Experiences of the first steps of the production of Andean pseudocereals in Finland

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Grains November 14 and 15, 2013 National Agrarian University La

1 Experiences of the first steps of the production of Andean pseudocereals in Finland International Congress of Quinoa and Andean Grains November 14 and 15, 2013 National Agrarian University La Molina, Lima Peru Dr. Marjo Keskitalo MTT Agrifood Research Finland

2 Finland Peru

January 1 January 15 February 1 February 15 March 15 March 2 April 1 April 15 May 1 May 15 June 1 June 15 July 1 July 15 August 1 August 15 September 1 September October 1 October 15

3 January 1 January 15 February 1 February 15 March 15 March 2 April 1 April 15 May 1 May 15 June 1 June 15 July 1 July 15 August 1 August 15 September 1 September October 1 October 15 November 1 November 15 December 1 December 15 hours Utsjoki Helsinki FINLAND The time (h) between the sun rise and sun set in Finland is in the growing season between 15 to 24 h

The average temperature (1981-2010) in Finland C F 5 41 4 39,2 3 37,4 2 35,6 1 33,8 0 32-1 30,2-2 28,4-3 26,6 The average year temperature

4 The average temperature ( ) in Finland C F ,2 3 37,4 2 35,6 1 33, ,2-2 28,4-3 26,6 The average year temperature Sodankylä The average monthy temperature ºC 70 Helsinki 60 ºF Sodankylä Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki

The average presipitation (mm) in Finland 1981-2010 Sodankylä -> Autumn is the rainy season Autum is also

5 The average presipitation (mm) in Finland Sodankylä -> Autumn is the rainy season Autum is also the harvest season! mm 90 Helsinki 80 Sodankylä Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki

Fig.1. Field experiment at MTT Agrifood Research Finland in 2000.

6 Fig.1. Field experiment at MTT Agrifood Research Finland in The first experiments on quinoa was carried out in 1980 s by Miguel Carmen.

7 Fig. 2. Flowerheads and seeds of different quinoa accessions in MTT s field experiment in 2000 ( ).

8 Seed yield, kg/ha Fig. 3. The mean seed yields of different quinoa accessions in MTT s field experiment in 1999.

9 Protein content (% DW) of seeds 17 16, , , , ,5 -> Protein content of quinoa accessions were comparable or ever higher than cereals Fig. 4. The mean protein contents (% of DW) of seeds from different quinoa accessions in MTT s field experiment in 1999.

10 Seed yield kg/ha > Seed yield had a negative impact on the protein contents of seeds , , ,5 17 Protein % DW Fig. 5. Relationships between seed yield (kg/ha) and protein content (% DW) of different quinoa accessions in 1999.

11 Kvinoan viljely nk. Silmu-kasvihuoneessa vuonna m Fig.6. The potential seed yield formation was studied in the greenhouse, where the daily mean temperature was about 4 ºC higher than the ambient one. Also, the growing season in the greenhouse was one month longer than outside. MTT Agrifood Research Finland

250 200 Kasvin pituus (cm) Kvinoan viljely nk.

12 Kasvin pituus (cm) Kvinoan viljely nk. Silmu-kasvihuoneessa vuonna 2009 Kasvin kuivapaino (g) Siemensadon kuivapaino (g) Lämpimissä kasvuoloissa siemensato n 3 x Field Greenhouse 0 Length of the plant (cm) Dry weight of the entire plant (g) Dry weight of seeds/plant (g) Fig. 7. The comparison of yield formation of quinoa produced in the field and in the greenhouse, where the temperature was about 4 C higher than in the ambient conditions. MTT Agrifood Research Finland

13 Suomen suurin kvinoapelto vuonna 2009

14 Cultivation area ha In 2013 quinoa was cultivated on 32 hectares Comparison - the total area of arable land in Finland is 2,3 milj ha LIETO, the main cultivation area of quinoa in Finland MTT Helsinki

15 45 40 Dry weight of entire plant (g) Seed yield/plant (g) Protein content (% DW) Green/yellow (unmatured) Light (matured) Orange Pink Dark red Fig 8. The dry weight of entire plants and seeds (g), as well as the seed protein contents (% dry weight) of quinoa based on differently coloured flowerheads Eriväristen kvinoakantojen kuivapainot ja siementen proteiinipitoisuudet (%)

16 45 40 Dry weight of entire plant (g) Seed yield/plant (g) Protein content (% DW) Green/yellow (unmatured) Light (matured) Orange Pink Dark red Fig 8. The dry weight of entire plants and seeds (g), as well as the seed protein contents (% dry weight) of quinoa based on differently coloured flowerheads Eriväristen kvinoakantojen kuivapainot ja siementen proteiinipitoisuudet (%)

17 60 SI = > Satoindeksi 50 on varsin suuri verrattuna esimerkiksi viljoihin Green/yellow (unmatured) Light (matured) Orange Pink Dark red Height, cm Harvest Index (%) Fig 9. The height of the plant and the harvest index ((seed yield/plant entire biomass)*100) of quinoa based on differently coloured flowerheads in Eriväristen kvinoakantojen kasvin pituudet (cm) ja satoindeksi

Seed yield, g/m2 350 -> The lower the plant density, the higher the seed yield was 300 250 200 150 100 50

18 Seed yield, g/m > The lower the plant density, the higher the seed yield was Plant density (plants/m2) Fig. 10. Siemensadon (g/m2) ja kasvitiheyden (kpl/m2) yhteys

19 Problems: (Too) Low plant density

20 Problems: Aphids in the flowerheads - consequences?

21 Other animals like quinoa also A cat eating quinoa porridge

22 Kvinoa Rainingon Luomutilalla Kvinoa MTT:n kenttäkoessa Kuva

23 Quinoa is late maturing crop in Finland and in some years frost may occur before crop is ready for harvest Quinoa field at MTT in October 2nd, 2013

24 Harvest time in 2013 Kvinoan korjuu MTT:ssä ja Rainingoilla

26 Siemenen pinnalla olevat saponiinit tulee poistaa ennen käyttöä Käsitellyt siemenet Käsittelemättömät siemenet

27 Conclusions (1) Quinoa may produce seed yields ( kg/ha), which are comparable with other alternative crops in Finland it is a promising new crop There are now major pest or diseases hampering the production The protein content of seeds may be the same or even higher compared to cereals.

28 Conclusions (1) Quinoa may produce seed yields ( kg/ha), which are comparable with other alternative crops in Finland it is a promising new crop There are no major pests or diseases hapering the production Protein content of seeds may be the same or even higher compared to cereals. Consumers are very interested in the health aspects of quinoa Farmers are ready to start the cultivation

29 Conclusions (2) There are still challenges to be solved in the production tehnology and therefore more research and information are needed: 1) New or improved varieties Early flowering Evenness on maturity Resistant to lodging 2) Information on optimal seed rates and plant densities 3) Optimization of plant nutritional requirements and fertilization 4) Postharvest technology

30 GRACIAS Keskitalo, M Agrifood Research Finland

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