Socio-cultural valuation of ecosystem services provided by Baltic Salmon. Timo P. Karjalainen Thule Institute/University of Oulu Oulun yliopisto

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1 Socio-cultural valuation of ecosystem services provided by Baltic Salmon Timo P. Karjalainen Thule Institute/University of Oulu Oulun yliopisto

2 Sisällys/content The issue (kysymys): how to value and assess incommensurable and contested criteria in salmon management (miten arvottaa ja arvioida yhteismitattomia ja kiistanalaisia asioita/tekijöitä lohivarojen hallinnassa)? 1. Baltic Salmon fisheries governance 2. Ecosystem services and valuing of the benefits provided by salmon (ekosysteemipalvelut ja lohen tuottamien hyötyjen arvottaminen) 3. Co-management instutions the need (Kuinka arvioida ja arvottaa hyötyjä loheen liittyvässä päätöksenteossa?)? Future of the wild salmon stocks, Tornio

Ecosystem services and valuing of the benefits provided by salmon (ekosysteemipalvelut ja lohen tuottamien hyötyjen arvottaminen) 3.

3 Baltic Salmon fisheries governance: changes in interests and management Originally spawned in rivers, now 30 ( 2 in Finland) During 1900s the number of salmon rivers decreased rapidly (dams, habitat degradation, overfishing) Fishing has continued, mostly based on releases of hatchery-reared salmon Farmer s approach: sea as a field (commercial food production) mostly marine or coastal fisheries management Environmental objectives and priorities from the late 1990 s Salmon Action Plan : overall goal was to restore salmon populations of selected rivers to at least 50% of the potential capacity by the year 2010 (stocking activities, restoration, fishery regulation) WFD, Habitat Directive (objectives for modified rivers also) Commercial catches are decreasing (drifnet ban 2008), and fisheries interests are increasingly heterogenous: commercial, recreational, environmental Management shift from marine mix-stock management towards stock based (river origin) management?? On the coastal areas salmon is still important catch for commercial fishers while inhabitants of the river areas see salmon as an essential element in developing tourism around recreational fishing. more salmons to river (also modified) distributional conflict what are the benefits and losses for different groups) what are the salmon ecosystem services?

fisheries management Environmental objectives and priorities from the late 1990 s Salmon Action Plan 1997-2006: overall goal was to restore salmon populations of selected rivers to at least 50% of

4 Ecosystem services Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems(ks. MEA 2005) Provisioning services (e.g. food and water) Regulating services (e.g. regulation of floods and disease Supporting services (e.g. soil formation and nutrient cycling) Cultural services (recreational,spiritual, religious and other nonmaterial benefits) 3

g. soil formation and nutrient cycling) Cultural services (recreational,spiritual,

5 Ecosystem services of Baltic Salmon (Salmo salar) SÄÄTELYPALVELUT -Veden laatu -Habitaattien muodostaminen REGULATING -Water quality -Habitat formation PROVISIONING - Commercial harvest - Subsistence harvest - Personal use BALTIC SALMON TUOTANTOPALVELUT - Ammattikalastussaalis - Kotitarvesaalis - Henkkoht saalis/käyttö SUPPORTING - (Nutrient cycling) - (Sediment turnover) - Aquatic/terrestial food webs KULTTUURISET PALVELUT - Virkistysarvot - Matkailun mahdollisuudet/vetovoima - Alueellinen/paikallinen identiteetti CULTURAL - Recreational values - Tourism opportunities - Attractive landscapes features -Regional/local identity TUKIPALVELUT - (Ravinteiden kierrätys) - (Pohjasedimentin muokkaus) - Vesi-/maaekosysteemien -ravintoverkot

turnover) - Aquatic/terrestial food webs KULTTUURISET PALVELUT - Virkistysarvot - Matkailun mahdollisuudet/vetovoima - Alueellinen/paikallinen identiteetti CULTURAL - Recreational

6 SÄÄTELYPALVELUT -Veden laatu -Habitaattien muodostaminen Ecosystem services of Baltic Salmon (Salmo salar) PROVISIONING - Commercial harvest - Subsistence harvest - Personal use TUOTANTOPALVELUT - Ammattikalastussaalis - Kotitarvesaalis - Henkkoht. käyttö REGULATING -Water quality -Habitat formation BALTIC SALMON SUPPORTING - (Nutrient cycling) - (Sediment turnover) - Aquatic/terrestial food webs KULTTUURISET PALVELUT - Virkistysarvot - Matkailun mahdollisuudet/vetovoima - Alueellinen/paikallinen identiteetti CULTURAL - Recreational values - Tourism opportunities - Attractive landscapes features -Regional/local identity TUKIPALVELUT - (Ravinteiden kierrätys) - (Pohjasedimentin muokkaus) - Vesi-/maaekosysteemien -ravintoverkot

käyttö REGULATING -Water quality -Habitat formation BALTIC SALMON SUPPORTING - (Nutrient cycling) - (Sediment turnover) - Aquatic/terrestial food webs KULTTUURISET PALVELUT -

7 The ecosystem valuation framework

8 OVERALL IMPACTS OF RIVER RESTORATION ALTERNATIVES THE CASE OF THE IIJOKI RIVER ECOLOGICAL VALUES ECONOMIC VALUES SOCIAL VALUES Salmon stock Other migratory fish (trout, whitefish, lamprey) Tourism and attractiveness of the region Commercial fishing Local identity and amenity values Recreational fishing Ecological status (WFD) Hydropower production Fish farming Subsistence fishing

lamprey) Tourism and attractiveness of the region Commercial fishing Local identity and amenity

9 OVERALL IMPACTS OF RESTORATION ALTERNATIVES PROVISIONING SERVICES SUPPORTING SERVICES CULTURAL SERVICES Commercial harvest Subsistence harvest Nutrient cycling Sediment turnover Aquatic/terrestial food weds River mussel Local identity and amenity values Tourism and attractiveness of the region Recreational value/recreational fishing

Sediment turnover Aquatic/terrestial food weds River mussel Local identity and

10 SOCIAL ECONOMIC ECOLOGICAL Criteria Present state Alt 0 Transporting Alt A Fishways & stocking Alt B Fishways & wide range of measures Alt C Salmon (smolts from natural production) Sea Trout (smolts from natural production) Whitefish (state of the stock) Ecological status moderate moderate Good Good Tourism income (direct)/year Man-years, direct 1,16 M 6,4 1,28 M 7,0 1,68 M 9,2 Commercial fishing (man-years) 4,64 4,14 3,64 3,64 1,97 M 10,7 Hydropower Output of electricity/year Value/ /year 825 GWh/y 38,8 M 825 GWh/y 38,8 M 821,3 GWh/y 38,6 M ( ) 818,5 GWh/y 38,4 M /( ) Fish farming, Number of employees Risk of fish disease , Local identity Recreational fishing - downstream Sale of fishing licences Fishing eperience / Recreational fishing mid- and upstream Sale of fishing licences Fishing eperience Household fishing - downstream Number of fishing days Number of fishers Household fishing mid- and upstream Number of fishing days

(direct)/year Man-years, direct 1,16 M 6,4 1,28 M 7,0 1,68 M 9,2 Commercial fishing (man-years) 4,64 4,14 3,64 3,64 1,97 M 10,7 Hydropower Output of electricity/year Value/ /year 825 GWh/y 38,8 M 825

11 30 % ECOLOGICAL VALUES ECONOMIC VALUES SOCIAL VALUES 25 % 20 % 15 % 10 % 5 % 0 %

12 Priority values of alternatives 1 Current status Alt A Alt B Alt C 0,8 0,6 0,4 0, Interviewees

0,4 0,2 0 20 5 11 23 3 4 13 8 9 18 22 25

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