The role of photoperiodic response on the range expansion of species Kari Saikkonen E-mail: kari.saikkonen@mtt.fi
Climate change Agriculture Forestry Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 2
Fairbanks Finland 75 75 60 60 Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 3
Finland 75 75 60 60 Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 4
Crop production at higher latitudes than anywhere else! 75 75 60 60 For example, 90% of Swedish field crop production occurs south of Finland Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 5
Thermal growing season 60 75 Minimum accumulated temperature sums required Modified from Peltonen-Sainio et al. (2009) Agricultural and Food Science 18: 171-190. Field crop Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Mill.) Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Maize (forage) (Zea mays L.) Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Spring oat (Avena sativa L.) Spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) Spring turnip rape (B. rapa L.) Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Cd 900 1060 1040 1150 700-850 930-980 890 960 1090 1010 990 1100 Modified from Peltonen-Sainio et al. (2009) Agricultural and Food Science 18: 171-190. Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 6
Climate change 1985 2025 2055 2085 Modified from Peltonen-Sainio et al. (2009) Agricultural and Food Science 18: 171-190. Longer growing seasons? Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 7
Climate change Denmark Denmark Modified from Peltonen-Sainio et al. (2009) Agricultural and Food Science 18: 171-190. Milder winters? Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 8
Climate change 1985 Barley Turnip rape 2025 Oat 2055 2085 Wheat Oilseed rape Modified from Peltonen-Sainio et al. (2009) Agricultural and Food Science 18: 171-190. Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 9
Climate change 1985 2025 2055 2085 Maize Modified from Peltonen-Sainio et al. (2009) Agricultural and Food Science 18: 171-190. Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 10
Climate change & risks Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 11
Climate change & risks Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 12
Climate change & risks Forest, ornamental (vector of Dutch elm disease) Orchards Woody ornamentals, seedling nurseries Forest, ornamental (vector of Dutch elm disease) Pests of orchards and/or woody ornamentals and ornamental park trees Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 13
Climate change Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 14
Climate change Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 15
Climate change Light Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 16
Climate change Light Seasonal fluctuation increases in higher latitudes: light intensity duration spectral composition Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 17
Climate change Light Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 18
Climate change Light Polar night Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 19
Climate change Light 1) Phenology; i.e. timing of bud break growth reproduction cold hardiness formation of winter buds and leaf abscission allocation of resources to storage organs dormancy, hibernation and migration 2) Trophic desynchronization depending on how interacting species use different environmental cues to time phenological events; e.g. herbivores migratory birds aquatic communities Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 20
Invasions from Europe to North America more common? because comparable climate zones are present at higher latitudes with higher seasonal variation in day length and light quality in Western Europe compared with those in North America owing to Gulf Stream effects Saikkonen et al. (2012) Nature Climate Change 2: 239 242 Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 21
Tall fescue From Europe to US in the end of 19th century Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 22
Tall fescue From Europe to US in the end of 19th century FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 23
FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES - A THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY? Clay & Holah (1999) Science 285: 1742-1744. Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 24
FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES - A THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY? Saikkonen (2000) Science 287: 1887a Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 25
Tall fescue origing and distribution Central Europe Northern distribution line in Southern Finland Seashores, ditch edges, roadsides Cultivation in Europe Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 26
Parallel common garden experiments in Finland and Kentucky Åland (A) Gotland (G) coastal Sweden (S) KY-31 Retu E+ E- E+ E- E+ E- E+ E- Treatments: C, N, W and NW (2004) E- Stan Faeth Tim Phillips Marjo Helander Saari et al. Microb. Ecol. (2010) 60:928 934 10 replicates (520 plants/experiment) Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 27
Mortality Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 28
Mortality In Kentucky all plants ( 2) survived Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 29
Mortality In Kentucky all plants ( 2) survived In Finland 1. year 2 plants 2. year 20 plants 3. year 20 plants Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 30
Mortality In Kentucky all plants ( 2) survived In Finland 1. year 2 plants 2. year 20 plants 3. year 20 plants 12 Dead plants: - Kentucky-31 origin Plant mortality 10 8 6 4 KY-31 Retu A G S 2 0 C W N WN Treatment Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 31
Mortality In Kentucky all plants ( 2) survived In Finland 1. year 2 plants 2. year 20 plants 3. year 20 plants 12 Dead plants: - Kentucky-31 origin - from all infection statuses (E-, E+, ME-) - high nutrient treatments Plant mortality 10 8 6 4 2 0 KY-31 Retu A G S C W N WN (N, WN) Treatment Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 32
Finland 2005 Finland 2006 Kentucky 2005year 1 2006 2006 Kentucky year 2 1000 1000 1000 1000 800 E+ E- ME- 800 800 E+ E- ME- 800 Biomass (g) 600 400 Biomass (g) 600 400 Biomass (g) 600 400 Biomass (g) 600 400 200 200 200 200 0 A G S Retu KY-31 0 A G S Retu KY-31 0 A G S Retu KY-31 0 A G S Retu KY-31 140 140 140 140 120 120 120 120 Flowerheads 100 80 60 40 Flowerheads 100 80 60 40 Flowerheads 100 80 60 40 Flowerheads 100 80 60 40 20 20 20 20 0 A G S Retu KY-31 0 A G S Retu KY-31 0 A G S Retu KY-31 0 A G S Retu KY-31 KY-31 adapted to US Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 33
2005 2006 Finland 2005 Finland 2006 1000 1000 800 E+ E- ME- 800 Biomass (g) 600 400 Biomass (g) 600 400 200 200 0 A G S Retu KY-31 0 A G S Retu KY-31 140 140 120 120 100 100 Flowerheads 80 60 40 Flowerheads 80 60 40 20 20 0 A G S Retu KY-31 0 A G S Retu KY-31 Niche conservative? Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 34
Conclusions Day length is the most accurate and consistent environmental cue in northernmost seasonal environments. The predictions of species invasion success across the latitudes as a result of climate change are more reliable if photoperiodism is included in the models. Determining the success of invading species in new environments, and how they shape biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services will require studies testing (1) how species respond individually and within the context of the community to increasing seasonal fluctuations in day length, (2) the genetic bases and phenotypic plasticity of photoperiodism, and (3) how photoperiodism interacts with climate change to affect the evolution of life histories, biodiversity and species species interactions in communities. Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 35
Thank You! Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 36
Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 37
Climate change Niche conservatives North America: 13/20 => 65 % Europe: 10/30 => 33.3 % Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 38
FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES - A THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY? Clay & Holah (1999) Science 285: 1742-1744. Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 39
Climate change & risks Pest regulated by the plant health system of EU (EPPO) Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus 19.11.2012 40