Uusiutuvan energian tuet EU-maissa Selvitys uusiutuvan energian tukimalleista sähkön ja lämmön tuotannossa EU-maissa
AALTO-YLIOPISTO INSINÖÖRITIETEIDEN KORKEAKOULU PL 11000, 00076 AALTO http://www.aalto.fi ERIKOISTYÖN TIIVISTELMÄ Työn nimi: Uusiutuvan energian tuet EU-maissa, selvitys uusiutuvan energian tukimalleista sähkön ja lämmön tuotannossa EU-maissa Erikoistyön tarkoituksena oli selvittää Euroopan unionin maissa käytettävät uusiutuvan energian tukimallit. Tarkastelu alustettiin käsittelemällä lyhyesti Euroopan unionin lainsäädäntö, joka ohjaa EU:n jäsenmaita entistä ympäristöystävällisempään energiantuotantoon. Työn tarkoituksena oli löytää jokaisen maan uusiutuvan energian sähkön ja lämmön tuotannoissa käytetyt tukimekanismit. Mekanismeja käsiteltiin erillisinä kokonaisuuksina niin Euroopassa kuin kunkin maan sisällä. Tavoitteena oli löytää jokaisen maan tukirakenteelle niiden rahallinen taso, sovellusrajat sekä sovellus aika. Tässä tavoitteessa onnistuttiin hyvin. Erikoistyön aihealueen piirissä ei tukia lähdetty vertailemaan keskenään, sillä se vaatisi laajempaa tutkimusta aiheista, joita ei erikoistyössä käsitelty. Lopputuloksena saatiin hahmotettua varsin selvä kuva Euroopan unionin alueella käytössä olevista tukimekanismeista. Tuloksista huomataan, että Euroopan unionin alueella sähkön tuotantoa tuetaan useimmiten kiinteähintaisella syöttötariffilla. Muut päätukijärjestelmät ovat syöttöpreemio sekä sertifikaattijärjestelmä. Vaikka maa tarjoaisi kahta tai jopa kolmea edellä mainituista tukijärjestelmistä, ovat ne harvoin päällekkäisiä, tarkoittaen, että sähkön tuottajat voisivat hyötyä useammasta tukimallista samanaikaisesti. Järjestelmämallin, jossa käytössä on useampi tukimalli, tavanomainen piirre on, että pienille tuottajille säädetään erikseen syöttötariffijärjestelmä, sillä preemio- ja sertifikaattijärjestelmät eivät palvele pieniä tuottajia yhtä hyvin verrattuna kiinteään syöttötariffiin. Etenkin lämmön tuotannossa käytetään hyväksi tarkasti kohdennettuja investointitukia. Muita Euroopan unionin maissa käytettäviä tukijärjestelmiä ovat mm. verohelpotukset sekä tarjouskilpailut. Erikoistyö tehtiin Energiateollisuus ry:n ja Aalto-yliopiston yhteistyönä kesätyön ohessa Energiateollisuuden toimistolla Brysselissä sekä Helsingissä. Lähdemateriaalina käytettiin etenkin Euroopan unionin jäsenmaiden laatimia, kansallisia uusiutuvan energian toimintasuunnitelmia, joiden laatiminen määrättiin Euroopan unionin toimesta osana uusiutuvan energian direktiiviä 2009/28/EY.
(Eurostat ei pvm)
(Energiateollisuus 2008) (Euroopan unionin komissio 2009)
(Honkasalo 2008)
(Kauppa- ja teollisuusministeriön työryhmä 2007)
(European commission ei pvm) (valtion ympäristöhalinto 2011)
(Eurostat 2011) (EREC Alankomaat 2009) (Environmental minisry Neatherlands 2010) (Environmental minisry Neatherlands 2010)
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(Eurostat 2011) (EREC Belgia 2009) (EREC Belgia 2009) (Concere-Enover 2010) (Concere-Enover 2010)
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(Eurostat 2011) (EREC Bulgaria 2009) (Ministry of Economy, Energy and Tourism 2010) (RES LEGAL Bulgaria 2009)
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(Austrian INstitute of Economic Research et al. 2010) (Austrian INstitute of Economic Research et al. 2010) (Austrian INstitute of Economic Research et al. 2010) (Austrian INstitute of Economic Research et al. 2010)
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(Austrian INstitute of Economic Research et al. 2010) (Eurostat 2011) (Minsitry of energy, environment and tourism 2010)
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(EREC Luxemburg 2009) (Eurostat 2011) (Luxembourg Ministry of economics 2010) (Res- Legal Luxemburg 2011) =140*(1-((n-2008)*(0,25/100))), (1) (Luxembourg Ministry of economics 2010) (Luxembourg Ministry of economics 2010)
(Luxembourg Ministry of economics 2010) (Luxembourg Ministry of economics 2010) (Luxembourg Ministry of economics 2010) (Luxembourg Ministry of economics 2010) (Luxembourg Ministry of economics 2010)
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VRDm = { KMHOm * PF ( VRD)m + PV ( VRD)m + PA( VRD)m * Z}* ( IPMCm 1/IPCref )*1/1 ( LEV ) (Portugese Republic 2010) (Portugese Republic 2010)
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2011) (EREC Poland 2009) (Ministry of Economics 2010) (Res Legal Poland 2011) (Ministry of Economics 2010)
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(Ministry of Economy, Commerce and Business Environment 2010) (Eurostat 2011) (Swedish Energy Agency 2010) (Swedish Energy Agency 2010)
(Swedish Energy Agency 2009) (Swedish Energy Agency 2010) (Swedish Energy Agency 2010) (Swedish Energy Agency 2010)
(Swedish Energy Agency 2010) (Eurostat 2011) (world.com 2010) (Kewitt 2003) (Eurostat 2011)
(Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conversation ad Nuclear Safety Republic of Germany 2010) (Res Legal Germany 2011) (Res Legal Germany 2011)
(Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conversation ad Nuclear Safety Republic of Germany 2010) (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conversation ad Nuclear Safety Republic of Germany 2010) (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conversation ad Nuclear Safety Republic of Germany 2010)
(Eurostat 2011) (Eurostat 2011) (Ministry of Economic and Construction of the Slovak Republic 2010) (Res-Legal Slovak 2011)
(Ministry of Economic and Construction of the Slovak Republic 2010) (Ministry of Economic and Construction of the Slovak Republic 2010) (Res Leagal Slovak 2011) (Ministry of Economic and Construction of the Slovak Republic 2010) (European banks for reconstruction and development 2010)
(Eurostat 2011) (EREC Slovenia 2009) (Eurostat 2011) (Ministry responsible of Energy, Republic of Slovenia 2010)
(Ministry responsible of Energy, Republic of Slovenia 2010)
(Ministry responsible of Energy, Republic of Slovenia 2010) (Ministry responsible of Energy, Republic of Slovenia 2010) (Ministry responsible of Energy, Republic of Slovenia 2010)
(Ministry responsible of Energy, Republic of Slovenia 2010)
(Ministry responsible of Energy, Republic of Slovenia 2010) (Eurostat 2011) (Tilastokeskus 2010) (Suomen valtio 2010)
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(Eurostat 2011) (Eurostat 2011) (Ministry of Industry and Trade 2010)
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(Eurostat 2011) (ITD Hungary zrt. 2009) (Eurostat 2011) (Republic of Hungary 2010)
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(E-ROC 2011) (Res Legal United Kingdom 2011) (Feed-In Tariffs Ltd. ei pvm)
(Res Legal United Kingdom 2011) (ofgem E-serve 2011) (The United Kingdom Government 2010)
(Eurostat 2011)
2009 1000(toe) Saksa 21319 Ranska 13742 Ruotsi 9933 Suomi 6717 Puola 5717 Espanja 5705 Italia 5009 Itävalta 4559 Romania 3915 Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta 3783 Portugali 3153 Tšekki 2346 Alankomaat 2336 Tanska 2149 Latvia 1788 Unkari 1702 Belgia 1518 Liettua 937 Kreikka 924 Viro 844 Slovakia 838 Bulgaria 778 Slovenia 458 Irlanti 278 Luxemburg 64 Kypros 16
3. Such merchants may qualify for the acquisition of the right to sell electricity produced from renewable energy resources within the scope of mandatory procurement, which produce or are planning to produce electricity from renewable energy resources in a power plant in the territory of the Republic of Latvia, using the following: 3.1. hydroenergy; 3.2. biogas; 3.3. any other type of solid or liquid biomass; 3.4. wind power if the installed electric capacity of a power plant does not exceed 0,25 MW and if not more than one generating unit is connected to one distribution system operator or distribution point; 3.5. wind power if the electricity is or will be produced in power plants which are not referred to in Sub-paragraph 3.4 of this Regulation; or 3.6. solar power. V. Procedures for Determination of the Price for Electricity Produced from Renewable Energy Resources 37. The merchants who, in accordance with the procedures specified in this Regulation, have acquired the right to sell electricity produced from renewable energy resources within the scope of mandatory procurement, shall calculate the selling price of the volume of electricity, which they are entitled to sell within the scope of mandatory procurement, using the following formulae: 37.1. for the wind power plants which comply with the conditions of Sub-paragraph 3.4 of this Regulation for 10 years beginning with the date of commencement of operation of the power plant: C = 147 x e x k; 37.2. for the wind power plants which comply with the conditions of Sub-paragraph 3.4 of this Regulation after the time period referred to in Sub-paragraph 37.1 of this Regulation: C = 147 x e x k x 0,6; 37.3. for the wind power plants which comply with the conditions of Sub-paragraph 3.5 of this Regulation for 10 years beginning with the date of commencement of operation of the power plant: C = 120 x e x k; 37.4. for the wind power plants which comply with the conditions of Sub-paragraph 3.5 of this Regulation for 10 years after the time period specified in Sub-paragraph 37.3 of this Regulation: C = 120 x e x k x 0,6;
37.5. for the biomass power plants with the installed electric capacity up to 4 MW and for the biogas power plants with the installed electric capacity up to 2 MW or more for 10 years beginning with the date of commencement of operation of the power plant: 37.6. for the biomass power plants with the installed electric capacity up to 4 MW and for the biogas power plants with the installed electric capacity up to 2 MW or more for 10 years after the time period referred to in Sub-paragraph 37.5 of this Regulation: 37.7. for the biomass power plants with the installed electric capacity, exceeding 4 MW for 10 years from the date of commencement of operation of the power plant: 37.8. for the biomass power plants with the installed electric capacity, exceeding 4 MW for 10 years after the time period referred to in Sub-paragraph 37.7 of this Regulation: 37.9. for the biogas power plants with the installed electric capacity, less than 2 MW for 10 years from the date of commencement of operation of the power plant: C = 188 x e x k; 37.10. for the biogas power plants with the installed electric capacity less than 2 MW for 10 years after the time period referred to in Sub-paragraph 37.9 of this Regulation: C = 188 x e x k x 0,8; 37.11. for hydroelectric power plants with the installed electric capacity up to 5 MW for 10 years from the date of taking of the decision referred to in Paragraph 11 of this Regulation: C = 159 x e x k; 37.12. for the hydroelectric power plants with the installed electric capacity up to 5 MW for 10 years after the time period referred to in Sub-paragraph 37.11 of this Regulation: C = 159 x e x k x 0,8;
37.13. for the solar power plants for 20 years from the date of commencement of operation of the power plant: C = 427 x e; 37.14. for the biomass power plants with the installed electric capacity up to 4 MW and for the biogas power plants with the installed electric capacity up to 2 MW or more for 10 years beginning with the date of commencement of operation of the power plant in the case referred to in Sub-paragraph 61.2 of this Regulation: 37.15. for the biomass power plants with the installed electric capacity up to 4 MW and for the biogas power plants with the installed electric capacity up to 2 MW or more for 10 years after the time period referred to in Sub-paragraph 37.5 of this Regulation in the case referred to in Subparagraph 61.2 of this Regulation: 37.16. for the biogas power plants with the installed electric capacity less than 2 MW for 10 years from the date of commencement of operation of the power plant in the case referred to in Sub-paragraph 61.2 of this Regulation: C = 188 x e x k x 0,8; 37.17. for the biogas power plants with the installed electric capacity less than 2 MW for 10 years after the time period referred to in Sub-paragraph 37.9 of this Regulation in the case referred to in Sub-paragraph 61.2 of this Regulation: C = 188 x e x k x 0,64; 37.18. for the biomass power plants with the installed electric capacity, exceeding 4 MW for 10 years from the date of commencement of operation of the power plant in the case referred to in Sub-paragraph 61.2 of this Regulation: 37.19. for the biomass power plants with the installed electric capacity, exceeding 4 MW for 10 years after the time period referred to in Sub-paragraph 37.7 of this Regulation in the case referred to in Sub-paragraph 61.2 of this Regulation:, where C the price without value added tax for which a public trader purchases electricity produced from renewable energy resources (LVL/MWh) from the power plant;
e the exchange rate of lat specified by the Bank of Latvia against the single currency of the European Union on the day when the invoice for electricity was issued; k the price differentiation coefficient referred to in Annex 8 to this Regulation; and T g the final tariff for trade of natural gas approved by the Regulator without value added tax, which has been specified for the consumption of natural gas from 126 thousand n.m 3 up to 1260 thousand n.m 3 per year, with the actual calorific value. 38. If the electricity in a power plant is produced not only from renewable energy resources but also from other types of energy resources, the price in compliance with Paragraph 37 of this Regulation shall be determined only to that part of electricity which is obtained from renewable energy resources, but a merchant shall enter into an agreement with any participant of the electricity market regarding the price and conditions for sale of the remaining electricity produced. 39. For the volume of electricity produced from renewable energy resources, which merchants do not sell within the scope of mandatory procurement, the price and conditions of sale shall be determined, upon the merchant reaching and agreement with any participant of the electricity market. 40. If merchants have commenced the production of electricity from renewable energy resources prior to the coming into force of the Electricity Market Law, such purchase price shall be maintained to such electricity as it was on the day when the Electricity Market Law came into force until the time periods which had been specified in the legal acts at the time when these merchants commenced the production of electricity.
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