scou K. (2003). Grammar, gesture, and meaning in ASL. Cambridge: CUP. VELUPILLAI, Viveka (2012). An Introduc9on to Linguis9c Typology. Amsterdam: JB. 14. Type 3 verbals "the signer looks around in a puzzled manner" h1: CL- Vbent- "sit - right h2: CL- Vbent- "sit - ler i. 'The boy and the dog sit and look around in a puzzled manner.' ii. 'The boy sits and looks around in a puzzled manner and the dog sits and looks around in a puzzled manner' (CFINSL2013_008_05, signer 2, COO- 10) Iconic modificaxon of movement Modality differences in clausal coordinaxon 15. Ø SNOWMAN CL- Ax- "play with the light switch" ' "LAMP- ON/LAMP- OFF" 'The snowman turns the switch and looks to see how the light goes first on and then off.' (CFINSL2013_008_05, signer 1, COO- 5) In terms of basic clausal coordinaxon, FinSL is very similar to the world's spoken languages. However, the visual- gestural channel of FinSL and of all SLs nevertheless affects the way how clauses can be coordinated. From the perspecxve of SLs, the modality differences are being caused, most notably, by the presence of the "other" hand (together with other non- manual arxculators) and by the pervasive iconicity in sign language structure. JANTUNEN, Tommi (under revision). Clausal coordinaxon in FinSL. November 2014. 6