Cooperation in the development of geological disposal concepts benefits and challenges. Monica Hammarström, SKB, Juhani Vira, Posiva

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1 Cooperation in the development of geological disposal concepts benefits and challenges Monica Hammarström, SKB, Juhani Vira, Posiva

2 Content Nuclear power in Sweden and Finland The waste issue becomes a political issue Start of research and development work Benefit from international cooperation Siting of facilities Challenges Conclusion

3 Forsmark 3 reactors in operation Olkiluoto 2 reactors in operation 1 reactor in construction F1 Helsinki Loviisa 2 reactors in operation Stockholm Ringhals 4 reactors in operation Barsebäck 2 reactors shut-down 2 1 Oskarshamn 3 reactors in operation

4 Olkiluoto 3

5 Olkiluoto in summer Timo Äikäs 5

6 Olkiluoto photomontage Timo Äikäs 6

7 Nuclear waste becomes a political issue - Sweden 1972 Government Committee on Radioactive Waste 1976 Stipulation Act advised permission to start new reactors granted only if reactor owner: 1.has agreement for reprocessing of spent fuel and has demonstrated how and where absolutely safte final storage of the high-level waste obtained from reprocessing can be effected or 2. has demonstrated how and where absolutely safe final storage of spent, unprocessed nuclear fuel can be effected 1985 Central interim storage facility, Clab 1988 Final repository for low and LILW, SFR

8 Roles and legislation The Government The Swedish Radiation Authority The Swedish National Council for Nuclear Waste Environment Court Municipality The Planning and Building Act The Swedish Environment Code The Nuclear Activities Act The Radiation Protection Act The Financing Act

9 System in operation

10 Nuclear waste becomes a political issue - Finland Accident at Three Mile Island lead to increased conserns Options: Reprocessing and foreign solutions (SF sent back to Soviet Union) High reprocessing prices/low uranium prices led to 2nd thoughts 1983 the Goverment defined a programme for direct disposal of SF in Finland 1994 Export and import of any nuclear waste was prohibited

11 Research and Development start in Stripa

12 Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory

13 Posiva was founded in 1995 TEOLLISUUDEN VOIMA OY PERUSTAMISKIRJA IMATRAN VOIMA OY Allekirjoittaneet ovat päättäneet perustaa Posiva Oy nimisen osakeyhtiön tämän perustamiskirjan mukaisesti. Tämä perustamiskirja on tehty neljänä samasanaisena Yhtiö perustetaan EVL 52a kappaleena, :n yksi patentti- ja rekisterihallituksen mukaisesti jatkamaan kaupparekisteriosastolle ja yksi kummallekin perustajalle perustajilta sille siirtyvää sekä yksi perustettavalle yhtiölle. käytetyn ydinpolttoaineen Helsingissä 19. lokakuuta 1995 huollon tutkimusta ja kehitystä sekä siihen TEOLLISUUDEN VOIMA OY IMATRAN VOIMA OY liittyvää liiketoimintaa. Mauno Paavola Ami Rastas Anders Palmgren Heikki Raumolin

14 The 1983 KBS-3 concept

15 Canister development WARM PROCESS COLD PROCESS KBS Lead-filled KBS-3 Copper-filled SKB 91 TVO-92 SR 95 & SR 97 KBS-3 Lead-filled Ceramic canister 1978

16 Site Investigation gets serious in 1990s

17 AGREEMENT-2001 background: SKB s progress in encapsulation and repository technologies Posiva s progress in siting aim: win-win benefits in resource utilisation and RTD costs coverage: focus on encapsulation and repository technologies stipulations on: coverage management and organisation cost sharing reporting ownership of information, intellectual property rights inventions, patents liabilities, warranties

18 Bentonite laboratory Canister laboratory Äspö HRL 1

19 ONKALO site in summer 2008 T.

20 1983 KBS-3 25 years

21 POSIVA S PROGRAMME FOR GEOLOGIC DISPOSAL OF SPENT FUEL 2020 Test operation and commissioning Construction of disposal facility Construction of ONKALO and confirming investigations at Olkiluoto 2012 Start disposal of spent fuel 2018 Application for operation license Application for construction license Site selection Site investigations 2001 VLJ-repositories KPA -Spent fuel storage Decision-in-Principle by Government and Parliament 1983 Government s decision on objectives and time schedule 1978 Start of feasibility studies for geologic disposal

22 40 years of development Building of encapsulation plant and repository Site investigations Deposition begins Government decision Review by authorities Application to build a final repository Application to build an encapsulation plant Feasibility studies Methodology development SFR in operation Clab in operation m/s Sigyn in operation Canister Laboratory Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory The government approves KBS-3 for the start-up of new reactors The Nuclear Fuel Safety (KBS) project starts

23 Challenges different organisational cultures different time tables lead to different priorities at different times different regulations and differences in licensing procedures

24 Challenges comprehensive cooperation means effective ties between programmes problems/issues in one country easily move over to the other as well decisions in one country affect decisions in the other the regulators in the two countries have found each other as well moving from RD&D to industrialization will change the context of cooperation new options for cooperation will to open

25 Conclusion programme for geologic disposal of spent fuel is possible without excessive costs, but TVO s/posiva s programme owes a lot of its success to international contacts and cooperation information and experience provided by SKB has been of special importance access to international information and cooperation made it possible to focus the work on site and site-specific topics no language barrier to Swedish RTD information presently strong political consensus on solving the nuclear waste problems in the waste producer s own country in contrast to recommendations for foreign solutions in the early 1980 s sets constraints to international cooperation

26 General comments international contacts and cooperation make sense only in the context of a sufficiently extensive own programme information transfer and application otherwise difficult to realise with increasing stakes the fairness of cooperation also becomes important the ties created by close cooperation need to be acknowledged and accepted differences in the national contexts and conditions need to be acknowledged and may become increasingly difficult as the number of partners increases

27 Thank you!