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- Mikael Nieminen
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1 This is an electronic reprint of the original article. This reprint may differ from the original in pagination and typographic detail. Author(s): Kokko, Jani Title: Uusi amerikkalainen identiteetti Year: Version: 2017 Publisher's PDF Please cite the original version: Kokko, J. (2017). Uusi amerikkalainen identiteetti. Tähdistö, pp Retrieved from All material supplied via JYX is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all or part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered, whether for sale or otherwise to anyone who is not an authorised user.
2 Uusi amerikkalainen identiteetti Jani Kokko Marraskuun 8. päivänä 2016 osallistuin Miamissa demokraattien vaalivalvojaisiin ja pääsin seuraamaan Yhdysvaltain 58. presidentinvaalien jännitysnäytelmää. Tai ei illasta jännitysnäytelmää pitänyt tulla vaan monien muiden tavoin ennakoin Hillary Clintonin voittavan Donald Trumpin selvin luvuin. Toisin kuitenkin kävi. En ollut ainoa, joka yllättyi Donald Trumpin kyvystä murtaa demokraattien sininen muuri ja voittamaan valitsijamiehet Pennsylvanian, Michiganin ja Wisconsinin osavaltioissa. Juuri näissä kolmessa osavaltioissa tiivistyi trumppilaisen populismin vahvuus, jota eurooppalaiset populistit pyrkivät nyt kopioimaan. Ilman voittoa näissä kolmessa perinteisessä demokraattiosavaltiossa, ei Valkoisen talon ovet olisi avautuneet Donald Trumpille. Vain ääntä vähemmän, 0,05 prosenttia kaikista annetuista äänistä presidentinvaaleissa, ja Hillary Clinton olisi nyt presidentti. Tuosta vaali-illasta on nyt kulunut kuusi kuukautta ja maailma on saanut tottua näkyyn, jossa populistinen tosi-tv miljardööri esiintyy vaakunan takana, jossa lukee President of the United States. Titteli ei ole kuitenkaan tehnyt Trumpista presidentillistä vaan hänen harjoittamansa retoriikan perusteella Drumpf tuntuu edelleen käyvän vaalikampanjaa ja enemmän jakavan kuin yhdistävän amerikkalaisia. Äärimielisen populismin yllättävä voitto Yhdysvalloissa on innostanut eurooppalaisia populisteja niin oikealta kuin vasemmalta pyrkimään valtaan Trumpin keinoin. Populismin voitto Britanniassa viime vuonna ja käynnistynyt Brexit-prosessi on herättänyt pelkoja populistien rynnistyksestä valtaan useissa keskeisissä Euroopan unionin jäsenvaltioissa tämän vuoden aikana. Vaalivoittoja populistit saavat mutta valtaan he eivät nouse, ainakaan Donald Trumpin keinoilla. Populismin amerikkalainen muoto Mistä Trumpin populismi sitten oikein kumpuaa? Keskeistä siinä on tarina, sekä henkilökohtainen että kansallinen tarina. Se ei ole tarina, johon kansalaisten on helppo samaistua vaan enemmänkin pyrkimys luoda vaihtoehtoinen todellisuus. Donald Trumpin luoma tarina on keskeisin ero eurooppalaisiin populisteihin ja syy siihen, miksi he eivät pysty nousemaan valtaan pelkästään kopioimalla trumppilaisuutta omaan kansalliseen viitekehykseen. Henkilökohtaisen tarinan keskiössä on menestys, asia jota amerikkalaiset ihailevat. Huolimatta Donald Trumpin satojen miljoonien dollareiden perinnöstä niin hän on silti useilla mittareilla mitattuna menestynyt liikemies. Hän on yksilö, joka on tehnyt itsestään brändin. Juuri kukaan amerikkalainen ei voi samaistua miljardööriin, joka asuu kullatussa pilvenpiirtäjäasunnossa Manhattanilla. Mutta silti amerikkalaisen unelman ja vapausihanteen johdosta jokainen amerikkalainen voi haaveilla pääsevänsä vastaavaan asemaan. Tuo suunnaton rikkaus on tehnyt Trumpista riippumattoman suhteessa poliittiseen järjestelmään, Republikaaniseen puolueeseen sekä eturyhmittymiin. Tätä tavalliset amerikkalaiset kaipaavat. Edes presidenttinä hän ei ole pyrkinyt hälventämään varallisuuttaan
3 ja riippumattomuuttaan vaan päinvastoin suorastaan korostanut sitä. Tästä on osoituksena muun muassa neuvottelut ulkomaiden valtiojohtajien kanssa hänen Floridan yksityisklubilla sekä ministerivalinnat ja presidentilliset asetukset. Donald Trumpin henkilökohtaisen tarinan ohella toinen tarina koskee koko kansakuntaa. Hänen luomansa tarina on kertomus Washingtonin poliitikkojen hylkäämästä maasta, joka levittäytyy suurten kaupunkien ulkopuolella. Se on tarina todellisesta Amerikasta, joka on kärsinyt vuosia globalisaatiosta ja liittovaltion sääntelystä. Tämän Amerikan alennustilaa hän nosti esille vahvasti virkaanastujaispuheessaan ja lupasi palauttaa menneisyyden loiston. Trumpin retoriikka rapistuvista tehtaista ja työttömyydestä on tietyssä mielessä totta. MIT:n tutkijoiden David Authorin, Dvid Kornin ja Gordon Hansonin mukaan Kiina-kauppa on hävittänyt Yhdysvalloista vuosien välisenä aikana noin 2,4 miljoonaa teollisuustyöpaikkaa. Tämän seurauksena työttömäksi joutuneet ihmiset ovat olleet perinteisiä demokraattien kannattajia jo vuosikymmenten ajan Yhdysvaltain ruostevyöhykkeellä. Nämä menetetyt raskaan teollisuuden työpaikat ovat kuitenkin korvautuneet 2000-luvulla uuden teknologian työpaikoilla. Ongelmana kuitenkin on ollut siinä, etteivät nämä uudet työpaikat ole syntyneet rakennemuutoksesta kärsiviin osavaltioihin keskilännessä ja suurten järvien seuduille vaan rannikoille. Sinne liberaalin eliitin seuduille, jotka ovat Trumpin kannattajien mielestä hylänneet perinteiset amerikkalaiset arvot. Trumpin populismi ei auta eurooppalaisia populisteja Karismaattisena johtajana Donald Drumpf voi toimia eurooppalaisten populistijohtajien esikuvana mutta siihen hyödyt sitten jäävät. Eurooppalaiset populistit eivät juuri voi korostaa Trumpi tavoin eliitin ulkopuolisuuttaan, sillä suurin osa heistä on pitkän linjan poliitikkoja ja puoluetoimijoita. Nämä eurooppalaiset populistit ovat poliittista eliittiä vastaan mutta poliittinen järjestelmä on kuitenkin heidät synnyttänyt. Heissä ei ole samanlaista leimaa ulkopuolisuudesta kuin Donald Trumpissa, joka on vaihtanut puoluetta useammin kuin paitaansa. Lisäksi eurooppalaisten populistien mielen maisemaa hallitsee vahvasti Euroopan unioni ja instituutiot. Vastakkainasettelua haetaan abstraktin Brysselin ja kansalaisten kokeman osattomuuden välillä. Oli kysymys sitten globalisaatiosta, työttömyydestä tai maahanmuutosta niin populistit näkevät Euroopan unionin olevan syyllinen kaikkeen. Samanlainen instituutioiden kritiikki ja ylikansallisen valtiojärjestelmän vastustaminen ei toimi suoraan Yhdysvalloissa vaan siellä populismi pohjautuu enemmän arvoihin. Peruseron voi nähdä siinä, miten kansalainen nähdään suhteessa valtioon Euroopassa ja Yhdysvalloissa. Manner-Euroopassa on ollut vahvana hegeliläinen valistusihanne, jossa valtio on kaikki kaikessa. Valtio on se, joka määrittelee kansalaisten toimintaa kehdosta hautaan ja sääntelee elämää monin eri tavoin. Yhdysvalloissa puolestaan on aina ollut keskiössä anglosaksien vapausihanne, jossa yksilön rooli korostuu suhteessa yhteisöön ja varsinkin valtioon. Konkreettisena esimerkkinä tästä populistien näkemyserosta voidaan käyttää sosiaali- ja terveyspalveluita. Euroopassa ei yksikään populisti vastusta valtion kansalaisille järjestämiä sosiaali- ja terveyspalveluita vaan niiden nähdään olevan yksi keskeinen elementti
4 kansalaisten hyvinvoinnin turvaamisessa. Yhdysvalloissa populismi puolestaan näkee esimerkiksi Obaman terveydenhuoltouudistuksen olevan räikeässä ristiriidassa kansalaisten vapauden kanssa pakottamalla heille sairausvakuutuksen. Kolmas ero siinä, miksi trumppilaisuus ei suoraan toimi Euroopassa, tulee vaalijärjestelmien eroista. Siinä missä Yhdysvallat on enemmistövaalitapaan perustuva presidenttijohtoinen järjestelmä, on Eurooppa pääosin suhteellisen vaalitavan maanosa, jossa parlamentilla ja sitä kautta pääministerillä on keskeinen rooli politiikassa. Tässä näkökulmassa Trumpin nousu presidentiksi tai pääministeriksi ei olisi edes mahdollista Euroopassa. Yhdysvalloissa populisti pystyy valitsijamiesjärjestelmän avulla saavuttamaan valtaan tarvittavan kannatuksen huomattavasti helpommin kuin Euroopassa. Donald Drumpf pystyi luottamaan siihen, että teki hän mitä tahansa niin varmat republikaaniosavaltiot tulevat äänestämään häntä ja tätä kautta kerryttämään valitsijamiesten määrää. Siksi hän pystyi suuntaamaan viestinsä vain muutamien osavaltioiden tarpeita ajatellen ja pyrkiä saamaan sieltä voittoon tarvittava määrä valitsijamiehiä. Tässä hän juuri onnistui. Trumpin populismia ajatellen on ironista, miten aikanaan kansakunnan perustajaisät loivat valitsijamiesjärjestelmän tasavallan suojaksi. Sen tehtävänä oli antaa loppukädessä valta valistuneille valitsijoille, jotta kansankiihottajat eivät voisi manipuloida kansalaisia. Nyt demokratian suojaksi rakennettu järjestelmä toimi itseään vastaan ja enemmän henkilökohtaisia ääniä saanut ehdokas hävisi voittajan saadessa enemmän valitsijamiehiä. Jani Kokko
5 Jani Kokko on tohtorikoulutettavana Jyväskylän yliopiston historian ja etnologian laitoksella ja viimeistelee väitöstutkimusta Yhdysvaltain presidenttien institutionaalisesta retoriikasta. Kuva: Séán Héllen
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