The role of photoperiodic response on the range expansion of species. Kari Saikkonen

Transkriptio

1 The role of photoperiodic response on the range expansion of species Kari Saikkonen

2 Climate change Agriculture Forestry Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

3 Fairbanks Finland Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

4 Finland Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

5 Crop production at higher latitudes than anywhere else! For example, 90% of Swedish field crop production occurs south of Finland Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

6 Thermal growing season Minimum accumulated temperature sums required Modified from Peltonen-Sainio et al. (2009) Agricultural and Food Science 18: Field crop Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Mill.) Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Maize (forage) (Zea mays L.) Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Spring oat (Avena sativa L.) Spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) Spring turnip rape (B. rapa L.) Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Cd Modified from Peltonen-Sainio et al. (2009) Agricultural and Food Science 18: Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

7 Climate change Modified from Peltonen-Sainio et al. (2009) Agricultural and Food Science 18: Longer growing seasons? Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

8 Climate change Denmark Denmark Modified from Peltonen-Sainio et al. (2009) Agricultural and Food Science 18: Milder winters? Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

9 Climate change 1985 Barley Turnip rape 2025 Oat Wheat Oilseed rape Modified from Peltonen-Sainio et al. (2009) Agricultural and Food Science 18: Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

10 Climate change Maize Modified from Peltonen-Sainio et al. (2009) Agricultural and Food Science 18: Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

11 Climate change & risks Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

12 Climate change & risks Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

13 Climate change & risks Forest, ornamental (vector of Dutch elm disease) Orchards Woody ornamentals, seedling nurseries Forest, ornamental (vector of Dutch elm disease) Pests of orchards and/or woody ornamentals and ornamental park trees Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

14 Climate change Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

15 Climate change Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

16 Climate change Light Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

17 Climate change Light Seasonal fluctuation increases in higher latitudes: light intensity duration spectral composition Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

18 Climate change Light Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

19 Climate change Light Polar night Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

20 Climate change Light 1) Phenology; i.e. timing of bud break growth reproduction cold hardiness formation of winter buds and leaf abscission allocation of resources to storage organs dormancy, hibernation and migration 2) Trophic desynchronization depending on how interacting species use different environmental cues to time phenological events; e.g. herbivores migratory birds aquatic communities Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

21 Invasions from Europe to North America more common? because comparable climate zones are present at higher latitudes with higher seasonal variation in day length and light quality in Western Europe compared with those in North America owing to Gulf Stream effects Saikkonen et al. (2012) Nature Climate Change 2: Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

22 Tall fescue From Europe to US in the end of 19th century Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

23 Tall fescue From Europe to US in the end of 19th century FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

24 FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES - A THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY? Clay & Holah (1999) Science 285: Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

25 FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES - A THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY? Saikkonen (2000) Science 287: 1887a Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

26 Tall fescue origing and distribution Central Europe Northern distribution line in Southern Finland Seashores, ditch edges, roadsides Cultivation in Europe Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

27 Parallel common garden experiments in Finland and Kentucky Åland (A) Gotland (G) coastal Sweden (S) KY-31 Retu E+ E- E+ E- E+ E- E+ E- Treatments: C, N, W and NW (2004) E- Stan Faeth Tim Phillips Marjo Helander Saari et al. Microb. Ecol. (2010) 60: replicates (520 plants/experiment) Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

28 Mortality Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

29 Mortality In Kentucky all plants ( 2) survived Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

30 Mortality In Kentucky all plants ( 2) survived In Finland 1. year 2 plants 2. year 20 plants 3. year 20 plants Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

31 Mortality In Kentucky all plants ( 2) survived In Finland 1. year 2 plants 2. year 20 plants 3. year 20 plants 12 Dead plants: - Kentucky-31 origin Plant mortality KY-31 Retu A G S 2 0 C W N WN Treatment Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

32 Mortality In Kentucky all plants ( 2) survived In Finland 1. year 2 plants 2. year 20 plants 3. year 20 plants 12 Dead plants: - Kentucky-31 origin - from all infection statuses (E-, E+, ME-) - high nutrient treatments Plant mortality KY-31 Retu A G S C W N WN (N, WN) Treatment Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

33 Finland 2005 Finland 2006 Kentucky 2005year Kentucky year E+ E- ME E+ E- ME- 800 Biomass (g) Biomass (g) Biomass (g) Biomass (g) A G S Retu KY-31 0 A G S Retu KY-31 0 A G S Retu KY-31 0 A G S Retu KY Flowerheads Flowerheads Flowerheads Flowerheads A G S Retu KY-31 0 A G S Retu KY-31 0 A G S Retu KY-31 0 A G S Retu KY-31 KY-31 adapted to US Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

34 Finland 2005 Finland E+ E- ME- 800 Biomass (g) Biomass (g) A G S Retu KY-31 0 A G S Retu KY Flowerheads Flowerheads A G S Retu KY-31 0 A G S Retu KY-31 Niche conservative? Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

35 Conclusions Day length is the most accurate and consistent environmental cue in northernmost seasonal environments. The predictions of species invasion success across the latitudes as a result of climate change are more reliable if photoperiodism is included in the models. Determining the success of invading species in new environments, and how they shape biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services will require studies testing (1) how species respond individually and within the context of the community to increasing seasonal fluctuations in day length, (2) the genetic bases and phenotypic plasticity of photoperiodism, and (3) how photoperiodism interacts with climate change to affect the evolution of life histories, biodiversity and species species interactions in communities. Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

36 Thank You! Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

37 Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

38 Climate change Niche conservatives North America: 13/20 => 65 % Europe: 10/30 => 33.3 % Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

39 FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES - A THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY? Clay & Holah (1999) Science 285: Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus

40 Climate change & risks Pest regulated by the plant health system of EU (EPPO) Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus