- - 1 1 J 1. 1! 1 Guide 'to Finnish 1 Verbs! L_ 120 Finnish verbs fully conjugated Zsuzsanna Oinas
Guide to Finnish Verbs 120 Finnish verbs f ully conjugated SEINÄJOEN l<aupunginkirjasto MAAKUNTAKIRJASTO Zsuzsanna Oinas Finnlibri
Copyright 2005 Zsuzsanna Oinas 2nd revised edition 2005 First impression 2006 Published by Finnlibri Espoo, Finland Cover design and layout Zsuzsanna Oinas ISBN 952-99553-0-8 Printed by Vammalan kirjapaino Oy Vammala, Finland 2006
Contents About this book Gramm atical introd uction 1. Persona! pronouns, 2. Basic form of verbs, 3. Infinitive markers, 4. Personal endings, 5. Consonant gradation, 6. The infinitive stem, 7. The inflectional stem, 8. Verb types, 9. Tenses and moods, 10. The indicative mood, 11. The conditional mood, 12. The imperative mood, 13. The potential mood, 14. Infinitives, 15. Participles Conj ugation tables of 120 Finnish verbs Type 1: -a J -ä verbs TABLES 1-13: type l(a) verbs ending in -oa, -ua, -yä, -öä sanoa, nukkua, aikoa, penkoa, tippua, leipoa, ampua, tottua kaatua, tahtoa, esiintyä, paleltua, kertoa TABLES 14-20: type l(bl) verbs ending in -aa, -ää, past tense -i muistaa, elää, purkaa, odottaa, noutaa, unohtaa, sortaa TABLES 21-24: type l(b2) verbs ending in -aa, -ää, past tense -si huutaa, rakentaa, uskaltaa, ymmärtää TABLES 25-32: type l(b3) verbs ending in -aa, past tense -oi nauraa, jakaa, tappaa, auttaa, kaataa, vaihtaa, antaa, saartaa TABLES 33-40: type l(c) verbs ending in -ea, -eä laskea, lukea, sulkea, tunkea, kylpeä, potea, lähteä, tuntea TABLES 41-51: type l(d) verbs ending in -ia, -iä sallia, leikkiä, pyrkiä, hylkiä, onkia, oppia, sopia, empiä, miettiä, vaatia, ehtiä Type 2: -d a / -d ä verbs TABLES 52-56 voida, saada, juoda, käydä, tehdä Type 3: -ra, -rä / -na, -nä / -la, -lä / -sta, -stä verbs TABLES 57-76 surra, mennä, olla, tulla, kävellä, kuvailla, nakella, jaella, hypellä, ommella, jutella, suudella, valehdella, kuunnella, puhallella, askarrella, juosta, nousta, julkaista, rangaista Type 4: -ata, -ätä /-ota, -uta, -eta / -etä, -itä, -ytä, -ötä verbs TABLES 77-90: type 4(a) verbs ending in -ata, -ätä varata, leikata, pelätä, taata, tingata, hypätä, luvata, kammata, mitata, ladata, kohdata, suunnata, vallata, verrata T AB LES 91-103: type 4(b) verbs ending in -ota, -uta, -eta siivota, meluta, katketa, poiketa, koota, juljeta, langeta, upota, ruveta, kummuta, kadota, vaahdota, irrota TABLES 104-109: type 4(c) verbs ending in -etä, -itä, -ytä, -ötä nimetä, selvitä, älytä, keritä, iljetä, hävetä Type 5: -ita /-itä verbs, stem -itse TABLES 110-111 valita, ansaita Type 6: -eta / -etä verbs, stem -ne TABLES 112-120 vanheta, heiketä, paeta, rohjeta, hapata, kalveta, lämmetä, loitota, edetä APPENDIX: Alphabetical index of 1200 Finnish verbs SOURCES 4 4 21 21 37 46 51 61 71 85 91 116 116 133 150 157 160 172 176 3
Guide to Finnish verbs About this book This guide includes a short grammatical introduction to Finnish verbs, conjugation tables of 120 verbs and an alphabetical list of 1200 verbs, where each verb is indicated with a number that refers to the corresponding conjugation table. The focus of the grammatical introduction is on selected issues: consonant gradation, stem formation and verb types. The formation of tenses and moods in active and passive voices is briefly discussed, as well as the formation of the infinitive and the participle forms. The verb tables are compiled according to the six main verb types that are divided in this book into 18 subtypes. The conjugation tables are presented in the same order as the verb types are described in the introduction. Special attention is paid to consonant gradation: there is a fully conjugated model verb for almost all possible consonant gradation types within each verb subtype (except those that are not subject to consonant gradation). Each conjugation table begins with the basic form (the infinitive form) of the verb. lf the verb is subject to consonant gradation, it is indicated in brackets after the infinitive, for instance, as follows: (alternation kk: k). Each verb table includes 148 forms of the same verb. At the end of each table you will find a list of similar verbs, which belong to the same stem and consonant gradation type (if applicable). The similar verbs also are included in the alphabetical index at the end of the book. Explanation of symbols used in this book indicates drop in consonant alternation, when consonant k alternates with a drop, för example, k: - > indicates a change in sounds or verb forms indicates listing of different forms of the same verb or indicates consonant alternation Grammatical introduction 1. Persona! pronouns SINGULAR PLURAL minä I me we sinä te you you hän he he/ she they It is not necessary to use persona! pronouns in first and second persons singular and plural: pronouns minä, sinä, me, te can be omitted. However, they can be used or have to be used when the person in question is being emphasised for one reason or another. The subject pronoun te may also indicate polite form (both one person and more). In spoken Finnish pronoun hän may be replaced by the demonstrative pronoun se it and pronoun he they by the demonstrative pronoun ne they, those. Otherwise pronouns se and ne indicate nonhuman: animals and things. In order to avoid confusion, the personal pronouns are listed in the conjugation tables (they are given in brackets in connection with the imperative mood). 2. Basic form of verbs The basic form of a Finnish verb is the shorter form of the first infinitive. Unless otherwise mentioned, in the introduction part it is called infinitive. This infinitive form is also the dictionary form of verbs. Examples: istua to sit, laulaa to sing, syödä to eat, juosta to run, pelätä to be ajraid 4
lntroduction 3. Infinitive markers The infinitive förm includes an infinitive stem that is föllowed by an infinitive marker. (For the infinitive stem, see section 6. The infinitive stem.) The infinitive markers are: (a) -a/ -ä: puhu-a ta speak, odotta-a ta wait, lähte-ä ta leave, upot-a ta sink, paet-a ta escape (b) -da/ -dä: kopioi-da ta capy, saa-da ta get, juo-da ta drink, syö-dä ta eat, näh-dä ta see (c) -ta/ -tä: juos-ta ta run, pes-tä ta wash, rangais-ta ta punish (d) -ra/ -rä / -na/ -nä / -la/ -lä: pur-ra ta bite, men-nä ta ga, kuul-la ta hear, kävel-lä ta walk 4. Personal endings Finnish verbs have six persona! endings, three in singular and three in plural. The endings are attached to the inflectional stem (för the inflectional stem, see section 7. The inflectianal stem). The persona! endings correspond to the English persona! pronouns /, yau, he!she, we, yau, they. The persona! ending in the third person singular is the same vowel as the stem vowel in verb types 1, 2e, 3 (except för verb olla), 4b-c and 5-6. There is no persona! ending in the third person singular in verb types 2a-d, and 4a. (For verb types, see section 8.) The persona! ending in the third person plural is subject to vowel harmony, it occurs in -vat / -vä t förm. PERSONAL ENDINGS 1 " person 2" ct person 3rd person SINGULAR -n -t PLURAL -mme -tte - stem vowel -vat / -vä t Example: sanoa ta say SINGULAR sano-n/ say (sinä) sano-t yau say hän sano-ohe/she says PLURAL (me) sano-mme (te) sano-tte he sano-vat we say yau say they say 5. Consonant gradation in verbs One of the sound altemations that occurs in Finnish is known as consonant gradation. lt is discussed here, because it is important för the förmation of the inflectional stem and hence för the conjugation of verbs. (Note that consonant gradation also occurs in other word classes, not only in verbs.) Consonant gradation is a variation of consonants k, p, t and their combinations with certain other consonants in different förms of the same verb. Consonant gradation may occur in three ways as föllows. (a) Variation in length kk: k pp: p tt: t (long kk altemates with short k) (long pp altemates with short p) (long tt altemates with short t) nukkua: nukun ta sleep : I sleep oppia : opit ta leam : you learn mitata : hän mittaa ta measure : he!she measures ln variation type (a) kk, pp, tt are in strong grade and k, p, t are in weak grade. (b) V ariation of short k, p, t with other consonants or a drop (in case of k) k:- p:v t: d (short k drops) (short p altemates with v) (short t altemates with d) lukea : luen ta read : I read saapua : saavut ta arrive : yau arrive hoitaa : hoidamme ta take care : we take care ln variation type (b) the short consonants k, p, t are in strong grade and the altemations in weak grade. (c) Variation of combinations with k, p, t nk: ng (nk altemates with ng) mp : mm (mp altemates with mm) nt : nn (nt altemates with nn) lt : II (lt altemates with II) rt: rr ht:hd (rt altemates with rr) (ht altemates with hd) penkoa : pengon ta rummage : I rummage ampua : ammun ta shaat : I shaat antaa : annan ta give : I give uskaltaa : uskallan ta dare : I dare ymmärtää : ymmärrän ta understand : I understand johtaa: johdan ta lead: I lead 5
Guide to Finnish verbs In addition consonant k may altemate with a drop (altemation k : - ) in the following combinations lk / rk / hk Examples: alkaa : alan to begin : I begin, purkaa : puran to tear down : I tear down, pyyhkiä : pyyhin to wipe : I wipe, uhata : uhkaan to threaten : I threaten consonant k may altemate with j (k : j) in the following combinations: lke / rke / hke and in front of i Examples: sulkea : suljen to close : I close, hylkiä : hyljin to reject : I reject särkeä : särjen to break: I break, puhjeta : puhkeaa ta burst: it is bursting ln variation type (c) combinations nk, lk, rk, hk / mp, lp, rp / nt, lt, rt, ht are in strong grade and the altemations are in weak grade. NB! Altemation or lack of altemation of consonant combination hk varies from verb to verb in three ways. For instance, in verbs puhkua or rehkiä there is no hk : h altemation at all, hk occurs in all forms. ln verb vihkiä ta marry the altemation (that is, k drops) occurs only in passive forms: vihitään : vihittiin : vihitty, and hence this verb has a kind of mixed conjugation. ln verb uhata to threaten the altemation is regular: uhata : uhkaan : uhkasi : uhkaisi : uhatkoon : uhannut : uhattiin. In a very few words of foreign origin consonant gradation may also occur with consonants b and g: bb: b (long bb altemates with short b) lobata: lobbaamme ta labby: we labby gg: g (long gg altemates with short g) digata : he diggaavat ta like : they like THE ORDER OF CONSONANT GRADATION The order of consonant gradation may be direct or indirect according to whether the basic (infinitive) form of the verb is in strong or weak grade. (a) Direct gradation occurs when the infinitive (basic) form is in strong grade. This applies to verb type 1. When the infinitive form is in strong grade, the first person singular form is always in weak grade in type 1. Examples: kertoa (strong) : kerron (weak) ta tell : I tell, oppia (strong) : opin (weak) ta leam : I leam, uskaltaa (strong) : uskallan (weak) ta dare : I dare, tuntea (strong) : tunnen (weak) to feel : I feel (b) Indirec t gradation occurs when the infinitive (basic) form is in weak grade. This applies to verb types 3-4 and 6. When the infinitive form is in weak grade, the first person singular and all other forms are in strong grade. Examples: tavata (weak) : tapaan (strong) ta meet: I meet; hypätä (weak) : hyppäät (strong) ta jump: you jump NB! Consonant gradation doesn' t occur in verb types 2a-d and 5. NB! Verbs tehdä and nähdä (verb type 2e) have irregular consonant altemation: their consonant stem ends in h in the infinitive but in the inflectional forms consonant k altemates with a drop. Examples: teen : hän tekee Ida : he / she daes or he / she is doing, näen : he näkevät I see : they see Consonant gradation possibilities are illustrated in table 1. Table 1: Consonant gradation in verbs Direct gradation Indirect i;:radation Strong Weak Strong Weak Strong Weak Weak Strong Weak Strong Weak Strong kk k DD p tt t k kk p pp t tt k - p V t d - k V p d t nk ng mp mm nt nn ng nk mm mp nn nt k j lt 11 j k 11 lt rt rr rr rt ht hd hd ht g gg b bb 6
Introduction 6. The infinitive stem The infinitive stern can be obtained by rernoving the infinitive rnarker. The infinitive rnarker has to be rernoved beföre we can conjugate a verb. The infinitive stern rnay end in a vowel or a consonant and respectively, the infinitive stern rnay be (a) a vow el stem or (b) a consonant stem. Examples: puhu-a : puhu- (vowel stern), elä-ä : elä- (vowel stern), syö-dä : syö- (vowel stem), men-nä : men- (consonant stern), kävel-lä: kävel- (consonant stern), tarvit-a : tarvit- (consonant stern) (a) When the infinitive stem is a vow el stem, the verb occurs in all förms with a vowel stern. These verbs are called verbs with one stem: see verb types 1and 2a-d, tables 1-55. (b) When the infinitive stem is a cons onant stem, the verb occurs in certain förms with a vowel stern and in certain förms with a consonant stern. These verbs are called verbs with two stems: see verb types 2e and 3-6, tables 56-120. Consonant stem occurs in the föllowing forms of a verb (the example is för verb tul-la): PASSIVE VOICE of the föur rnoods - indicative rnood, present tense: tul-laan - indicative rnood, past tense: tul-tiin - conditional rnood: tul-taisiin - irnperative mood: tul-takoon - potential rnood: tul-taneen MOOD in active voice, present tense - Singular: 3'd person: tul-koon - Plural: 1 ''person: tul-kaarnme; 2" ct person: tul-kaa; 3rct person: tul-koot MOOD in active voice, present tense - Singular: 1 ''person: tul-len; 2n ct person: tullet; 3'ct person: hän tul-lee - Plural: 1 ''person: tul-lemme; 2n person: tul-lette; 3'ct person: he tul-levat : - first infinitive: shorter (basic) förm: tul-la; translative form: tul-lakseni, etc. - second infinitive: inessive form: tullessa; passive form: tul-taessa; instructive form: tullen : active perfect förm: tul-lut; passive present form: tul-tava; passive perfect förm: tul-tu In addition, the infinitive stern may have consonants that are subject to consonant gradation. If strong grade is represented in the infinitive stern, it can only be a vowel stern (- direct gradation). Examples: odotta-a to wait, nukku-a to sleep, kerto-a to tell If weak grade is represented in the infinitive stem, it can only be a consonant stem (- indirect gradation). Exarnples: upot-a to sink, vaiet-a to stay / keep silent, valehdel-la to lie 7. The inflectional stem Once the infinitive stem is obtained by removing the infinitive rnarker frorn the infinitive, the infinitive stem has to be tumed into a förm, which is called inflectional stern. The inflectional stern is needed when we want to conjugate a verb, because the personal endings are attached to this form. If there is a change in the infinitive stern when turning it into inflectional stem, it shows immediately in the first person singular in present tense (active voice, indicative mood), för example: pes-tä to wash > pese-n I wash. The inflectional stern always ends in a vowel and thereföre when the infinitive is a consonant stem, it has to be tumed into a vowel stern in order to attach personal endings to it; if the infinitive stem is subject to consonant gradation, the inflectional stern is always in the opposite grade in the first person singular (indicative mood, present tense, active voice). 7
Guide to Finnish verbs When learning a new verb, memorize the infinitive form together with the first person singular form in present tense! Examples: odottaa : odotan to wait: I wait, valita : valitsen to choose : I choose FORMATION OF THE INFLECTIONAL STEM (in indicative mood, present tense, active voice) (1 ) WHEN THE INFINITIVE STEM IS A VOWEL STEM verb type 1, tables 1-51 and verb types 2a-d, tables 52-55 (a) It may be a vowel stem that is not subject to consonant gradation. In this case: infinitive stem = inflectional (= present) stem. Examples: istu-a : istu-n to sit : I sit; elä-ä : elä-n to live : I live; juo-da : juo-n to drink : I drink (b) lt may be a vowel stem subject to consonant gradation. In this case, the infinitive stem is always in strong grade. strong infinitive stem > weak inflectional stem in first and second persons singular and plural BUT strong infinitive stem = strong inflectional stem in third person singular and plural Examples: odotta-a to wait : odota-n I wait, nukku-a to sleep : nuku-n I sleep, odotta-a to wait : hän odotta-a he/she waits / is waiting, nukku-a to sleep : he nukku-vat they sleep (2) WHEN THE INFINITIVE STEM IS A CONSONANT STEM verb types 3-6, tables 57-120; verb type 2e, table 56, is irregular The consonant stem has to be tumed into a vowel stem as follows: (a) by adding e / kse /se/ ne to the infinitive stem: infinitive stem + e / kse /se/ ne= inflectional stem - verb type 3: hymyil-lä (add e to the stem!): hymyile-n to smile : I smile, pes-tä : pese-t to wash : you wash - verb type 3: juos-ta (drop -sta from the end of the verb and add kse!) : juokse-n to run : I run - verb type 5: mainit-a (drop a from the end and add se!) : mainitse-n to mention : I mention - verb type 6: vanhet-a (drop ta from the end and add ne!) : vanhene-e to get older : he!she is getting older (b) by dropping consonant t from between the two vowels at the end of the stem = inflectional stem - verb type 4: halat-a : halaa-n to hug : I hug, nimet-ä : nimeä-n to name : I name In addition, when the infinitive stem is a consonant stem that is subject to consonant gradation, the infinitive stem is always in weak grade and the inflectional stem is in strong grade (verb types 3-4 and 6). weak infinitive stem > strong inflectional stem in all persons Examples: onnitel-la: onnittele-mme to congratulate : we congratulate, tähdät-ä : tähtää-n to aim : I aim, pudot-a : putoa-tte to fall : youfall, koot-a : kokoa-t to collect : you collect, kerrat-a : kertaa-vat to repeat : they repeat, vaiet-a : vaikene-n to keep silent : I keep silent 8. Verb types On the basis of the infinitive endings and the form of the inflectional stems in present tense, Finnish verbs are traditionally divided into six conjugation types. In this book the verbs are presented according to tj:iis division. Verb types 1 and2a--d (tables 1-55) are verbs with one stem: they only occur with a vowel stem. Their infinitive form may only be in strong grade (in case of consonant gradation). Verb types 2e and 3-6 (tables 56-120) are verbs with two stems: their infinitive forms are consonant stems, they occur in certain forms with a vowel and in certain forms with a consonant stem. Their infinitive form may only be in weak grade (in case of consonant gradation). One of the common features of types 4-6 is that their ipfinitive forms are ending in -ta/ -tä (consonant t precedes the infinitive marker -a / -ä) but they each have different inflectional stem (ending in -e / -kse / - itse / -ne, / -aa / -ää / -oa / -iä etc. ). Therefore. in this book they are regarded as three different types. Some verbs may occur with two different stems imd bdong to two different conjugation types, for instance, verb aueta to apen may be conjugated either as verb type 4b aukeaa or as verb type 6 aukenee it opens. 8
lntroduction In the pages that follow, the six main verb types are divided into 18 subtypes. In fact, type lb itself is not homogeneous because it has 3 subtypes on the hasis of the past tense forms ( -i / -si/ -oi) and hence we can actually talk about 20 subtypes. For simplicity, type lb is regarded here as one subtype: verbs ending in -aa / -ää. However, all three subtypes of type 1 b are presented as well (according to the three different past tense forms). The expression "verbs ending in" refers below to the basic (infinitive) form of verbs including the infinitive ending and in most cases the vowels or consonants that precede it. The numbers in brackets refer to the corresponding conjugation tables. Type 1. -A / -Ä VERBS (tables 1-51) (a) verbs ending in -oa, -ua, -yä, -öä (tables 1-13) Examples: kertoa to tell, istua to sit, väsyä to get tired, säilöä to preserve (b) verbs ending in -aa, -ää (tables 14-32) (bl) tables 14-20: verbs with past tense -i Examples: rakastaa to love, elää to live, noutaa to fetch (b2) tables 21-24: verbs with past tense -si Examples: huutaa to yell, rakentaa to build, uskaltaa to dare, ymmärtää to understand (b3) tables 25-32: verbs with past tense -oi (for simplicity, in this book it is called -oi past tense) Examples: nauraa to laugh, antaa to give (verbs ending in -aa) (c) verbs ending in -ea, -eä (tables 33-40) Examples: laskea to calculate, itkeä to cry, kokea to experience, lähteä to leave (d) verbs ending in -ia, -iä (tables 41-51) Examples: toimia to function, kärsiä to suffer, leikkiä to play, hyppiä to jump Characteristics of type 1 The infinitive marker -a / -ä is preceded with a short vowel (= the stem vowel). The verbs only occur with vowel stem: infinitive stem = inflectional stem. Stern name comes from the stem vowel, for example istu-a (-u stem), laske-a (-e stem), oppi-a (-i stem). When consonant gradation occurs, it is always direct: strong infinitive stem > weak inflectional stem in first and second persons singular and plural. Examples: nukku-a : nuku-n, ymmärtä-ä : ymmärrä-n, sulke-a : sulje-n, oppi-a : opi-n Vowel changes in stem vowel a, e and i in front of the past tense marker i. Type la is the only verb type in which changes of stem vowels never occur. Stern vowel a > e in front of the passive marker in type 1 b: rakastaa : rakastetaan, elää : eletään Verb kyntää to plough (type bl) is the only verb with altemation nt : nn that has past tense with -i. Conjugation: kyntää : kynnän : kynti : kyntäisi : kyntäköön : kyntänyt : kynnettiin. Verb virkkaa to say (poetic style, type b3) is the only verb that represents altemation kk: k with past tense stem -oi. Conjugation: virkkaa : virkan : virkkoi : virkkaisi : virkkakoon : virkkanut : virkettiin. Verb tuntea is the only verb with -e stem that has marker -si in the past tense: tunsi helshe knew. Type 2. -DA / -DÄ VERBS (tables 52-56) (a) verbs ending in -oi / -öi I -ai /-ui+ -da / -dä (table 52) Examples: soida to ring, uida to swim, voida to be able, epäröidä to hesitate (b) verbs ending in -aa / -ää / -yy + -da / -dä (table 53) Only the following verbs: saada to get, jäädä to stay, myydä to sell (c) verbs ending in -uo / -ie /-yö+ -da / -dä (table 54) Only the following verbs: juoda to drink, luoda to create, lyödä to hit, suoda to let it (happen), syödä to eat, tuoda to bring, viedä to take (d) Only one verb: käy-dä to visit; to go (table 55). (e) Only two verbs: teh-dä to do, näh-dä to see (table 56). 9
Guide to Finnish verbs Characteristics of type 2 The infinitive marker -da / -dä is preceded with long vowels or diphthongs (types 2a-2d). In types 2a-2d the verbs occur with vowel stem only: infinitive stem = inflectional stem: soi-da : soi (-oi stem), jää-dä : jää-n (-ää stem) syö-dä : syö-n (-yö stem) Consonant gradation never occurs in types 2a-2d. Type 2d, verb käydä (table 55) has irregular conjugation: äy > äv in the conditional mood, present tense: kävisin and in the indicative mood, past tense: kävi. Verbs tehdä/ nähdä (type 2e) occur with consonant stem in the infinitive form. These verbs are verbs with two stems: the consonant stem ends in h and the vowel stem ending in e. Verbs tehdä / nähdä have irregular conjugation: altemation of consonant k with a drop in the present and past tenses: teen : hän tekee / tein : hän teki, näen : hän näkee / näin : hän näki. Only a small amount of verbs belongs to type 2; all verbs that belong to types 2b-2e are listed above. Majority of type 2 is represented by verbs with -oi stem (type 2a). Some -oida (type 2a) verbs may also occur with -itse stem (type 5): tupakoida : tupakoin (- tupakoitsen) to smoke : 1 smoke. Type 3. -RA, -RÄ! -NA, -NÄ! -LA, -L Ä / -STA, -STÄ VERBS (tables 57-76) (a) verbs ending in -ra, -rä (table 57) Only the following verbs: pierrä to fart, purra to bite, surra to moum (b) verbs ending in -na, -nä (table 58) Only the following verbs: mennä to go, panna to put (c) verbs ending in -la, -lä (tables 59-72) Examples: tulla to come, kävellä to walk, esitellä to introduce, valehdella to lie (d) verbs ending in -sta, -stä (tables 73-76) Examples: juosta to run, nousta to get up, ilmaista to express, pestä to wash Characteristics of type 3 The infinitive markers -ra, -rä / -na, -nä / -la, -lä /-ta, -tä are preceded with a consonant r /n / l / s. The infinitive stem is a consonant stem (ending in r /n/ l / s): pur-ra, men-nä, kävel-lä, juos-ta. The inflectional stem ends in vowel e in all subtypes, the stems are called -e stems. Formation of inflectional stem: (1) infinitive (consonant) stem + e (tables 57-72, 74-76) pur-ra : pure-n, pan-na : pane-n, kävel-lä : kävele-n, nous-ta : nouse-n (2) Drop sta from the end and add kse in type juosta (only a few verbs): juo/s -ta : juokse-n (table 73 and similar verbs). Consonant gradation doesn't occur in verb types 3a-b (tables 57-58). Consonant gradation may occur in type 3c, in -la, -lä verbs (tables 59-72). When consonant gradation occurs, it is always indirect: weak consonant stem in infinitive > strong inflectional stem in all persons. Examples: jutella : juttelen to chat : 1 chat, ommel-la : ompele-n to sew: 1 sew Consonant gradation may occur in type 3d, in -sta / -stä verbs, but only in one verb: rangaista : rankaisen to punish : 1 punish (table 76). Verb olla to be has irregular conjugation (table 59). 10
lntroduction Type 4. -ATA, -ÄTÄ / -OTA, -UTA, -ETA / -ETÄ, -ITÄ, -YTÄ, -ÖTÄ VERBS (tables 77-109) (a) verbs ending in -ata, -ätä (tables 77-90) Examples: varata to reserve, kerätä to collect, levätä to rest, verrata to compare (b) verbs ending in -ota, -uta, -eta (tables 91-103) Examples: tarjota to offer, haluta to want, katketa to break (in two) (c) verbs ending in -etä, -itä, -ytä, -ötä (tables 104--109) Examples: nimetä to name, hävitä to loose, älytä to realize, löhötä to sprawl Characteristics of type 4 The infinitive marker -a / -ä is preceded with consonant t that belongs to the infinitive stem. The infinitive stem is a consonant stem (ending in t): varat-a, tarjot-a, nimet-ä, älyt-ä. The formation of inflectional stem: drop consonant t from between the last two vowels! The remaining two vowels will form one syllable and form the inflectional stem: (a) ata > aa, tavat-a : tapaa-n (a) ätä > ää, kerät-ä : kerää-n (b) ota > oa, tarjot-a : tarjoa-n (b) uta > ua, halut-a : halua-n (b) eta > ea, katket-a : katkea-a (c) etä > eä, nimet-ä : nimeä-n (c) itä > iä, hävit-ä : häviä-n (c) ytä > yä, älyt-ä : älyä-n (c) ötä > öä, löhöt-ä : löhöä-n When consonant gradation occurs, it is always indirect: weak consonant stem in infinitive > strong inflectional stem in all persons. Examples: tavata : tapaamme, hypät-ä : hyppää-tte, seot-a : sekoa-t, puhjet-a : puhkea-a A few verbs of foreign origin may have consonant gradation type b : bb and g : gg. They are conjugated according to type 4a: digata : diggaan, lobata : lobbaan, dubata : dubbaan. Significant amount of verbs belongs to type 4a. Verbs of foreign origin "choose" frequently conjugation type 4a. Some -ata / -ätä and -ota verbs may have inflectional stem ending in ne (instead of aa, ää or oa) and hence belonging to verb type 6. Examples: hapata : happanee, mädätä : mätänee, loitota : loittonee Type 5. -ITA /-ITÄ VERBS with stem -itse (tables 110-111) The verbs are ending in -ita / -itä. Examples: valita : valitset to choose : you choose, häiritä : häiritsen to disturb : I disturb Characteristics of type 5 The infinitive marker -a / -ä is preceded with consonant t that belongs to the infinitive stem. The infinitive stem is a consonant stem (ending in t): valit-a, häirit-ä. The formation of inflectional stem: drop a / ä from the end of the infinitive and add se: valita : valitse-n. The inflectional stem in present tense ends in itse, the stem is called -itse stem. Consonant gradation never occurs in type 5. Only a small amount of verbs belongs to type 5. Type 6. -ETA / -ETÄ VERBS with stem -ne (tables 112-120) The verbs are ending in -eta / -etä Examples: aleta : alenee to go lower : it goes lower, pimetä : pimenee to get dark : it is getting dark Characteristics of type 6 The infinitive marker -a / -ä is preceded with consonant t that belongs to the infinitive stem. The infinitive stem is always a consonant stem (ending in t): alet-a, pimet-ä. 11
Guide to Finnish verbs Formation of inflectional stem: drop ta / tä from the end and add ne. Example: pimetä : pimene-e it is getting dark The inflectional stem in present tense ends in ne: the stem is called -ne stem. When consonant gradation occurs, it is always indirect: weak consonant stem in infinitive > strong inflectional stem in all persons. Examples: vaieta : vaikenen to stay silent : I stay silent, heiketä : heikkenee to become weaker : it becomes weaker / it is getting weaker, kaveta : kapenee to become narrower : it is getting narrower Many -eta / -etä verbs have parallel förm in verb type la with the same meaning. These parallel förms end usually in -ntua/-ntyä. Examples: heiketä - heikentyä, hiljetä - hiljentyä, lähetä - lähentyä, mureta - murentua, parata - parantua, tyhjetä - tyhjentyä, vanheta - vanhentua, vähetä - vähentyä When using passive and participle förms, preference is given to type la (and not to type 6). Examples: hiljennytään : hiljentynyt, parannutaan : parantunut, lähennytään : lähentynyt The föllowing verbs occur with -ne stem: hapata (table 116), loitota (table 119), mädätä (as table 120) Some verbs can be conjugated according to two different stems: aueta : aukene-e or aukea-a, rauet-a : raukene-e or raukea-a. 9. Tenses and moods: explanations ofthe verb tables Finnish verbs have förms in föur different moods and in föur different tenses. The verbs also have active and passive förms, and respectively, the verbs have either persona! endings or passive markers attached to their stem. In the tables the verbs are listed in the affirmative and the negative as föllows: - indicative mood: present, past, perfect and pluperfect tenses in active and passive voices; - conditional mood: present and perfect tenses in active and passive voices; - imperative mood: present and perfect tenses in active and passive voices; - and potential mood: present and perfect tenses in active and passive voices. In Finnish there is no future tense, future action is usually indicated by using present tense or other possibilities, för example temporal adverbs or the third infinitive. The Finnish passive involves always a human actor which may be unknown or irrelevant and that's why not mentioned. For instance, the passive förm of verb mennä in present tense indicative is mennään with primary meaning: one goes. However, in spoken Finnish it may also mean let's go or we go. Example: Huomenna (me) mennään teatteriin. Tomorrow we will go to the theatre. 10. Indicative mood: no marker ( the indicative is the only mood that occurs in all the Jour tenses) : PRESENT TENSE, VOICE ( a) AFFIRMATIVE Formation: vowel stem + personal ending in all verb types (för personal endings, see page 8). This tense can be usually translated into English as simple present tense, present continuous or future. When the verb is subject to consonant gradation in verb type 1: weak grade occurs in first and second persons singular and plural, strong grade occurs in third person singular and plural. Examples: ANTAA to give SINGULAR anna-n (sinä) hän anna-t anta-a I give / I am giving you give / you are giving he!she gives / is giving PLURAL (me) anna-mme (te) annna-tte he anta-vat we give / we are giving you give / you are giving they give / they are giving 12
Introduction When the verb is subject to consonant gradation in verb types 3-4 and 6, strong vowel stem occurs in ali persons: LEVÄTÄ to rest SINGULAR lepää-n (sinä) lepää-t hän lepää I rest / I am resting you rest / you are resting he/she rests / is resting PLURAL (me) lepää-mme (te) lepää-tte he lepää-vät we rest / we are resting you rest / you are resting they rest / they are resting (b) NEGA TIVE The negative is formed with a negation verb that occurs in all persons: en, et, ei, emme, ette, eivät. Formation: negation verb + vowel stem of the principal verb. This means that the negation verb carries the personal ending and not the principal verb. The principal verb occurs without any personal ending. SANOA to say SINGULAR en sano (sinä) et sano hän ei sano I don 't say / I am not saying you don 't say /are not saying he/she doesn 't say / is not saying PLURAL (me) emme sano (te) ette sano he eivät sano we don 't say / are not saying you don 't say / are not saying they don 't say / are not saying : PRESENT TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE (infinitive stem + passive marker) ( a) AFFIRMA TIVE (weak ) vowel stem + passive marker -taan / -tään in verb type 1 Examples: nuku-taan let's sleep; one sleeps; type lb: a > e, anna-n : anne-taan let's give; one gives infinitive form + -an / -än in verb types 2-6 (this is the consonant stem in types 2e and 3-6) Examples: myydä-än let's sell; one sells; me myydään we sell, tavata-an let's meet; we meet (b) NEGA TIVE negation verb ei+ (weak) vowel stem + marker -ta/ -tä in verb type 1 negation verb ei + infinitive form in verb types 2-6 Examples: ei nukuta let's not sleep; one doesn't sleep, ei anneta let's not give; one doesn't give, ei myydä let's not sell; one doesn 't sell, ei tavata let's not meet; one doesn 't meet : PAST TENSE, VOICE (a) AFFIRMATIVE Formation: vowel stem + past tense marker -i / -si + personal ending (except in the third person singular). However, this formation rule can be automatically applied only to type la where the stem vowel doesn't change or drop. In all other verb types there is a change in the stem vowel in front of the past tense marker. Type 1: past tense stem: -i or -si or -oi Type la: usko-n > usko-i-n I believed, nuku-n > nuku-i-n I sleep : I slept Type 1b1: a / ä + i > i: stem vowel a drops: rakasta-n > rakasti-n I loved, noudan > noudin I picked up Type lb2: verbs ending in taa/ tää, ntaa / ntää, ltaa /Itää, rtaa / rtää: past tense is -si. NB! The easiest way to form the past tense of these verbs is to omit taa / tää from the end and replace it with si. N ote also that there is no consonant altemation in the past tense of these verbs. Examples: huu-taa > huu-si-n, raken-taa > hän raken-si, uskal-taa > uskal-si-t, ymmär-tää > ymmär-si-mme Type 1 b3: a + i > oi: stem vowel a > o in front of i in a few verbs annan > annoin, antaa > antoi NB! Tables 18, 21 and 29: verbs ending in taa/ tää but occur with different past tense stems. Type lc: e + i > i: stem vowel e drops in front of i: laske-n > laski-n, laske-t > laski-t, laske-e > laski Type ld: i + i > i: stem vowel i drops in front of i: opi-n > opi-n, opi-t > opi-t, oppi-i > hän oppi NB! and past tense forms look similar in first and second persons singular and plural. 13
Guide to Finnish verbs Type 2: past tense -i : aa > a: saa > sai, ää > ä: jää > jäi, yy > y: myy > myi, uo > 01: JUO >JOI, yö > öi: syö > söi, ie > ei : vie > vei, äy > äv: käy > kävi; see also verbs tehdä and nähdä, table 56. NB! and past tense forms look similar in type 2a (see table 52 and similar verbs). Types 3, 5-6: past tense -i : e + i > i: juttele-n > juttel-i-n I had a chat, mene-n > meni-n I went, valitse-n > valitsi-n I chose, vanhene-n > vanheni-n I got older Type 4: stem vowel becomes shorter in front of past tense -si : tapaa-n > tapasi-n I met, herää-n > heräsin I woke up, katoa-a > kato-si he/she/it disappeared (b) NEGATIVE negation verb en, et, ei + -n ut /-nyt or emme, ette, ei vät+ -n eet participle forrn Examples: et antanut you didn 't give, hän ei uskonut he/she didn 't believe, emme tulleet we didn 't come : PAST TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE (infinitive stem + past tense passive marker) ( a) AFFIRMA TIVE (weak ) vowel stem + -ttiin in verb type 1: sanottiin one said, was said, me sanottiin we said vowel stem / consonant stem + -tiin in verb types 2-6: myytiin one sold, was sold, me myytiin we sold NB! stem vowel changes in verb type lb: a > e: anna-n > annettiin one gave, was given me annettiin we gave (b) NEGATIVE negation verb ei + (weak) vowel stem + -ttu / -tty participle forrn of the principal verb in verb type 1 Examples: ei nuku-ttu we didn 't sleep; one didn 't sleep, sitä ei annettu it was not given, one didn 't give it negation verb ei + vowel stem / consonant stem + -tu / -ty participle form of the principal verb in verb types 2-6 Examples: sitä ei syöty it was not eaten, one didn 't eat it, sinua ei huomattu you were not noticed : PERFECT TENSE, VOICE ( a) AFFIRMA TIVE personal forms of verb olla in present tense + -n ut / -n yt/ -n eet participle form of the principal verb Examples: olen antanut I have given, olet uskonut you have believed, olemme tavanneet we have met (b) NEGATIVE negative forrns of verb olla in present tense + -n ut / -n yt I -n eet participle form of the principal verb Examples: en ole antanut I haven't given, hän ei ole tavannut he/she hasn't met : PERFECT TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE (a) AFFIRMATIVE verb form on + -ttu / -tty / -tu / -ty participle form of the principal verb Examples: on kirjoite-ttu is written / has been written, on vie-ty is taken / has been taken (b) NEGATIVE: ei ole+ -ttu / -tty / -tu / -ty participle forrn of the principal verb Examples: ei ole anne-ttu isn 't given / hasn 't been given, ei ole vie-ty isn 't taken / hasn 't been taken INDIC ATIVE: PLUPERFECT TENSE, VOICE (a) AFFIRMATIVE personal forrns of verb olla in past tense + -n ut / -n yt/ -n eet participle form of the principal verb Examples: olin antanut I had given, olit lukenut you had read, hän oli tavannut helshe had met (b) NEGATIVE negative forrns of verb olla in past tense + -n ut / -n yt/ -n eet participle forrn of the principal verb Examples: en ollut lukenut I hadn't read, hän ei ollut tavannut helshe hadn't met : PLUPERFECT TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE (a ) AFFIRMA TIVE past tense forrn oli + -ttu / -tty / -tu / -ty participle form of the principal verb Examples: oli anne-ttu was given / had been given, oli tehty was done / had been done 14
lntroduction (b) NEGA TIVE ei ollut+ -ttu / -tty / -tu / -ty participle form of the principal verb Examples: ei ollut anne-ttu wasn 't given / hadn 't been given, ei ollut kerät-ty wasn 't callected / hadn 't been callected 11. Conditional mood: marker -isi- : PRESENT TENSE, VOICE (vowel stem + conditional marker +persona! ending, except in 3' ct person sing.) (a) AFFIRMATIVE: (strong) vowel stem + -isi-+ persona! ending in all verb types (no persona! ending in the third person singular) Examples: sano-isi-n I wauld say, hän anta-isi he!she wauld give, tapa-isi-mme we wauld meet Changes in stem vowel: saa > sa-isi he/she wauld get, vien > veisin I wauld take, juot > joisit yau wauld drink, nouse-n > nous-isi-n I wauld get up, tapaan > tapaisin I wauld meet (b) NEGATIVE: negation verb + conditional (-isi) stem (drop the first person ending -n in singular) Examples: en sanoisi I wauldn 't say, et antaisi yau wauldn 't give : PRESENT TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE (a) AFFIRMATIVE weak vowel stem + -ttaisiin / -ttäisiin in verb type 1 Examples: lue-ttaisiin ane wauld read, lahja annettaisiin the gift wauld be given vowel stem + -taisiin / -täisiin in verb types 2a-d Examples: saa-taisiin ane wauld get, juo-taisiin ane wauld drink, se juotaisiin it wauld be drunk consonant stem + taisiin / täisiin in verb types 2e and 3-6 Examples: teh-täisiin ane wauld da, kukat leikattaisiin the flawers wauld be cut (b) NEGA TIVE: ei+ weak vowel stem + -ttaisi / -ttäisi in verb type 1 Examples: ei lue-ttaisi ane wauldn 't read, sitä ei luettaisi it wauldn 't be read, ei anne-ttaisi ane wauldn 't give, sitä ei annettaisi it wauldn 't be given ei + vowel stem + -taisi/ -täisi in verb types 2a-d ei + consonant stem + -taisi/ -täisi in verb types 2e and 3-6 Examples: ei syö-täisi ane wauldn 't eat, sitä ei syötäisi it wauldn 't be eaten, ei vastat-taisi ane wouldn 't answer, siihen ei vastattaisi it wauldn 't be answered : PERFECT TENSE, VOICE (a) AFFIRMA TIVE persona! forms of verb olla in conditional mood + -n ut / -n yt/ -n eet participle form of the principal verb Examples: olisit lukenut yau wauld have read, olisimme tavanneet we wauld have met (b) NEGATIVE negative conditional forms of verb olla + -n ut / -n yt/ -n eet participle form of the principal verb Examples: en olisi sanonut I wauldn 't have said, et olisi mennyt yau wauldn 't have gane : PERFECT TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE (a) AFFIRMATIVE: conditional form olisi + -ttu / -tty / -tu / -ty participle form of the principal verb Examples: olisi lue-ttu ane wauld have read, olisi men-ty ane wauld have gane (b) NEGATIVE: ei olisi+ -ttu / -tty / -tu / -ty participle form of the principal verb Examples: ei olisi lue-ttu ane wauldn 't have read, ei olisi men-ty ane wauldn 't have gane 15
Guide to Finnish verbs 12. Imperative mood: marker -koon, -köön / -kaamme, -käämme I -kaa, -kää /-koot, -kööt The most frequent use is the second person singular with no marker: anna! give! The second person plural also is frequent: marker -kaa I -kää: antakaa! give! tulkaa! come! The first person plural (we) form is often replaced by passive: mennään let's go (pro menkäämme). : PRESENT TENSE, VOICE (a) AFFIRMATIVE: stem + imperative marker In second person singular vowel stem: (weak) vowel stem in verb types 1-2; strong vowel stem in types 3-6 In all other persons (strong) vowel stem in types 1 and 2a-d; consonant stem in types 2e and 3-6 ANTAA to give SINGULAR --- (sinä) anna (hän) anta-koon (type 1) give let him / her give PLURAL (me) anta-kaamme let's give (te) anta-kaa give (he) anta-koot let them give LEVÄTÄ to rest (type 4) -- (sinä) lepää (hän) levät-köön rest let him / her rest (me) (te) (he) levät-käämme let's rest levät-kää rest levät-kööt let them rest (b) NEGATIVE: negation verb in imperative + stem +-ko/ -kö Singular second person: negation verb älä + vowel stem of the principal verb in verb types 1-6 In other persons: negation verb älköön I älkäämme I älkää I älkööt+ (strong) vowel stem in types 1 and 2a-d; consonant stem in types 2e and 3-6 +-ko/ -kö KERTOA to tell (type 1) SINGULAR --- (sinä) älä kerro (hän) älköön kerto-ko PLURAL (me) älkäämme kerto-ko don 't tell (te) älkää kerto-ko let him / her not tell (he) älkööt kerto-ko let's not tell don't tell let them not tell : PRESENT TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE (a) AFFIRMATIVE (weak) vowel stem + -ttakoon I -ttäköön in verb type 1 Examples: lue-ttakoon let one read, [et it be read, anne-ttakoon let one give, let it be given vowel stem + -takoon / -täköön in type 2a-2d / consonant stem + -takoon / -täköön in types 2e-6 Examples: vie-täköön let one take, let it be taken, kerät-täköön let one collect, let it be collected (b) NEGATIVE: älköön+ stem + -ttako / -ttäkö / -tako / -täkö Examples: älköön kerro-ttako let it not be told, älköön vie-täkö let it not be taken, älköön teh-täkö let it not be done, älköön leikat-tako let it not be cut : PERFECT TENSE, VOICE: forms only in third person singular and plural (a) AFFIRMA TIVE third person singular: olkoon + -nut I -nyt participle form of the principal verb Examples: olkoon antanut let him / her have given, olkoon levännyt let him / her have rested third person plural: olkoot + -neet participle form of the principal verb Examples: olkoot antaneet let them have given, olkoot levänneet let them have rested (b) NEGATIVE third person singular: älköön olko + -nut / -nyt participle form of the principal verb Examples: älköön olko antanut let him / her not have given, älköön olko levännyt let him / her not have rested 16
Introduction third person plural: älkööt olko + -neet participle form of the principal verb Examples: älkööt olko antaneet let them not have given, älkööt olko levänneet let them not have rested : PERFECT TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE (a) AFFIRMATIVE imperative form olkoon + -ttu / -tty / -tu / -ty participle form of the principal verb Examples: olkoon sanottu let it be said, olkoon kerätty let it be collected (b) NEGATIVE negative imperative form älköön olko + -ttu / -tty / -tu / -ty participle form of the principal verb Examples: älköön olko sanottu let it not be said, älköön olko kerätty let it not be collected 13. Potential mood: marker -ne- (infinitive stem + potential marker + personal ending) : PRESENT TENSE, VOICE (a) AFFIRMATIVE (strong) vowel stem + -ne+ personal ending in verb types 1 and 2a-d Examples: luke-vat > luke-ne-n I may read, saa> saa-nee he/she may get (weak ) consonant stem +-ne+ personal ending in verb types 2e and 3-6: teh-dä >tehnen I may do NB! Consonant changes in verb types 3-6. Type 3: potential marker ne > re / le /se Examples: purra> pur-re-n I may bite, kävellä> kävel-le-n I may walk Types 4-6: stem consonant t >n Examples: tavata> tavan-ne-t you may meet, you will possibly meet V erb olla has a particular potential form: SINGULAR lienen I may be / shall possibly be (sinä) lienet you may be / will possibly be hän lienee itlhe/she may be / will possibly be PLURAL (me) lienemme (te) lienette he lienevät we may be / shall possibly be you may be / will possibly be they may be / will possibly be (b) NEGATIVE negation verb en, et, ei, emme, ette, eivät+ potential (-ne) stem (without personal ending) Examples: en ottane I may not take, et juosse you may not run, hän ei tavanne he/she may not meet : PRESENT TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE (infinitive stem + passive potential marker) (a) AFFIRMATIVE (weak) vowel stem + -ttaneen / -ttäneen in v rb type 1 Examples: sano-ttaneen one may say / one will probably say, kerro-ttaneen one may / will probably tell vowel stem + -taneen / -täneen in verb types 2a-d consonant stem + -taneen / -täneen in verb types 2e and 3-6 Examples: juo-taneen one may drink / will probably drink, valit-taneen one may / will probably choose (b) NEGA TIVE negation verb ei+ infinitive stem + -ttane / -ttäne / -tane / -täne Examples: ei sanottane one may not say, sitä ei sanottane it may not be said, ei lue-ttane one may not read, kirjaa ei luettane the book may not be read, ei juotane one may not drink, ei valit-tane one may not choose, häntä ei valittane he/she may not be chosen : PERFECT TENSE, VOICE (a) AFFIRMATIVE potential form of verb olla in singular: lienen /lienet/ lienee + -nut/ -nyt participle form of the principal verb potential form of verb olla in plural: lienemme / lienette / lienevät + -neet participle form of the principal verb 17
Guide to Finnish verbs SINGULAR lienen ollut I may have been (sinä) lienet lukenut you may have read hän lienee juossut he/she may have run PLURAL (me) lienemme antaneet we may have given (te) lienette levänneet you may have rest he lienevät olleet they may have been (b) NEGATIVE negative form of lienen, etc. + -nut/ -nyt /-neet participle form of the principal verb Examples: en liene ollut I may have not been, et liene lukenut you may have not read, hän ei liene juossut he/she may have not run, emme liene antaneet we may have not given : PERFECT TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE (a) AFFIRMATIVE: potential form lienee + -ttu / -tty / -tu / -ty participle form of the principal verb Examples: lienee luettu one has possibly read, kirja lienee luettu the book has possibly been read lienee sanottu one has possibly said, se lienee sanottu it has possibly been said (b) NEGA TIVE: negative potential form ei liene + -ttu / -tty / -tu / -ty participle form of the principal verb Examples: kirjaa ei liene luettu the book may have not been read / hasn 't possibly been read 14. Infinitives In this book infinitives are presented in the traditional way, they are divided into five groups as follows. FIRST INFINITIVE (A infinitive) (a) SHORTER FORM, that is, the basic form of verbs (discussed in sections 2, 3 and 6) In verb types 1-2d vowel stems: for example usko-a, nukkua, jaksaa, voida, saa-da juoda In verb types 2e and 3-6 consonant stems: for example teh-dä, juos-ta, tavat-a, selvit-ä (b) TRANS LA TIVE FORM: shorter form + -kse + possessive suffix (in all persons) The possessive suffix is obligatory in the translative form of the first infinitive. In order to save space only the first person singular possessive form is given in the tables. This form is usually translated into English as follows: in order to (do something). Examples: Tulin tänne levätäkseni. I came here in order to rest. or I came here to rest. Hän meni elokuviin katsoakseen uusimman James Bond -filmin. He/she went to the movies in order to see / to see the latest James Bond movie. With certain verbs the translative form can be translated as follows: as or as far as. Examples: tietääkseni as far as I know, ymmärtääkseni as I understand, luullakseni (as) I believe Example for all possessive forms: sanoa to say SINGULAR 1 '1 person 2 n d person 3 r d person sanoa-kse-ni in order to say / to say sanoa-kse-si in order to say / to say sanoa-kse-en in order to say / to say SECOND INFINITIVE (E infinitive) PLURAL sanoa-kse-mme sanoa-kse-nne sanoa-kse-en in order to say / to say in order to say / to say in order to say / to say (a) INESSIVE FORM: first infinitive + -essa/ -essä Formation: drop the last vowel a / ä from the infinitive and add essa / essä Examples: antaa > antaessa when / while giving, soida > soidessa when / while ringing, syödä > syödessä when / while eating, juosta > juostessa when / while running, levätä > levätessä when / while resting The possessive suffix may be attached also to this form but it is not obligatory. This infinitive form is given in the tables without possessive suffix. Example with possessive suffix use: antaessani when I give / while I am giving; when I gave / while I was giving 18
Introduction stem vowel change in type 1 c: e > i: laskea > laskiessa when / while calculating This infinitive may also occur in passive form: stem + -ttaessa / -ttäessä / -taessa / -täessä Examples: sano-ttaessa when ane is saying, when ane says, annettaessa when ane is giving, when ane gives, tultaessa when ane is caming / when ane cames (b) INSTRUCTIVE FORM: first infinitive + -en: formation as in the inessive form Examples: uskoen believing, antaen giving, e > i in type lc: laskea > laskien calculating, kävellen (by) walking, juosten (by) running THIRD INFINITIVE (MA infinitive) Formation: (strong) vowel stem + -ma /-mä+ local cases (a) inessive form: stem + -massa/ -mässä Examples: olen käymässä 1 am visiting; olin siivoamassa 1 was cleaning (b) elative form: stem + -masta / -mästä Examples: katsomasta fram watching, tulin uimasta 1 came / 1 was caming fram swimming (c) illative form: stem +-maan/ -mään Examples: katsomaan ta see, tulin tapaamaan sinua 1 came ta see yau NB! This form may indicate future action together with the persona! forms of verb tulla: Examples: tulen kertomaan tulet kertomaan hän tulee kertomaan 1 am gaing ta tell yau are gaing ta tell he/she is gaing ta tell (d) adessive form: stem +-maila/ -mällä tulemme näkemään tulette kuulemaan he tulevat yllättymään we are gaing ta see yau are gaing hear they will be surprised Examples: sanomalla by saying, antamalla by giving, tekemällä by daing, tapaamalla by meeting (e) abessive form: stem +-matta/ -mättä Examples: sanomatta withaut saying, antamatta withaut giving, tapaamatta withaut meeting FOURTH INFINITIVE (recent grammars don't include it in infinitives) (a) -minen form: (strong) vowel stem + -minen Examples: sanominen saying, antaminen giving, tapaaminen meeting (b) :mista /-mistä (partitive form of -minen) form: sanomista saying, antamista giving FIFTH INFINITIVE (recent grammars don't include it in infinitives) (strong) vowel stem + -maisillaan / -mäisillään etc. (occurs in all possessive forms) This form indicates action that is about to take place / going to take place soon. Therefore it can be used with verbs that may indicate this kind of action. In the tables third person singular form is given with ali verbs just to show the formation. Examples: olin sanomaisillani 1 was abaut ta say, olit soittamaisillasi yau were abaut ta call, hän on lähtemäisillään he/she is abaut ta leave, he ovat saapumaisillaan they are abaut ta arrive / they are saan arriving 19