Improving Energy-efficiency in Urban Development chief research scientist Pekka Lahti Energy Visions 2050 VTT 4.6.2009
RECENT TRENDS IN ENERGY DEMAND OF BUILDING STOCK: decreasing heat demand better insulation, air tightness, heat recovery etc. increasing electricity demand growing number of electrical appliances Energian käyttö kiinteistö- ja rakennussektorilla (indeksi 100 = 1985) ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN REAL ESTATE AND BUILDING SECTOR (INDEX 100 = 1985) kwh/m 3 a 70 Lämpöindeksin CONSUMPTION kehitys kaukolämmitetyissä OF DISTRICT HEATING rakennuksissa kwh/m 2 a 250 60 200 50 40 150 30 100 20 10 50 0 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 0 source: VTT 2008 Teknologiapolut 2050 (luku 6 Rakennussektori) 2
DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY-EFFICIENCY IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2. GROWTH OF DWELLING SPACE PER INHABITANT: +0,75 %/A 3. NET IMPACT: ENERGY DEMAND FOR DWELLING SPACE GROWS BY 0,35 %/A (PER INHABITANT) IMPROVING ENERGY-EFFICIENCY PER SQ.M MUST BE MUCH FASTER IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THE TARGETED ENERGY-EFFICIENCY PER INHABITANT 1. ENERGY-EFFICIENCY IN DWELLING STOCK GROWS: ENERGY USE/DWELLING SQ.M DECREASES BY 0,4 %/A PAST NOW FUTURE Lahti, P. & Halonen M. Asuinympäristön muutos ja sen ekotehokkuus Suomessa 2000-2030. Arviointimallin kehitys ja soveltaminen kahdessa yhdyskuntarakenneskenaariossa: Nykykehitys ja kaupunkimaisen pientalon vaihtoehto. TUTKIMUSRAPORTTI VTT-R-03399-06. 98 s. http://www.vtt.fi/services/cluster6/topic6_7/vtt taso4_yhdyskuntien_kehitysanalyysit.jsp 3
DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY-EFFICIENCY IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT AMOUNT OF CARS AND MILEAGE PER INHABITANT GROWS BY +1,2 %/A Suomen kasvihuonekaasupäästöt 1990-2007; v. 2007 = Kioto +10 % NET IMPACT: ENERGY USE IN TRAFFIC GROWS BY +0,1 %/A (PER INHABITANT) ENERGY-EFFICIENCY OF PRIVATE CARS GROWS ENERGY USE/VEHICLE-KM DIMINISHES BY -1,1 %/A PAST NOW FUTURE Lahti, P. & Halonen M. Asuinympäristön muutos ja sen ekotehokkuus Suomessa 2000-2030. Arviointimallin kehitys ja soveltaminen kahdessa yhdyskuntarakenneskenaariossa: Nykykehitys ja kaupunkimaisen pientalon vaihtoehto. TUTKIMUSRAPORTTI VTT-R-03399-06. 98 s. http://www.vtt.fi/services/cluster6/topic6_7/vtt taso4_yhdyskuntien_kehitysanalyysit.jsp transport data: Passanger traffic survey 2004-2005 http://www.hlt.fi/tulokset/yleiskuva_liikkumisesta.htm and LIISA 2007 4
WHAT IS ENERGY-EFFICIENCY IN URBAN AREAS? SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY WITH ITS HARD CORE IN: ECO-EFFICIENT COMMUNITY WITH ITHS HARD CORE IN: in: less material in: less energy Energy-efficient community Low-emission community out: less carbon out: less emissions use of materials and energy are intertwined, - but not directly - note energy quality besides quantity (exergy, renewables) - increasing energy use is not a necessary prerequisite for growth of national income net: smaller footprint The community of the future emphasizes energy-efficiency, dematerialisation and immaterialisation, high quality and good life awareness and control of urban metabolism 5
Embodied GHG in different building materials titaanisinkkilevy teräs (runsasseosteinen) betoniteräs teräslevy galvanoitu alumiinifolio alumiinilevy (anodisoitu) alumiinilevy sellukuitulevy lampaanvillaeriste materiaali korkkilevy rakennuspaperi keraaminen lattialaatta klinkkeritiili savitiili (kennotiili) kattotiili sora mineraalivilla lasivilla kipsikuitulevy kipsilevy (palonsuoja) Building materials require different amounts of energy and produce different amounts of GHGs during production -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 CO2ekv-kg/materiaali-kg Passivhaus-Bauteilkatalog 2008 Lahti et al. Ekotehokkuuden arviointi ja lisääminen Helsingissä 2008, http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/yos_2008-2.pdf 6
Embodied GHG in different building materials kipsirappaus teräsbetoni betoninen ontelolaatta betoninen kattolevy betoni liima (hartsipohjainen) lasikuituvahvistus the more energy-efficient houses will be built, the more important will be the embodied energy and embodied GHGs polyamidi (nylon) kumi polystyreeni XPS CO2-vaahdotettu polystyreeni XPS HFC-vaahdotettu polystyreeni EPS 20-30 höyrysulku (PE) bitumialumiinikerros bitumipäällyste bitumi Building materials require different amounts of energy and produce different amounts of GHGs during production valmisparketti mdf (medium-density fibre) puukuitulevy huokoinen puukuitulevy 250 kg/m2 raakasahattu teknisesti kuivattu kuusipuu raakasahattu ilmakuivattu kuusipuu -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 CO2ekv-kg/materiaali-kg Passivhaus-Bauteilkatalog 2008 Lahti et al. Ekotehokkuuden arviointi ja lisääminen Helsingissä 2008, http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/yos_2008-2.pdf 7
WOOD as a building material fits well to low-rise building, but can also serve as a complementary material in multi-storey buildings. RuralZED, BedZED, Tapiola, Oulu and Jyväskylä 8
WOOD as a building material fits well to low-rise building, but can also serve as a complementary material in multi-storey buildings. Freiburg, Kokkola, Rotterdam, Tapiola and London 9
FLOWS OF URBAN METABOLISM FOR URBAN ELEMENTS OF IN PHASES OF Materials Wood Metals Minerals Fuels Water Air (oxygen, nitrogen, CO 2 etc.) etc. Energy Primary Secondary Emissions + waste GHGs (CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O) other gases (NOx, SOx, HC etc.) particles Buildings Residential buildings Production facilities Office and service facilities Infrastructure Transport Energy Water supply, drainage and sewage Telecommunication Waste management Blue-green infra (parks, outdoor areas, water areas etc.) Resource finding Raw material take Energy production Prefabrication Logistics Construction Use Maintenance Transportation Demolition Recycling Repair Reuse 10
CO 2 eq kg per inhabitant (50 years life-cycle) ON THE AVERAGE +3.5 tons/inh.,50a IMPACT DIFFERENCES IN TOPPAROIKKA SCENARIO COMPARED TO BAU SCENARIO: CO 2 eq EMISSIONS FROM THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TRAFFIC (kg/inh.,50a) HÄMEEN- LINNA LAHTI RIIHIMÄKI KOUVOLA HELSINKI METROPOLITAN REGION 2050 (4 SCENARIOS) LOHJA HYVINKÄÄ PORVOO KOTKA HAMINA HELSINKI SMALLER IMPACTS THAN IN THE BAU SCENARIO TAMMISAARI HANKO 50 km BIGGER IMPACTS THAN IN THE BAU SCENARIO TOOLS FOR ASSESSING LARGE SCALE AND LONG-TERM IMPACTS EXIST 11
CO 2 eq kg per inhabitant (50 years life-cycle) ON THE AVERAGE +3.5 tons/inh.,50a IMPACT DIFFERENCES IN VAHVA VERKKO SCENARIO COMPARED TO BAU SCENARIO: CO 2 eq EMISSIONS FROM THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TRAFFIC (kg/inh.,50a) HÄMEEN- LINNA LAHTI RIIHIMÄKI KOUVOLA HELSINKI METROPOLITAN REGION 2050 (4 SCENARIOS) LOHJA HYVINKÄÄ PORVOO KOTKA HAMINA HELSINKI SMALLER IMPACTS THAN IN THE BAU SCENARIO TAMMISAARI HANKO 50 km BIGGER IMPACTS THAN IN THE BAU SCENARIO TOOLS FOR ASSESSING LARGE SCALE AND LONG-TERM IMPACTS EXIST 12
CO 2 eq kg per inhabitant (50 years life-cycle) ON THE AVERAGE +3.5 tons/inh.,50a IMPACT DIFFERENCES IN YKKÖSKETJU SCENARIO COMPARED TO BAU SCENARIO: CO 2 eq EMISSIONS FROM THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TRAFFIC (kg/inh.,50a) HÄMEEN- LINNA LAHTI RIIHIMÄKI KOUVOLA HELSINKI METROPOLITAN REGION 2050 (4 SCENARIOS) LOHJA HYVINKÄÄ PORVOO KOTKA HAMINA HELSINKI SMALLER IMPACTS THAN IN THE BAU SCENARIO TAMMISAARI HANKO 50 km BIGGER IMPACTS THAN IN THE BAU SCENARIO TOOLS FOR ASSESSING LARGE SCALE AND LONG-TERM IMPACTS EXIST 13
Annual energy consumption in traffic, MJ per capita Population density, inhabitants per hectare 14
Urban densities in Nordic countries urban area = a group of buildings, where each building is located closer than 200 m from the next building, with a minimum of totally 200 inhabitants (common Nordic definition 1960) Norja: density of urban areas 1 490-1 740 inhabitants/land-km 2 (1965-75) Ruotsi: density of urban areas 1 410-1 630 inhabitants/land-km 2 (1960-80) Suomi: density of urban areas 510-600 inhabitants/land-km 2 (1960-90) (latest data in 2000: 626 inhabitants/land-km 2 ) => the consumption of land per capita in Finnish urban areas is about 2.5 times bigger than in Sweden or Norway. Lahti, Yhdyskuntarakenne ja infrastruktuuri, SM Kaupunkien kehittämistyöryhmän julkaisu III, SM Aluekeitysosasto 3/1996, TK TVSK 2002 15
COMPARISON BETWEEN DENMARK AND FINLAND Denmark Finland Less land area More land area More small houses Less small houses Big dwellings Small dwellings Dense urban areas Less dense urban areas Shorter distances Longer distances non-expensive infrastructureexpensive infrastructure Favours walking/cyckling Favours public transport Favours private car use 16
Freiburg, Wulf Daseking 17
Freiburg, Wulf Daseking 18
SOLAR ENERGY INTEGRATED TO HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE JOINT ENERGY PRODUCTION, SHELTER AND NOISE ABATEMENT Freiburg, Wulf Daseking 19
SOLAR AND WIND POWER INTEGRATED TO BUILDING STRUCTURES JOINT ENERGY PRODUCTION, SHELTER AND ARCHITECTURE. Freiburg, Wulf Daseking 20
WIND POWER BY SILENT TURBINES SUITABLE FOR LIVING ENVIRONMENT ZEDFactory, Bill Dunster 21
ZEDFactory, Bill Dunster 22
ZEDFactory, Bill Dunster 23
thank you 24