Johdanto, suprajohtavat materiaalit. DEE Suprajohtavuus

DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Johdanto, suprajohtavat materiaalit 1 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

The Role of Superconductivity for Power Sector 2 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Motivation Superconductivity Highest current densities and zero DC resistance at high magnetic fields Impact on Power Applications Improved energy efficiency Application examples Loss reduction Generators 30-50 % Transformers 50-80 % Magnetic Heating ~ 50 % Magnetic Separation > 80 % HTS Current Leads 70-80 % HTS magnets > 90 % 3 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Motivation Superconductivity Highest current densities and zero DC resistance at high magnetic fields Impact on Power Applications Improved energy efficiency Higher Power density Volume and weight Reduction Generators 30-50 % Transformers 30-50 % Cables > 50 % 4 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Case: HTS tape vs Copper 5 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

High Power Density ; HTS-tape vs Cu J tape op Lähtökohta: I tape = I Cu A tape J Cu op A Cu A A tape Cu 2 J J Cu op tape op Tyypillisesti 400 A/ cm (@ 300 K) Jop Cu Nyt J tape op A A HTS HTS A Ag J J HTS op HTS c J HTS c Tyypillisesti A A tape Cu J Cu op HTS c J A HTS A HTS A Ag J J HTS c HTS op A HTS A HTS A Ag 4 6 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

High Power Densitys ; HTS tape vs Cu 4 Jos 310 A/ cm (@ 77 K) Jc HTS 2 A tape A cu 400 310 4 4 J J HTS c HTS op 510 2 HTS Jc HTS Jop 12 Siis A A tape Cu 5 10 % 7 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

High Power Densitys ; HTS tape vs Cu DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen 8 Cu Cu tape tape Cu cu tape tape Cu Cu tape tape Cu tape A A L A L A V V m m Ag Ag HTS Ag HTS Ag HTS HTS tape A A A A A A Cu Ag Cu HTS HTS op HTS c Cu Ag Ag HTS Ag Cu HTS Ag HTS HTS Cu tape Cu tape J J A A A A A A A A m m 4 3 4 1 10 5 2

High Power Density ; HTS tape vs Cu Nyt Cu ~ 8.93 g/cm 3, Ag ~ 10.5 g/cm 3, HTS ~ 6.4 g/cm 3 m m tape Cu 510 2 HTS c HTS op 1.06 m Siis tape 5 10 % m J J Cu 510 2 J HTS c HTS Jop 12 9 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Motivation Superconductivity Highest current densities and zero DC resistance at high magnetic fields Impact on Power Applications Improved energy efficiency Higher Power density New Technology Superconductivity facilities Superconducting fault current limiter Superconducting magnetic energy storage 10 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Motivation Superconductivity Highest current densities and zero DC resistance at high magnetic fields Impact on Power Applications Improved energy efficiency Higher Power density New Technology Higher power quality Low impedance of sc power equipment High short-circuit capacity with FCL Fast compensation of disturbances with SMES 11 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Motivation Superconductivity Highest current densities and zero DC resistance at high magnetic fields Impact on Power Applications Improved energy efficiency Higher Power density New Technology Higher power quality Environment friendly Liquid nitrogen (helium) Is used as cooling liquid + electrical insulation Easily available (nitrogen) Inflammable 12 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Motivation - Conclusions 13 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Introduction Yksikön tutkimusperinne Historiallinen johdanto Mitä suprajohtavuus on? Suprajohtavat materiaalit Markkinat 14 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

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Superconductivity Research Demonstration Modeling + Experimental 16 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

SC Motor CERN 17 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

SC Magnet Projects in TUT, 1984 - LT SC Wiggler 1.st European HTS magnet for synchronous motor, synchrotron P = 1.5 kw at 20 K radiation 18 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

SC Magnet Projects in TUT, 1984 - SMES Research 5 kj HTS m-smes, T = 20 K 0.2 MJ Nb 3 Sn SMES, T = 10 K Conduction-cooled systems in UPS -application 19 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

SC Magnet Projects in TUT, 1984 - Electromagnetic characterization of Nb 3 Sn strands for ITER LTS SC separation magnet for industrial waste water purification 20 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

SHIFT Development of the construction technology of HTS magnets (SMES) (Electricité de France) SUPERPOLI The design of a 200 m 3-phase 20 kv/28 ka HTS power link (Nexans) ACROPOLIS Development of HTS tapes to minimize ac losses (FZK) SUPER3C Utilizing HTS thin films in power cables (Nexans) ALUHEAT New concept of Al induction heater (SINTEF) EuCARD Updating accelerator magnets (CERN) EU projects TUT as a partner 21 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Induction heater MgB 2 Magnetic field lines Shaft to motor Induced current Cryostat Rotation of billet HTS coil DC current Practically no losses in the conduction cooled superconducting coils Energy efficiency about 90 %, determined by the electric motor 22 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Sähkömagneetin historiaa William Sturgeon (1783-1850) 16 eristämätöntä Cu johdinkierrosta eristetyn hevosenkengän muotoisen rautatangon päällä. F = 16 x Mg Joseph Henry (1797 1878) Eristetty Cu johdin eristämättömän rautasydämen ympärillä. F = 35 x Mg 23 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Suprajohtavien magneettien esiinmarssi Kamerlingh Onnes (1853 1926) Suprajohtavuusilmiö (1911) B < 0.1 T (kriittiset suureet) John Hulm (1924 2004) A15 yhdisteet (1961) B > 10 T 24 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Woodstock, 1969 Bednorz Müller HTS! 1986 25 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Woodstock of Physics 1987: Thousands of physicists crowd a ballroom at the New York Hilton for a hastily arranged marathon session on high-temperature superconductivity. The event generates so much excitement that it is later referred to as the Woodstock of Physics. 26 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Magnet Technology in general LTS: Low Temperature Superconductor HTS: High Temperature Superconductor 27 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Superconductivity in Electric Network 28 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Superconductivity in Power Systems Common Statements * Electric utility has been operating without sc. over 100 years why now? * Is sc. reliable and maintainable? * Sc. needs some kind of cryogenic cooling. Is it suitable in power systems? * Sc. is for DC does it perform properly on AC? * Sc. is expensive. Is it economically feasible? 29 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Science of Superconductivity Solid-state Physicists Metallurgists Material Scientists Physicists Cryogenicists Engineers Why Superconductivity Exists? How shall I make a Magnet from this Superconductor? 30 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Heike Kamerling Onnes (1853-1926) Heliumin nesteytys 1908 Suprajohtavuusilmiö elohopealle 1911 Nobelin palkinto 1913 31 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Resistivity Resistiivisyyden teorioita Kelvin (1902) Matthiessen (1864) Dewar (1904) Temperature 32 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Historic Notes 33 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Myth or Reality Myth: The blue boy messed up the measurement. Onnes considered the first results as a system disturbance. Reality: Gilles Holst did the measurements and Onnes made the historical notes himself. The blue boy Holst 34 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Superconductivity No resistivity! = 0 T < T c No magnetic B = 0 in sc. induction! material Meissner effect 35 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Kriittiset suureet T c B c J c 36 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Suprajohtavan käämin omaava kytkentä Kun I L I 0, kytkin 2 suljetaan di L dt 0 Magneetti on ns. kestovirtatilassa Virran syöttö voidaan katkaista. Lämpövuodot pienentyvät! 37 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Mikä siis on suprajohtava käämi? Ideaalinen induktanssi! R 0 I suuri J E L R Persistointi! W 1 2 L I 2 38 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Superconducting Materials Criterium Number Superconducting? ~ 10 000 T c > 10 K (B c > 10 T) ~ 100 J c > 1 GA/m 2 & B > 5 T ~ 10 In magnets ~ 1 Today the commercial superconductors in magnet applications are NbTi and Nb 3 Sn 40 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Practical Superconducting Materials LTS NbTi; T c ~ 10 K Nb 3 Sn; T c ~ 18 K HTS Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 1 Cu 2 O 8+x ; T c ~ 85 K YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x ; T c ~ 90 K [Bi, Pb] 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10+x ; T c ~ 110 K MTS MgB 2 ; T c ~ 40 K 41 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Configuration of Superconducting Wires and Tapes NbTi; developed to very high level Nb 3 Sn, still potential to enhance J c Suitability for Energy Applications? Bi-2212 Bi-2223 MgB 2 42 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

NbTi Manufacturing Process 48 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Phase I of Manufacture - Mono 50 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Mono Rods 25 mm 2.5 mm 51 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Phase II of Manufacture - Multi 53 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Pronssitiemenetelmä Nb3Sn superconductive material is brittle wind and react 59 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Bronze Route 60 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

MgB 2 - Microstructure Composite wire: 99.5% pure Nickel matrix 14 MgB 2 filaments OFHC 10100 Copper core 99.5% pure Iron barrier Dimension 3.6 mm x 0.65 mm ( w x t ) Batch length: > 5000 m MgB 2 0.21 mm 2 (total area) Cu 0.35 mm 2 Fe 0.19 mm 2 MgB 2 Cu Fe Ni Ni 1.54 mm 2 62 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Production Process B 95-97 % pure Chemical Phase + Mg 99% pure Mixing Reaction 700-1000 C in Ar Metallurgical Phase MgB 2 Planetary Ball Milling Filling tube 1.3 g/cm 3 63 Cold rolling Drawing DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen Reaction 900-1000 C in Ar

MgB 2 -johdinkonfiguraatioita 64 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

MgB 2 DC Applications Magnetic field lines Induction Heaters Shaft to motor Induced current MRI Devices Rotation of billet HTS coil DC current Cryostat New concept which can be realised using commercially available technology Practically no losses in the conduction cooled superconducting coils Energy efficiency about 90 %, determined by the electric motor Cost comparable to cost for conventional induction heater 65 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Industrial production Nominal Field Main Magnet Parameters Peak Field on the Conductor Nominal Magnet Current Conductor critical current at 20K, 1T Conductor critical current at 20K, 0.5 T Conductor cost/performance ratio at 20K 1 Tesla today Conductor cost/performance ratio at 20K 0.5 Tesla today 0.5 T 1.3 T 90 A Number of Pancakes 12 Conductor Length (total) Inductance Overall Dimensions Patient Available Gap Weight 400 A 1 000 A 6.8 /ka m 2.7 /ka m 18 Km 60 H 2x2x2.4 m 0.6 m 25000 Kg First commercial systems using MgB 2 installed in hospital in EU and North America >20 magnet systems produced so far 6 more systems will be shipped to customers worldwide by end of the year New generation currently under development 66 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

NbTi ja Nb 3 Sn suprajohteiden työhevoset NbTi $ 1 / kam Nb 3 Sn $ 10 / kam Kuinka paljon maksaa 1 metri sellaista johdinta,joka kuljettaa 1000 A:n virran 67 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Bi-2212 / Bi-2223 - Power in Tube Hopeaputki täytetään valmistetulla suprajohdepulverilla Pursotus, tyssäys, veto, valssaus monofilamenttijohdin 68 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Power in Tube (PIT) Pakataan monojohtimet uuden hopeaputken sisään Vetoprosessi monifilamenttijohdin, rakeiden suuntaus 69 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Power in Tube (PIT) Valssaus teippimäiseen muotoon Lämpökäsittely 70 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

YBCO teipin valmistus Ni-teippi Oksidikerroksen pinnoitus 74 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

YBCO teipin valmistus YBCO pinnoitus YBCO hapetus 75 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

YBCO teipin valmistus Leikkaus 76 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Performance curves for sc materials 77 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Magnet Energy Content vs Cooling Power 78 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Kaupallisten suprajohteiden hintoja Materiaali Toimintapiste Hinta ($/kam) Tavoitehinta ($/(kam) Bi-2223 YBCO MgB 2 Nb 3 Sn NbTi 0 T / 77 K 25 T / 4 K 1 T / 25 0 T / 77 K 0 T / 77 K 5 T / 20 K 1 T / 25 K 1 T / 25 K 12 T / 4 K 21 T / 2 K 8 T / 4 K 2 T / 4 K 150 100 20 10 15 75-150 6 1 20-50 80 (vuonna 2015) 25 (vuonna 2020) 15 (vuonna 20205 1-2 79 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Cost Estimates (HTS) Not yet true! 80 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

MgB 2 Conductor Costs Raw materials cost ranges around 0.2 / m Sheat materials cost is below 0.5 / m Manpower cost is expected to be very low once the production is fully industrialized Target cost for the conductor is about 10 /kam @ 20 K, 1 T 81 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Magneettisuunnittelun kriittiset tekijät 82 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Crucial Item Transition to Normal State HTS (vs. LTS) Granular structure + small coherence length Weak Links Anisotropy Thermal fluctuations Higher T op Higher C`p stability increases E "Critical State Model" E "Power Law Model" LTS J HTS J 83 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Dominant item Power dissipation Heat generation Q( T) ( T) J sc SC filaments ( T ) E c J J c 2 n1 ( T ) n Thus Q( T ) E c J c E c J J c J n1 J n c n1 J 2 Typically: E c = 1... 0.1 mv/cm J / J c ~ 0.5... 0.75 LTS: n ~ 30... 50 Q(T) 0 HTS: n ~ 10 Q(T) 0!! 84 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Power Loss LTS HTS Q E E c c J J c c ; ; J J J J c c Q E c ( E c J c J c ; J ) cr J ; J c J c E No overloading "Critical State Model" Momentarily overloading possible! E "Power Law Model" LTS J 85 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen HTS J

Stability Criterium LTS E "Critical State Model" Bean s Critical State Model LTS J J c HTS E "Power Law Model" J HTS 86 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen Low Index E(J) Curve Maximum Allowable Heat Dissipation

Power Dissipation in superconductors DC dissipates neglible electrical power in LTS (persistent currents can be maintained in NbTi and Nb 3 Sn). Current variation in LTS magnets causes some dissipation which is costly to remove. DC dissipates very small amounts of electric power in HTS (no persistent currents in ceramic superconductors). AC dissipates small, but non-neglible electric power in ceramic superconductors. Good AC conductor not now mass produced. 87 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

A Bottleneck Cooling? LTS vs. HTS - Cooling Efficiency Efficiency 0.1 % 1 % 10 % Operational Range LTS HTS Temperature -273 ºC -253 ºC -233 ºC -213 ºC -193 ºC -173 ºC 0 K 20 K 40 K 60 K 80 K 100 K 88 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Properties required for practical superconductors High T c High B c High J c High stability Low AC losses Manufacturing Costs 89 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Magneettisuunnittelun lähtökohta - virrantiheys J sc ~ itse suprajohteen virrantiheys J c ~ johtimen / teipin virrantiheys J e ~ käämin virrantiheys luo kentän! Nyrkkisääntö: J e ~ 0.25 x J sc 90 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Superconductivity unique features Utilization of Superconductivity Zero Resistance Transition between SC and normal state Josephson junctions Energy Applications 91 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Enabling or replacing tehnology Superconductivity & Energy Applications Enabling Technology Replacing Technology Pre - commercial stage SMES Fusion LTS technology & HTS technology Current limiter Flywheel Power transmission Transformer Mainly HTS technology Electric machinery SMES LTS technology 92 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Enabling or replacing technology 93 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 1.5 T Superconducting magnets 1 W at 4 K Non-magnetic regenerators >7000 4 K cryocoolers since 1995 Cumulative number of MRI superconducting magnets sold Tumor 94 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen

Global Market for Superconductivity (in M ) Conectus, December 2012 Business Field 2007 2009 2011 2013 Research and Technical Development (RTD) 660 765 845 955 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 3300 3355 3435 3525 TOTAL OF RTD & MRI 3960 4120 4280 4480 New Large Scale Applications 65 100 155 325 New Electronics Applications 60 80 125 180 TOTAL OF EMERGING NEW BUSINESSES 125 180 280 505 TOTAL MARKET 4085 4300 4560 4985 Market Shares of LTS 4025 4205 4385 4600 Market Shares of HTS 60 95 175 385 97 DEE-54011 Suprajohtavuus Risto Mikkonen