PURE BIOMASS- WORKSHOP

PureBiomass (AMK) Biomass potential-workshop Autumn 2012 Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva PURE BIOMASS- WORKSHOP BIOMASS POTENTIAL SURVEY OF SOUTHWEST- FINLAND

2 Pure Biomass (AMK) ABSTRACT TURKU UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES Autumn 2012 Total number of pages Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva PURE BIOMASS WORKSHOP BIOMASS POTENTIAL SURVEY OF SOUTHWEST FINLAND This report is part of the Pure Biomass project, which aims to raise awareness of the possibilities of biomass as energy source. The project sets out to examine biomass potential in research areas. Pure Biomass (Potential and Competitiveness of biomass as energy source in the Central Baltic Sea Region) project is carried out in co-operation between Finland and Latvia. This report was made in the research workshop, which was attended by students of Energy technology and Sustainable development degree programmes in Turku University of Applied Sciences. The purpose of this report is to determine the potential of biomass as energy source in Southwest Finland region. Current utilization of biomass, advantages and disadvantages of different biomass as energy source, as well as restrictions to the use of biomass imposed by environmental protection and the law are also examined in the report. The data collection is based on previous research data and expert interviews. The amount of renewable energy of total energy consumption in Southwest Finland was only 11 per cent in year 2007. Province aims to increase the use of renewable energy to 40 per cent by 2020. The objective can be seen challenging and its implementation requires diverse in energy utilization of biomasses. The newest technology must also be taken into use. There is a great potential of bio-energy in Southwest Finland, which is only partly in effective utilization. Qquantitatively wood-biomasses have the highest energy potential. In addition to forest energy, also manure, field plants and nonagricultural biomasses and organic waste provides a major source of bioenergy, which can be exploited most effectively in local energy production. However, there can be some obstacles to increase energy use of biomasses, such as lack of information, economically unviable operations, and lack of appropriate technologies, attitudes and inadequate subsidies. KEYWORDS: BIOMASS, ENERGY SOURCES, WOOD BIOMASS, WASTE, FIELD PLANTS AND NON AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS, COMMON REED, MANURE, SLUDGE, LESS VALUABLE FISH, PEAT, INDUSTRY FLOWS, FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES.

3 TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENT 3 ABBREVATION USED 5 INTRODUCTION 6 1 WOOD BIOMASS 11 1.1 Wood gas 12 1.2 Refined wood fuels 12 1.3 Recycled wood 14 1.4 Wood chip 14 2 COMMUNAL WASTE AND WASTE PRODUCED BY INDUSTRY AND SERVICES16 2.1 Bio waste 16 2.2 Recycled fuel REF 17 2.3 Landfill gas 18 3 SLUDGE AND MANURE 19 3.1 Backround 19 3.2 Agricultural sludge and manure 19 3.4 Communal sludge 24 4 LOW-VALUED FISH 27 4.1 Fish farming 27 4.2 Maritime fishing 28 4.3 Inland fishing 30 5 FIELD PLANTS AND UNCULTIVATED BIOMASS 31 5.1 Grain and oilplants 31 5.2 Hemp 34 5.3 Reed canary grass (RCG) 35 5.4 Grass plants 35 5.5 Reed 37 5 PEAT 39

4 6 INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT AND ALCOHOL 41 7 FUTURE BIOMASSES 42 7.4 Alga 42 7.5 Microbe oils 42 8 REVIEW OF THE RESULTS 43 9 CONCLUSIONS 49 REFERENCES 51

5 ABBREVATION USED CHP GWh L&T MMM MTT MWh RKTL TSJ VALONIA VTT Combined Heat and Power Gigawatt hour, billion watt hours Lassila & Tikanoja Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Agrifood Research Finland Megawatt hour, million watt hours Game and Fisheries Research Turun Seudun Jätehuolto Oy Energy and Sustainable Development Service Center of Southwest-Finland Technical Research Centre of Finland

6 INTRODUCTION In both national and regional level exist demand for major improvements in energy utilization of biomasses. Climate change, increasing energy demand, questions concerning safety in energy production and in security in supply but also limits set by existing fossil fuel supplies are arousing this demand. Local utilization of biomasses is also justified by its positive impacts to local employment. Pure Biomass (Potential and competitiveness of biomass as energy source in Central Baltic Sea Region) is cooperation project with associates both in Finland and Lithuania. Purpose of the project is to increase knowledge on possibilities of energy utilization of biomasses. In the project possible biomass potential for energy utilization in the research areas is surveyed. In the survey availability of biomasses, technical-economical point of view and environmental protection is reviewed. Associates of project include Kurzeme planning area, University of Ventsplis, City Council of Ventspils, Turku University of Applied Sciences and VALONIA. This report is one part of the Pure Biomass- project. The report is performed by students of Energy Technology and Sustainable Development working together in the survey workshop. The purpose of the survey is to reveal possible biomass potential for energy utilization in Southwest-Finland. In the research also current utilization of biomasses, advantages and disadvantages of utilization of biomasses and environmental protection and limitations set by legislation is being revealed. In picture 1 Region of Southwest-Finland is illustrated.

7 Picture 1. Southwest-Finland region (National Land Survey of Finland 2013) By biomass in this report is meant organic matter possible to utilize in energy production. Majority of biomasses are renewable energy sources such as wood and field crops but also peat is included into biomasses even it is classified as a non-renewable resource. Biomasses researched in this report are biomasses including sludge and manure, low-valued fish, field crops and uncultivated biomass, heap, waste, industry effluents and possible future biomasses. Environment and Energy Policy set by European Union have set objective concerning energy production within the Union area. The objective is that until year 2020 20 % of energy consumption in EU area should be based on renewable energy sources and 10 % of fuels used in traffic should be biofuels. Compared to that Finland's objective is set higher hence Finnish energy consumption is supposed to be based 38 % on renewable resources. (Simola & Kola 2010.)

8 Besides national also regional objectives on improving utilization of renewable resources exist. An objective set in Energy Strategy of Southwest-Finland is that at year 2020 40 % of energy consumed in the region should be based on renewable resources. Regional energy production target is to utilize local energy sources in the limits of sustainability. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 3.) Objective is quite a challenging and it requires both wide utilization of renewable energy sources but also adopting the newest technologies. At the year 2010 primary energy consumption in Southwest-Finland were 26 000 Gwh. From the whole volume of used renewable sources share of biofuels were 1 % and peat 3 % (Benviroc Oy 2012, 11-12). By some estimates energy consumption will increase 17 % until year 2020 unless no savings are made. Although current objective includes keeping consumption on the level of the year 2007 allowing energy consumption to be maximum 25 000 Gwh at year 2020. (Picture 2). (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 16) Picture 2. Primary energy sources in Southwest-Finland at year 2010 (Benviroc Oy 2012, 12).

9 Picture 3. Energy consumption without energy saving actions. Objective is set to the consumption of the year 2007. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 16.) Production based energy consumption in Southwest-Finland at the year 2010 was approximately 18 400 GWh. From that volume share of renewable energy sources was 16 %. (Picture 4.) In Table 1 is presented shares of renewable energy sources from production based energy demand at the year 2010 and estimates for the year 2020. The numbers of year 2020 include default that produced energy in Southwest-Finland at the year 2020 is remaining at the level of the year 2010. Table 1. Share of renewable energy sources of energy based energy consumption at year 2010 and objective to year 2020. Year 2010 2020 Production based energy demand, Gwh 18400 18400 Renowable energy sources 16% 40% Renowable energy sources, Gwh 2944 7360

10 Picture 4. Production based energy sources at the year 2010 (Benviroc Oy 2012, 14). In Southwest-Finland area exist significant biomass potential suitable for energy utilization. Currently only marginal amount of biomass is used efficiently although interest for biomass based energy production both in farm specific energy production and in larger scale energy plants already exist. Each of biomasses is being reviewed in chapters 3-10.

11 1 WOOD BIOMASS Wood based energy production can be seen as a carbon neutral solution in energy production. Utilization of wood based fuels is already relatively efficient in Southwest-Finland. Economical wood energy potential in the region is approximately 420 000 cubic meters from which approximately 240 000 cubic meters is used by farms and heat producing facilities. Wood based energy production has several benefits including regular and competitive price, positive influence to areal economy, self-sufficiency and carbon neutral fuel. (Somerpalo 2009.) Picture 6. Share of solid wood fuels utilized at heating plants of Southwest- Finland (Somerpalo 2009):

12 1.1 Wood gas Wood gas holds energy value of approximately 5 Mj/m 3 which is notable low compared to the energy possible to achieve by bioreactor. Hence production of wood gas with the existing technologies is not yet profitable. (Ek 2012, 32) Wood gas is carbon monoxide aqueous gas which is produced by wood carburettor and it is usable for example as a vehicle fuel. (Wikipedia 2012) 1.2 Refined wood fuels Refined wood fuels can be divided into two groups: pellets and briquettes. Pellet is granular whereas briquette often is larger being similar with regular firewood. Energy value of pellet is approximately 4,5-5 MWh/m 3 when its humidity is 12-15 %. (Puu energianlähteenä 2012). Briquette's energy value is lower, 4 MWh/m 3 (Biomas 2012). At Southwest-Finland share of pellet and briquette from wood fuels used in heat plants was only 1 % (4000 m 3 ) at the year 2008. (Somerpalo 2009). Transporting food fuels for long distances is often unprofitable but transporting it as refined briquettes and pellets is more efficient hence transporting density grows and unusable matter is not needed to transport.

13 Picture 7. Briquettes Photo: Manu Hollmén). Picture 8. Pellets (Photo: Iida Hollmén).

14 1.3 Recycled wood Recycled wood is mainly leftover material collected from private actors and industrial sector. Usually clean matter is crushed and used as energy. Share of recycled wood from wood fuels used by heat plants were 15 % (57 000 m 3 ) at the year 2008. (Somerpalo 2009.) Because of its cheap price recycled wood will have more significance in energy production in the future. If transporting cost can be lowered also increasing prices of energy can encourage plants and companies for independent energy usage of recycled wood. 1.4 Wood chip Wood chip is material grinded by a machine from branches, logs or roots. Share of wood chips from wood fuels used in Southwest-Finland were approximately 35 %. This volume may be even higher if wood chips produced in industry (5 %) and peel material (13%) are regarded affecting share of the wood chip increase to 53 % (130 000 m 3 ) of the used wood fuels. (Somerpalo 2009.) Increasing utilization of wood chips is possible because at Southwest-Finland wood potential have notably more volume than the current utilization. Most ecological way would be the maximisation of utilization grade of industrial woods chip waste. Currently transporting wood chips long distances is not profitable but with grinding material before transport would increase its efficiency. 1.5 Chopped wood and log Chopped firewood and log consist mostly of firewood used by town houses where firewood is burned for heating. Instead of common believe small-size furnaces may cause significant emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide if wood is burned defectively. (STTV 2008.)

15 At Southwest-Finland town houses burned 537 000 m 3 firewood during the season 2007/2008. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010.) If prices of energy will rise also will burning in private properties increase.

16 2 COMMUNAL WASTE AND WASTE PRODUCED BY INDUSTRY AND SERVICES 2.1 Biowaste Bio waste is waste decomposing biologically either in oxygenated or nonoxygenated circumstances. Biodegradable waste is for example garden waste or waste produced by foodstuff industry, but also paper and cardboard can be included into biodegradable waste. Instead of dumbing biodegradable waste to landfills where it will produce methane and carbon dioxide current trend is to direct it to be composted, digested or utilized in energy production. (Knuutila 2012.) By bio waste is commonly meant organic foodstuff and food waste. (Knuutila 2012.) Waste volume in Turku area was 50 467 tons at the year 2009 which include waste from industrial, private and public service and potential volume of bio waste of households. (Aro-Heinilä 2012.) Waste, 1000 tons Material utilized % Energy utilized % Unutilized Total Paper and cardboard 736 13 38 0 26 800 Woodwaste 4 145 76 8 288 95 25 12 456 Animal and burn-beaten area waste 397 7 9 0 51 457 Household and other mixed waste 87 2 150 2 1 604 1 841 Sludge 112 2 265 3 267 619 Total biodegradable 5 477 100 8 750 100 1 973 16 175 Table 2. Utilization of biodegradable waste in Finland at the year 2007 (Ilmastoopas 2012). At the Table 2 non utilized bio waste is reviewed. According to this table especially behalf of household s unused potential exist. Because of low cost of bio waste it would be good material for utilization. Since year 2010 share of organic

17 waste have decreased 10 % from the volume of 14 200 tons. (Stat 2010.) 2.2 Recycled fuel REF Recycled fuel mainly consists of packaging waste (plastic or cardboard) and building material due to its low quality unfit to material recycling. (Ympäristöyritystysten liitto 2012.) Energy value of recycled fuel is approximately 20 MJ/kg. (Finnsementti Oy, 2011, 21) Waste consisting of packaging material, paper and plastic produced by trade and industry form approximately 70-80 % of waste ending up to landfills. Using biodegradable waste as a raw material or an energy source decreases methane emissions and needed space in landfills. Also recycled fuel can replace nonrenewable fossil fuels and hence decrease carbon dioxide emissions. (Ympäristöyritysten liitto 2012.) Even utilization of recycled fuel is going to be increasing realistic total potential is difficult to evaluate. In Finland 300 000 tons of waste is being burned of which 50 000 tons is burned in Turku by Oriketo waste burning plant. (Asplund ym. 2005.). Burning plants have disadvantage at being expensive and encouraging usable material being wasted. Two third of the waste utilized in industry is used in energy production and lasting one third as a raw material. Industry waste used in energy production holds significant meaning to whole Finnish energy production. (Motiva 2011.) At the EU-level most strict waste regulatory in energy utilization currently is concerning emissions and their supervision. Regulatory is considering limiting heavy metal and dangerous toxin pollutions caused by waste burning and coincineration in member countries.

18 2.3 Landfill gas Landfill gas is produced by organic waste dumped in landfills consisting mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. At year 2011 already 35 landfills were collecting landfill gas. In England, Spain and Italy landfill gas is mostly produced. (Alm 2011.) Whole Finnish landfill gas potential was 0,7 TWh at the year 2003 whereas production potential at least until year 2015 will keep the same level. Landfill gas production is limited hence organic waste ending up in landfills is limited by EU landfill directive. (Asplund ym. 2005) Methane is greenhouse gas feeding effectively climate change so utilization of landfill gas is not only preventing it from drifting to atmosphere but also provides eco-friendly energy source. Methane is often burned in landfills by torches even if it would be used in energy production. (Hirvonen 2010.)

19 3 SLUDGE AND MANURE 3.1 Backround According to Pöyry Environment Oy whole volume of sludge produced in Finland would be even 23 million tons including sludge from sparsely populated area, farming, rural small-scale industry and wet slurry from foodstuff industry. (Pöyry EnvironmentOy, 2007, 3) 3.2 Agricultural sludge and manure EU Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development have introduced that biogas production should be more encouraged hence its sustainability and environmental benefits. (Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, 2007) The view have also adopted by the Finnish Government and taken into account in national waste management planning. Some financial support (support for investments and feeding tariff, etc.) for adopting biogas production already exists and some more are under preparation. Support would help to turn biogas production into worthy and profitable method of producing energy. Currently biogas production hence all legislation would be too expensive for small-size producer. (Simola & Kola 2010, 41) Definition of sludge Sludge can be defined as follows: sludge is mixture where fine solid matter is dissolved into liquid with high concentration. (Tilastokeskus 2012.) Sludge is being produced as an effluent by farming, waste water facilities and foodstuff industry. (Pöyry Environment Oy 2007, 4.)

20 Definition of manure Evira, Finnish Food Safety Authority have defined manure as an animal extract or/and urine with or without dehumidifier agent. Manure can be either processed or unprocessed. (Evira 2005.) According to BioReg- project maximum annual field biomass potential of manure in Southwest-Finland could be 276 234 MWh in addition current potential being only 4348 MWh due low interest of producers. Hence larger scale biomass energy utilization would need governmental level direction like financial support and legislation. In these calculations besides manure also field biomass was included. (Simola, A & Kola, J) It is estimated that majority of sludge in Finland is produced by agriculture. The volume is still unknown but according to Pöyry Environment Oy it would be up to 20 million annually. Considering this share of agricultural production from all produced sludge (23 million tons) would be 93 %. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 38) From this 20 million manure and sludge tons approximately 95 % is produced by bovine and swine. (Pöyry Environment Oy 2007, 4). Utilization of horse manure may be limited by used dehumidifier agent. Normally 50-90 % of horse manure consists of sawdust and out of all collected manure 60 % is processed with dehumidifier agent. (Karunen, L. 2006, 11; Pöyry Environment Oy, 6) Nevertheless if collecting horse manure turns to be profitable same methods as collecting swine manure would be applied. For example in Denmark and Germany exist cooperation between farms in transporting manure to bio gas plants and produced byproduct back to farms. In Finland specifically Southwest-Finland would be suitable area for that kind of cooperation biomass potential of manure being in the region 81 %. This is due to relatively short distances (profitable transport distances being up to 25 km) and high volume in cattle stock within the area.

21 Manure would already be usable material in energy production even with the current technology. (Simola, A & Kola, J 2010, 52, 58,64). Besides distances manure utilization is limited hence profitable single transportable amount is 30 tons of manure. (Simola, A & Kola, J 2010, 46) Sludge and manure based bio gas production would be relatively reliable rawmaterial being available all over year. Of course customs of farms may affect to availability: for example dairy cows pasture 3-4 months per year affecting only 70 % of manure to be easily collected. For larger scale bio mass utilization employable effect in transporting, adapting new technology etc. would be notable. (Karunen, L. 2006, 5,12) Table 3. Manure and sludge potential and farms within Southwest-Finland (Maataloustilastot.fi 2011): Annual tons Bovine Swine Poultry Horse Sheep and goat Total Dry manure 368 900 400 392 92 412 28 868 15 994 906 566 Sludge 504 900 626 247 - - - 1 131 147 Farms 534 445 325 333 140 1 777 Limits of profitable farm specific CHP production behalf of dairy farms are 100 milking cows, piggeries 1000 swine s and broiler hen houses 60 000 broilers. In the calculations combined industry sludge and manure field biomass usage is not included. These limits can exceed only few single farms but raw-material demand can be encountered with inter-farm cooperation.

22 Current utilization At the year 2011 four farm specific heating plants were located in Southwest- Finland which was either under construction or planning. Currently 90 % of manure is used as a fertilizer on fields. By farms with large livestock utilization of manure as a fertilizer may exceed the soils absorption capacity. Biogas production would decrease nutrition flows into water systems by dividing processed manure to farms by their actual needs. Problems may also be aroused by lack of time which affects that manure is not spread to fields, inadequacy of storage or by other limitations. (Pöyry Environment Oy 2007, 6) Because maximum profitable delivering distance of manure is 25 km coordination of deliveries is essential. Also coordination is needed to provide continuous input to facility all over year. Notable is also that moisture of raw-material can variate which may affect to bio gas process. (Pöyry Environment Oy 2007, 7) By EU:s By-product regulation 1069/2009 hygienisation demands have mentioned affecting inter alia delivering vehicles especially if manure and processed sludge is delivered by same vehicles. This may include risk for contamination. Also winter time conditions have to be noted. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 7-8 ) Solids concentration of sludge produced by agriculture is commonly 6-8%. Due to that used dehumidifier agent have to be used 2-4 times of sludge s concentration. Normally sludge is dried by screw press which produces over 30 % easily composting dry mass. Liquid produced from pressing (estimated 75 % from the total sludge mass) is used either as a fertilizer on fields or on another ways. Behalf of dry manure composting is commonly used processing method. According to Pöyry Environment Oy current trend is favoring dry manure systems. 3.3 Sludge of sparsely populated areas Volume of sludge produced in sparsely populated areas is notable and legislation both in national and EU level exist. Property specific waste water treatment system have to emptied at least once a year and sludge transported either to

23 waste water plant or to the prescribed place of receipt. (Kunnasvirta 2010, 2.) It is highly possible that sludge received by places of receipt will be increasing at least until year 2016 hence legislation. At Southwest-Finland reception of sludge is commune specific arranged and volume of sludge varieties by accessibility to communal drainage system. (Kunnasvirta, A. 2012, 2) According to calculations of Annika Kunnasvirta sludge produced in Southwest- Finland at the year 1010 by sparsely populated areas was 78 654 m 3 behalf of over-year households and 25 492 m 3 behalf of summer houses. Overall annual sludge volume was some over 104 000 cubic meters. (Kunnasvirta, A. 2010, 2) At Southwest-Finland exist 11 places of receipt for sludge produced by sparsely populated areas (Table 4: Places of receipt for sludge produced by sparsely populated areas)

24 Table 4. Places of receipt for sludge produced by sparsely populated areas (Kunnasvirta, A. 2010, 2) Place of receipt Sludge collected (m 3 /a) Biovakka (Turku) 30 676 Salon keskusjätevedenpuhdistamo (Salo) 19 851 Vakka-Suomen Vesi (Uusikaupunki) 15 180 Koski Tl 1 433 Taivassalo 2 033 Länsi-Turunmaa 9 370 Kemiönsaari 5 717 Pöytyä 4 244 Loimaa 6 181 Somero 5 227 Auran seutu 4 237 Total 104 149 Current utilization Utilization of sludge produced by sparcely populated areas is reviewed with communal sludge. 3.4 Communal sludge According to survey made by Pöyry Environment Oy at year 2007 in Finland approximately 840 000 tons of sludge was produced by water supply and waste water plants. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 3.) In comparison Finnish Environmental Adminstration have calculated volume of sludge being 1,1-1,2 million tons or calculated by dry weight approximately 150 000-160 000 tons. (Ympäristö.fi 2010; Pöyry Environment Oy, 4) Share of sludge produced by waste water plants from all produced sludge is only 4 %. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 38)

25 At the year 2005 bioenergy potential of organic communal waste in Finland was 95 039 MWh annual from which only 1% (24 Mwh) was used. (Simola & Kola 2010.) This mass of raw material may be potentially used with communal sludge. At the year 2005 non utilized sludge produced by waste water plants were 6673 MWh and non-utilized 444 MWh annual. (Simola & Kola 2010.) In the future waste waters of Southwest Finland will be treated only by few facilities including waste water plants of Turku, Salo, Uusikaupunki and Loimaa. Communal sludge of Southwest-Finland has been processed by Vapo Oy in Turku and by Turun seudun Jätehuolto Oy in Raisio. Sludge produced by Kakola waste water plant will be processed by Biovakka Oy in combined digestion plant which capacity will be expanded from 75 000 to 240 000-360 000 tons. (Länsi-Suomen ympäristökeskus 2008, 13; Huttunen & Huittinen 2011, 26-29; BIOvakka Oy 2012.) Centralization of water treatment may ease building new facilities when volume of sludge is increasing and regular. Profitable transportation distances behalf of communal sludge is 150-250 km (Pöyry Environment Oy, 8) Communal waste water plants have potential to process besides sludge also industrial sludge, garden waste, manure and bio waste. Also sludge from fish farms and sparsely populated area may be processed. (Pöyry Environment Oy 2007, 5; Länsi-Suomen Ympäristökeskus 2008, 6). Current utilization Currently sludge of scarcely populated areas and communal sludge have been used in landscaping, coverage material in landfills and by agriculture but also in soil producing. Also sludge have been dumbed to landfills and composted. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 6.) Utilization of sludge in agriculture have decreased since the peak of year 1996 (49 000 tons) to only 4200-4600 tons at years 2005-2006. Heavy metals like kadmiun, mercury or chrome contained by sludge sets limitations for its usability. Year 2016 have been set as the target in the National Waste Management

26 Plan when all communal sludge should be used either as energy or used as a soil improvement material instead of dumbing it to landfills. (Länsi-Suomen ympäristökeskus 2008, 1) At the waste water plants sludge is thickened and mechanically dried by centrifuge. Small facilities may dry sludge in sludge platforms or using peat impregnation platform method. Mass produced in digestion is dried mechanically. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 5). Besides digestion sludge can also be treated by composting that being currently most common method but also lime stabilization, thermal drying, burning and storage are used. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 6). At the year 2005 30 % of waste water plants processed sludge within the area of the plant and 50 % transported it to be processed within 15 km. Only one fifth transported sludge over distances of 15 km. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 8) 3.5 Sludge produced by foodstuff industry Sludge of foodstuff industry rich with organic matter are potential raw material for digestion. Profitable transportation distance behalf of waste of foodstuff industry is the very same with communal sludge (150-250km). Also waste produced by breweries and bakeries and companies producing soft drinks, grease, feed or starch may offer potential material for biogas production. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 6-7) Utilizing flows of foodstuff industry may be seasonal. Some part of waste water produced by foodstuff industry is treated by communal waste water plants affecting that exact volumes are difficult to calculate (Pöyry Environment Oy, 4) but according to Pöyry Environment Oy sludge produced in Finland by foodstuff industry may be approximately 67 000 ton per year. Sludge and waste produced by foodstuff industry may be used in local bio gas plants with sludge s from agriculture and waste water plants. Some waste may need to be pretreated before feeding it to digestion. (Pöyry Environment Oy 2007, 6.)

27 4 LOW-VALUED FISH According to Finnish Game and Fisheries Research trapping potential of only cyprinid fish would be at the coastal waters 5-10 million kilos. In addition effluent from fish processing would be 20 million kilos of which is currently mostly utilized as a feed for fur. (Järvinen 2012, 7) In this chapter estimated volumes are rough estimates because of lack of real information on the behalf of the numbers of fish waste. 4.1 Fish farming Uncleaned fish was produced in the Varsinais-Suomi region 3408 tons at the year 2011, solely in maritime areas. Feeding farms were 61 and naturally feeded bonds 22. (RKTL 2012a, 16.) Fish produced at maritime areas consist mostly of salmon (90 %), whitefish (10%) and trout (0,3 %). (RKTLa, 14) Table 4. Fish farms and potential annual fish waste (Lounaispaikka 2012). Municipality Fish farms Fish waste (tons) Kemiönsaari 19 104 Kustavi 27 143 Naantali 17 91 Parainen 45 234 Pyhäranta 1 6 Taivassalo 1 6 Uusikaupunki 13 71 Total 123 656 Because 10-20 % of fish is after cleaning waste in Southwest-Finland theoretically approximately 650 tons of waste is produced annually by fish farms.

28 For utilizing fish material some limits exist. Fish farms are located relatively long distances from each other and from bio gas facilities. For example Parainen being municipality with many scattered islands at the archipelago distances are long even numerically within it exist most of the fish farms in the area of Southwest-Finland. Also potential may be overestimated because all the fish may not be cleaned by the fish farms. Fish farming have been accused being small-sized due to all legislation. One existing possibility would be increasing management of fish with cooperation of fishermen in order to directly increase available volume of low-valued fish, balance nutrient flows and increase sizes of farms. (RKTL 2008.) 4.2 Maritime fishing At the year 2011 in Southwest-Finland 168 professional fishermen (over 30 % of income from fishing) and 429 part-time fishermen (under 30 % of income from fishing) existed. (PX-tilastotietokannat 2012). At the same year 51 382 tons of fish was catched in the region which from 80 % was Baltic herring.

29 Table 5. Professional fishermen and potential annual fish waste in Southwest- Finland (Lounaispaikka 2012). Municipality Professional fishermen Waste fish (tons) Parainen 96 2 563 Uusikaupunki 82 2 189 Naantali 46 1 228 Taivassalo 44 1 130 Keimönsaari 30 802 Turku 20 534 Kustavi 13 347 Maksu 13 347 Kaarina 11 347 Pyhäranta 7 187 Mynämäki 5 134 Sauvo 5 134 Raisio 4 107 Lieto 2 53 Pöytyä 2 53 Nousiainen 1 27 Paimio 1 27 Salo 1 27 Tarvasjoki 1 27 Vehmaa 1 27 Total 385 10 290 Potentially 10276 tons of fish waste would be produced in Southwest-Finland but again it is unlikely that all the cleaning is done by the fishermen.

30 4.3 Inland fishing In Southwest-Finland no fish farming is practiced at inland. By the Finnish Game and Fishery Research 24 professional fishermen existed in the region. (RKTL 2012b, 14). Overall catch in the inland area of the region was 642 tons of fish and 401 000 signal crayfish. (RKTL 2012c, 15). Vendace and smelt both were fished little over 20 % from overall catch but also roach and perch were catched notable amount. Overall catch of inland fishing in Finland was 3 435 tons. 1119 tons was result of fish management. While catch of inland fish management in Finland was one fourth of all catch according to same ratio in Southwest-Finland volume would be 160 tons of fish available straight to bio gas production. So combined inland management of fish and waste material from professional fishing would be 290 tons. A disadvantage for bio gas production is that catch and waste material is relatively in low volume especially when average catch per day is 1,7 tons of fish in whole area. If fish is not produced in relatively small area transporting waste would not be profitable.

31 5 FIELD PLANTS AND UNCULTIVATED BIOMASS Field plants and uncultivated biomass can be used as an energy in forms of solid, liquid and gas. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 23.) Foodstuff production and energy plant production are competing from the same resources. Currently total field area in Southwest-Finland is approximately 299 000 hectares which of according to MTT 52 000 hectares would be available for energy production purposes. Average energy value of harvest per hectare would be 20-30 MWh. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 24.) Hence 1040 000-1560 000 MWh would be available for energy utilization at the year 2020. Currently utilization of field biomass is relatively marginal but it holds significant potential. Maximum biomass energy potential of Southwest-Finland would annually be 276 234 MWh technical-economical potential being 224 655 MWh. (Simola & Kola 2010, 51) According to the results of W-fuel bio methane production is profitable and majority biogas production potential lies especially in agricultural biomasses. Production cost of bio methane based on agricultural material is under 96 per MWh which would be profitable if wider demand for bio methane arouses. Also production would have positive affluence to local employment. (Ahonen ym. 2012, 3.) 5.1 Grain and oilplants Grain Utilization of grain in energy production is currently marginal. Although due to low market prices and soaring prices of oil interest for farm specific energy production based on grain have increased. (Vrsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 24-25.)

32 Grain can be burned as such in pellet burners. Especially oats is suitable to be burned as a solid fuel because of its high hask ratio. Energy value of oats (15,7 MJ/kg) is comparable to firewood. Energy value of oats is 63 GJ per hectare crops being 4 tons per hectare. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 106.) Grain can also be used as a raw material in bioethanol production combined for example with sugar beet. In Southwest-Finland 191 000 hectares of field were used for farming grain in the year 2011. Estimated volume of grain based ethanol in Finland would be approximately 0,9-1,0 tons per hectare (24-27 GJ per hectare) when barley is used as a raw material. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 106.) Suitable for energy production are low quality batches, batches unfit to trade or grain intently cultivated for energy production. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 106.) European Commission have introduced that after year 2020 energy utilization of raw material suitable for food production should not be supported. (Turun Sanomat 18.10.2012, 17.) Straw Also utilization of straw is yet marginal due to challenges during harvest, storage and transport but also during burning process. High concentration of ash and nitrogen in the material has set limits to wider straw based energy production. Problems are aroused to harvest by lack of suitable machinery and short season optimal to harvest. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 24-25.) Despite foregoing high existing field volume and availability of straw can provide potential energy source. 4 tons of straw can be harvested from single hectare. When energy value of straw is 17 GJ per ton straw can provide energy approximately 68 GJ per hectare. At the year 2011 in Southwest-Finland existed 191 00 hectares of grain field area. (Maataloustilastot 2012a). Hence maximum straw potential was at the year 2011 764 00 tons which is equivalent to 52 000 TJ.

33 In straw utilization lie disadvantages due to small energy density and high ash content. Also high density in chlorine may arouse problems when burning in boilers especially designed for wood burning so straw can only be burned as a mixture material in 5-10 % concentrations. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 24-25.) In Finland technology designed especially for straw burning is rare compared to many other countries such as Denmark. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 97.) Straw based heating boilers are common heating method in Denmark especially by farms and industry. (Turun Sanomat 19.11.2012, 8.) Besides burning straw can also be reproduced by gasing or used as a raw material for ethanol and bio-oil production. Also digestion would be alternative method for straw utilization. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 98.) Compared to bioenergy plants energy demand of straw in is low in energy production because straw is produced as a by-product from grain cultivation. Hence energy used during cultivation is not included to production costs although harvest and transport produce emissions during straws life cycle. Nutrients are extracted from fields when straw is collected so ash produced during the burning process should be returned to the fields. (Jokinen & Laminen 2006, 98.) Oil plants Oilseed can be utilized as a raw-material in production of burning oil which can again be reprocessed to a biodiesel. Oilseed based biodiesel can be used in all diesel engines and machines using fossil oil as a fuel. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 103.) Two third of oilseed is exported and used inter alia as a raw material in bio diesel production. Only few farms in Southwest-Finland are producing oilseed based biodiesel. At the year 2010 Neste Oil Oyj and Raisio Oyj made agreement to do cooperation in biodiesel production. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 25)

34 At the year 2011 field area of 13 700 hectares for oilseed and 6500 hectares for rape existed in Southwest-Finland. (Maataloustilastot 2012a.) Average crop for oilseed is 1,75 tons per hectare energy value being 23 GJ per hectare. Besides seeds containing oil also straw of oilseed plant can be utilized increasing energy efficiently of the plant notably. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 102.) Also by-product resulted from oil squeezing process can be used as a feed. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 25.) 5.2 Hemp Harvest of hemp calculated in solids is approximately 10 tons per hectare but also harvests of 14 tons per hectare can be achieved. Energy value of hemp is 4,8 MWh per ton and 35-70 MWh per hectare. This value is equivalent to heating demand of 1-3 town houses. (HempEnergy 2012a.) Disadvantage of hemp is its high transporting costs but briquetting or pelleting the material would lower the costs (Yle Uutiset Lounais-Suomi 2012). Also producing and utilizing of hemp should be located relatively within short distances. Hemp is usable also as a raw material in biogas production. (HempEnergy 2012a). Potential for energy utilization of hemp exist even without major improvements hence hemp can burned by almost all kinds of appliances. Also hemp is suitable for crop ration cultivation and interest for it have shown by farmers. (M. Neuvo, henkilökohtainen tiedonanto 1.11.2012) Farming hemp for only energy production is not profitable but burnable pellets can be made from effluents of material left from fibre and food production. (N. Norokytö, henkilökohtainen tiedonanto 8.11.2012) For fibre hemp already two different types of support system exist. (Maa-ja metsätalousministerö 201).

35 5.3 Reed canary grass (RCG) Reed canary grass is the most cultivated energy plant but in Southwest-Finland its volume is not yet remarkable. At the year 2009 RCG were cultivated in the region with the volume of approximately 400 hectares and until the year 2011 volume has decreased to 300 hectares. (Maataloustilastot 2010a, Varsinais- Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 24). Annual harvest of reed canary grass calculated in solids is 6-8 tons per hectare. Maximum potential in Southwest-Finland according to the current cultivation is 31 500-42 000 GJ RCG's energy value being 17,5 GJ per ton. Reed canary grass can be utilized as a fuel in heat production by farms or large-scale centralized burning plants. Also material can be processed to pellets affecting storage and transportation to become more profitable. It can also used as a raw material for ethanol or electricity production. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 93-94.) RCG can be burned mixed with wood and peat but burning it alone may cause problems especially in facilities designed only for wood burning. Because of high moisture percentage of the material also high temperatures may set limits for some boilers. In Finnish trade heat boilers designed only for burning RCG and straw not yet exist even they are common abroad. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 94.) 5.4 Grass plants Grass plants is mostly cultivated for cattle feed and its cultivation can be integrated to cultivation rotation. In South-Finland supply of grass exceed the demand so grass feed have potential to be utilized also in biogas production. Even quality of batch may variate which instead of animal feed usage have no effect to biogas production. (Kässi ym. 2011)

36 Biogas plants using grass have yet mainly been small-sized and used also another raw materials. Harvest of grass plants in the area of hectare variates between 5430 kg and 5540 kg but even from these estimates volume may variate due to different properties of growing ground. (Niemeläinen & Virkkunen 2011.) Grass can also be utilized as a raw material for cellulose based ethanol. Grass is significantly cheaper raw-material compared to grain which would affect grass to be important raw-material in ethanol production. Alas lack of knowledge and information currently set limits to grass utilization in ethanol production. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 109.) Grass plants can also be burned in CHP-plants. Although grass would be climate friendly burning fuel it has negative impacts to eutrofication and acidification. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 109-110.) Table 6. Production numbers of biomethane gas and production potentials of electricity (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 109) Material (1 ton) Solids (%) Methane (Nm 3 ) Electricity (kwh) Grass silage 15-25 45-75 110-340 Green grass 20-25 60-75 150-340 Straw, RCG 70-85 180-260 450-1170 Manure 5 12 4 23 10 100 Swine manure 3 8 4 26 10 120 At the year 2011 grass cultivation volume in Southwest-Finland was approximately 38 900 hectares including all subtypes: meadows, green manure usage etc.. Energy value of grass is approximately 16 GJ per ton but harvest per hectare may significantly variate whenever field is being fertilized or not.

37 5.5 Reed Harvest of reed varieties annually not only hence growing circumstances but also due to strong winds and ice which may decrease harvest volume. Winds effects to reed by lawing and moving ice can break the stalk. Besides quality of material, location, ownership of area also views in environmental protecting may set limit for utilization. Changes in pastural usage at the waterside areas and eutrophication have affected volume of reed significantly increase. Strong reeding has negative affluent to biodiversity, flow-ability of water and to landscape and recreation values. Reed has significant bioenergy potential and its utilization actively researched. In the South-Finland reed harvest can be 5 tons per hectare average but also 30 ton per hectare calculated in solids can be harvested. (Komulainen ym. 2008, 19). Energy value of winter harvested reed is approximately 15 MJ/kg or 4,3 MWh per ton. According to this area of hectare can provide 21 MWh energy equivalents for annual heating demand of a single average town house. (Silen 2007, 22.) Burning features of reed are quite similar with RCG. Wintertime harvested reed can be utilized as a mixed fuel with wood chips or peat by combustion plants and by farm specific boilers. Summertime harvested green reed can be used combined with manure in biogas production. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 25.) Harvest of green reed is 10-15 ton per hectare (Alho 2012). At Southwest-Finland volume of reed areas varieties. Best availability is on shallow and sheltered bays especially near mainland. (Pitkänen 2006, 14). Approximately 15 000 hectares of reed areas exist in the region which of almost half (6 000 hectares) being valuable for harvesting. (Varsinais-Suomen ELYkeskus 2010, 25.)

38 Picture 10. Reed areas of Southwest-Finland (Lounais-Suomen ympäristökeskus 2007): Again also reed can be processed by pelleting it with peat or oil plants in order to increase energy value of the material and making its utilization more profitable. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 24.) Also shredding, transport and storage would not yet be profitable without proper machinery which currently is expensive. (Turun Sanomat 29.8.2012.)

39 5 PEAT Peat is included to biomasses while by European Union it is categorized as a non-renewable resource hence its slow renewability. Emissions caused by peat burning are calculated into emission trading and into country specific greenhouse gas inventory. Despite this peat utilization have been encouraged by Finnish authorities due to its value as a domestic fuel and affluent to security in supply. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 18.) Peat's greenhouse gas emission can be compared to coal and its utilization should be combined with carbon neutral biomasses. Mixture of peat and renewable biomass could replace fossil fuel usage and hence achieve emission reduction although emissions of peat decrease benefits of carbon neutral masses. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 18.) Peat has advantage improving burning features of biomasses holding low moisture percentage. 405 swamps exist in Southwest-Finland combined area being approximately 40 000 hectares (Virtanen ym. 2000, 18) average swamp depth being 2,5 meters. Hence total volume of peat is approximately 940 million cubic meters (Herranen ym. 2000, 66). In the region exist 20 000 hectares of swamp technically usable for energy production. Estimate does not include possible environmental impacts, land ownership or profitable transporting distances. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 18.) Table 7. Average features of peat in Southwest-Finland (Herranen ym. 2000, 56). Average features of peat in the Southwest-Finland Solids (kg/m 3 ) Heat value MJ/kg Energy value Mwh/m 3 Surface layer peat 70 18,7 0,368 Middle layer peat 64 19,2 0,34 Bottom layer peat 83 20,8 0,481

40 Most of the peat utilized in Southwest-Finland is used in Salo by Voimavasu Oy. Also Turku Energia is using peat at Oriketo as well as few small-size plants. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 19.) Supplies of peat in Southwest-Finland will last maximum one hundred years if utilization rate will maintain current volume. However according to VTT heat utilization will double within decade from 255 GWh to 500 GWh. At the year 2005 energy peat production in the region did not exist although environmental peat was produced at the volume of approximately 500 hectares. Energy peat has been brought from other regions. Most of the used peat most likely will be exterior also in the future but interest for regional energy peat production have aroused. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 18-19.) According to Pöyry Environment Oy utilization of peat will decrease within next 10-15 years due to current support and tax politics. Instead of using peat coal and wood would be used. (Turun Sanomat 2012.)

41 6 INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT AND ALCOHOL Industrial effluent can provide notable source of biomass which utilized would enable environmental friendly energy production and decrease material flow ending up to landfills. Industrial effluent can be burned or reprocessed into gas or carbohydrates. (Tuuttila 2010, 2 &5.) Alcohol based fuels can be used as a fuel for vehicles. First generation of alcohol fuels are already at the commercial use. Second generation fuels are still rare but actively researched. Second generation fuels can be produced from raw materials unfit to food production. (Tuuttila 2012, 2.) According to scenario made by MTT at the year 2020 annually 2000 tons of industrial biomass waste would be produced in Turku and 1300 tons in Salo suitable for biogas production. Several sawmill exist in the region but not a single paper and cellulose factory although large amount of wood material is being transported to another regions. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2012.)

42 7 FUTURE BIOMASSES Climate change, depletion of fossil resources, availability of energy and energy safety are challenges which set demand for utilization of renewable and local energy sources, more efficient technology and innovations on energy sector. Energy systems will change towards energy efficiency and renewable sources with low emission sources. Although change will be slow it can offer possibilities for improving energy technologies and for pioneers working on the field. (VTT 2009a.) 7.4 Algae Algae may be potential energy source in the future. Algae can exceed productivity of terrestrial plants multiple times and can be used for example photosynthesising carbon emissions produced by industry. (Itämeriportaali 2010.) Technology in processing and cultivation of photosynthesising algae is still at the initial phase. Many potential species exist from which only few have been researched for biofuel production. Selection of suitable species and gene technology may help algae based biofuel production to achieve commercial scale. Biofuel based on alga may be available in commercial production already at the year 2020. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 27.) 7.5 Microbe oils Oil producing microbes can be raised in bioreactors which are already used for example in brewery and biotechnology industry. Raw-material should be cheap with high volume and availability which can be found for example from agricultural and industrial effluents. In Finland for example Neste Oil Oyj have introduced pilot plant producing microbe oils in Porvoo and and research in cooperation with Aalto University since 2007. Microbe oil may be commercially produced at the year 2015. (Turun Sanomat 27.10.2012, Neste Oil 2012.)