Looking back to the Technology road map for hybrid and electrical drivetrain of non-road mobile machinery

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1 VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND LTD Looking back to the Technology road map for hybrid and electrical drivetrain of non-road mobile machinery FIMA seminar Panu Sainio, Kari Tammi / Aalto University Lasse Laurila / LUT Jenni Pippuri / VTT

2 Vision still the same as previous years Majority of new machines will be equipped with electrical powertrain by 2030 Advanced Heavy Machinery , Tekes, off-road heavy machinery manufacturers considered using electrical motors rather than internal combustion engines using electric power transmission in heavy machinery such as harbour straddle carriers, mine loaders, ice resurfacers, snow blowers and large electric vans Autonomous solutions without human operator on board promote diversity of operations and new energy logistics Diversity of energy carries will increase: diesel, petroleum, natural gas, hydrogen, batteries Successful electrification requires new earning models Konecranes Kalmar 07/04/2017 2

3 Active ways to proceed Development of next generation transverse flux reluctance machines (TREMA) Principal investigator (PI): D.Sc. (Tech.) Jenni Pippuri, VTT Type of project: Postdoctoral Researcher by Academy of Finland Duration of the project: Benefit from additive manufacturing for efficient and sustainable electrical machines (BENADEL) Principal investigator (PI): D.Sc. (Tech.) Jenni Pippuri, VTT Type of project: Forging ahead with research -project by Academy of Finland Duration of the project: LUT has established CAMBUS hybrid bus for the Green Campus initiative Technology Operation System VTT: H2020 EU project Smart system of renewable energy storage based on INtegrated EVs and batteries to empower mobile, Distributed and centralised Energy storage in the distribution grid (INVADE) AALTO: H2020 EU project Metrology for inductive charging of electric vehicles (MICEV) Development and prototyping of Operation and testing of several Analysis, design and electrical city bus and commercial electrical buses and development of infrastructure for technologies VTT s prototype in the city of small fleets of electrical buses VTT & AALTO and companies: new Computational and experimental Espoo on an actual bus route Analysis and selection of expertise. Experimental facilities Running laboratory tests on charger technologies, planning networked project Batteries for include battery laboratory, heavy these buses for further analysis of locations and installations duty dynamometer and electrical of their performance and including energy supply Business (B4B) has just been city bus development platform characteristics Involvement of public transport granted Tekes funding (07/04/2017) Involvement of bus and Involvement of bus operators in authorities in Finland 07/04/2017 component manufacturers Finland 3

4 Benefits of electrification Improved energy efficiency: energy consumption of an electrical machinery can be even 75% lower than that of its diesel engine powered counterpart Faster controllability Better manoeuvrability and drivability, compare, e.g., hydraulic and electrical boom Cancellation of idle Less gear reductions, elimination of clutch Drive by wire Reduced maintenance, both in cost and intensity Less noise Fully electrical machinery is locally emission free Challenges Economic sustainability Fuel and energy prices Electricity generation, emitted CO 2 and production capacity vary Availability of charging, from grid to energy storages Lack of harmonisation, charging interface and charging communication Product lifecycle management, e.g. software updates Practical challenge: insufficient availability of suitable components In engineering, aim at good and good quality but not at perfect 07/04/2017 4

5 Havaintoja päästöjen piiristä (1/2) Työkoneiden polttoaineenkulutus n t/a. Tästä määrästä n. 90 % on dieseliä (lähinnä moottoripolttoöljyä) ja noin 10 % bensiiniä. Tieliikenteen ja työkoneiden yhteenlaskettu polttoaineenkulutus on noin 4,6 Mt/a, josta työkoneiden prosentuaalinen osuus on 19 %. Stage V myötä työkoneet saavuttavat tieliikennemoottorien Euro VI:n. Raskaille tieliikenneajoneuvoille valmistellaan CO 2 sääntelyä perustuen laskennalliseen VECTO menetelmään (moottori mitataan, ajoneuvo simuloidaan). Vastaavaa menettelyä olisi teoriassa mahdollista soveltaa myös työkoneisiin, mutta konetyyppien ja niiden käytön laaja kirjo haastaa. Todennäköistä, ettei koneiden tasolla ole tulossa CO 2 sääntelyä vielä pitkään aikaan. Työkoneiden CO 2 päästöt ja niihin vaikuttaminen, Nils-Olof Nylund, Petri Söderena ja Pekka Rahkola, VTT /04/2017 5

6 Havaintoja päästöjen piiristä (2/2) Työkoneiden CO 2 päästöjä voidaan vähentää 1) moottorien energiatehokkuutta parantamalla, 2) itse koneiden energiatehokkuutta parantamalla ja 3) koneiden käyttöä tehostamalla ja optimoimalla. Helppo ja nopea tapa päästöjen vähentämiseksi olisi uusiutuvien ns. dropin polttoaineiden käyttö dieselkalustossa. Parhaimmat biopolttoaineet vähentävät koko polttoaineketjun CO 2 päästöjä luokkaa 90 %. Toistaiseksi tieliikennettä koskeva biopolttoaineiden jakeluvelvoite ei ulotu dieselkäyttöisissä työkoneissa käytettävään moottoripolttoöljyyn. Ja toki paikalliset CO 2 päästöt voidaan vähentämisen sijaan poistaa vaihtamalla polttomoottori sähkömoottoriin. Työkoneiden CO 2 päästöt ja niihin vaikuttaminen, Nils-Olof Nylund, Petri Söderena ja Pekka Rahkola, VTT /04/2017 6

7 Finnish companies with public activity in electrification of NRMM Kalmar FastCharge solution and hybrids Konecranes hybrid reach stacker SANDVIK towards all-electric mine Linkker buses KESLA hybrid wood chipper Logset hybrid harvester Vilakone Wille hybrid Avant e5 as battery powered Normet Valmet Automotive active in NRMMs, too, GIM Oy in robotics, Hybria, Visedo Now we can see clear movement from theory to practice and from lab to industry. Please note that the listing may be incomplete. It is based on our observations from news, articles, press releases etc. 07/04/2017 7

8 Summary Reflections from 2011 to the end of 2016 Stage IV in production, stage V is a year closer Price of oil was 120$/b in the end of 2011, last year at this time, it was 27$/b. Now like 55 $/b. What it will be early 2018? Battery powered city bus turned out to be a feasible solution over the hybrids intermediate phase of hybrids might be shorter than believed. Role of charging also in terms of mechanical and software connection, is a critical matter still for cars you see charging stations more and more. Tesla Gigafactory? New voltage levels, like 48 V in passenger cars i.e. small steps are taken continuously now noticing these steps demands observation. 07/04/2017 8