Ei vielä - RFID on osittain keskeneräinen teknologia. Investointia täytyy harkita nyt, koska RFID on muuttumassa

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1 RFID tänäät ään n ja huomenna Onko RFID jo hyllytavaraa, joko kannattaa investoida? Heikki Seppä heikki.seppa@vtt.fi 1 Onko RFID jo hyllytavaraa, joko kannattaa investoida Ei vielä - RFID on osittain keskeneräinen teknologia. Investointia täytyy harkita nyt, koska RFID on muuttumassa markinaalisesta teknologiasta yleiseksi. Voittajat ovat niitä, jotka nyt päättävät investoinneista mutta harkitusti! Yritys pyrkii RFID markkinoille - aika on nyt (myöhäistä?) Yritys pyrkii saamaan RFID:stä kilpailuvaltin - aika on nyt Yritys tulee hyödyntämään RFID:tä omassa liiketoiminnassa - (1-3) vuotta. 2

2 RFID Read and (write) memory detected wirelessly and powered by the reader. Utilizing frequencies from 100 khz up to 2.4 GHz. In the future higher frequencies will be used. RFID is not an ordinary radio but it is a transponder without active radio source. Electric code Invisible (visible) elecrically condactive lines or spots on the paper or plastic detected by sweeping the surface with a capacitive reader. The reading technology is the same than in the case of RFID. In the fure (3-10 years) there will be technogies between RFID and simple electric codes based on the printable electronics. 3 Nykytilanne NFC tulossa Perustuu MHz:in ISO standardeihin 2010 yleistyy voimakkaasti Tullaan käyttämään myös muissa kuin matkapuhelimen yhteydessä Tärkein sovellutus maksaminen ja liputus Jatkossa palveluiden aktivointi (Finnair, Artek, ) Modulit pienissä määrin n. 20, happenevat alle 5 (2 mikropiiriä) Vahva salaus mahdollinen (erillinen salauspiiri) UHF vahvistaa asemaansa Gen2: ilmarajapinta, EPC: muistin allokointi, 2006 Uusia sovellutuksisa tulossa Lukulaitteet Nyt: 1000, pian yhdellä piirillä n. 5!!! Antennien 2D tuotanto yleistyy 2000-luvulla, 3D yleistyvät 2010-luvulla EPC tiedonsiirto kryptattu, mutta tietoturva vajaa - kehitetään edelleen Anturi sovellutukset yleistyvät: > merkittävä liiketoiminta 4

3 Tilanne maailmassa RFID:n kasvu n. 30 % Markkinat suurimat Kiinassa: 40 % Useat valtiot tukevat RFID-teknologiaa: Korea, Japani, Eurooppa? Yhdysvalloissa suuret yritykset ja armeija aktiivisia Felica Japanissa 2 vuotta edellä NFC:tä, UHF:ssä Japani ja Kiina jäjessä RFID herättää ristiriitaisia tunteita kuluttajissa RFID tärkein talouteen vaikuttava teknologia maailmassa > 5 Tilanne Suomessa Suomi yksi pioneereista maailmassa teknologiassa (VTT, UPM, Nokia, ) Sovellutuksissa Suomi ei edelläkävijä!! Muutamia suuria yrityksiä: UPM, Nokia,..Elecrobit, Perlos,.. Useita pieniä yrityksiä: Finn ID, Idesco, Confidex, Wisteq, Vilanti, FennoID.. Mikropiirien tuotantoa ei mutta antennin tuotantoa kyllä: Innotune Circuits Lukulaitteita: Nokia ( ja alihankkijat), Idesco, Elecrobit?, Valtiovalta NYT aktivoitumassa: useita TEKES hankkeita, RFID lab, Case Finland RFID, Koulutus täysin puutteellista, esim. yliopistot ovat vasta nyt heränneet? 6

4 UHF RFID Sovellutukset Logistiikka (USA:n armeila Wal Mart, ) Tuotantoautomaatio (mm. suomalaiset yritykset siirtymässä UHF:ään) Liikenne (useita pilotteja) Tietullit, varkausjärjestelmät, rekisterikilpi, ajokortti, liikenteen ohjaus,.. Kulunvalvonta Kierrätys Internet of things (tavaroihin liittyvät tiedot ja palvelut) Paikannus (esim. VTT: perhosten seuranta) Varkauden esto Lainaus ja vuokrauspalvelut (kirjastot) Alkuperäismerkintä (esim. lääkkeet (Orion),..).. Saatavuus GEN2 EPC piirejä usealta valmistajalta 2D saattomuisti, useita valmistajia, 3D tulossa Porttilukulaitte, useita valmistajialta, käsilukulaiteet tulossa Käsilukulaite, usean piirin lukulaitteita muutamilta valmistajilta "Single chip" ratkaisut tulossa UHF RFID PDA-laitteissa ja matkapuhelsimissa 2010!? 7 Wireless World From People To People From Machine To People From Machine To Machine From Object To Machine From Object To People Personal Zone Local Area Zone Wide Area Zone Broadcasting Zone 8

5 Wireless Functional Environment Wireless remotepowered sensor (WRPS, selected) Input devices (sensors) ) SweepMe Bluetooth or MEMS radio Smart Smart accessory (Processors) ) Memory (Data logger) Battery-powered sensor (BPS) Ultra low power low cost SR radio TouchMe RFID tag (selected) 10 m WRPS RFID supported sensor 2 m Embedded sensors Short range radio PointMe Applications User Interface to AI Cellular Engine Services (e.g, community, content) IP IP network Cellular network Cellular network selected BPS 9 Microwave RFID tag will be a key element for the future ambient intelligence Reader Transponder 4 m 0.5 W 10 µw rectifier micro-chip 100 pw R load Logic & Memory < 10 µw modulation r max = λ 4π ηgt G P R R P T λ = wave length η = efficiency of rectifier G T = gain of reader antenna G R = gain of transponder antenna P T = power transmitted by a reader P R = power required by a transponder 10

6 Magnetic Field Frequency is Highly Important Electromagnetic Field (Amplitude and Phase) Electric Field Long Distance, Small Size, Good Penetration Radio Frequencies VHF UHF Microwaves Visible Light Accepted Maximum Radiation Maximum Field Stength Limited Limits the Readout Distance Frequency 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz Wavelength 30 m 3 m 30 cm 3 cm? Power 1000 THz 300 nm First Generation, 1985 Second Generation, 2000 Third Generation, 2005 Antenna Wirewound Coil Several hunreds turns Laminated and Wetetched Spiral Loop, less than ten turns Size of the antenna is determined by its physical size Technology CMOS Laminated and Wetetched Antenna Effective size of the antenna is determined by the wavelength CMOS + RF-diode First Generation, 1973 Size of the tag is by the printing technology and reader technology Barcode 11 Distance as a Function of Frequency active 12

7 RFID tags Capacitive (Motorola) Inductive MHz (Rafsec) Based on electromagnetic field (VTT) 13 UHF antennas Type Production method 2002 Dipole Folded dipole Rafsec FR4 Plastic (limited applicability) Plastic 2004 PIFA PAFFA VTT Plastic circuit board Plastic + cover roll to roll (all applications possible) 14

8 10 Price [ ] Progress in RFID Tags and the Price HS 2005 Si MHz laminated RFID Si MHz ferrite-type RFID Si UHF laminated RFID Si UHF Pifa/Paffa-type RFID Si Large Memory RFID Printed MHz RFID Printed UHF RFID(?) 0.01 Printed EPC Year 15 Overview of Radio Frequency Identification at VTT RFID tag antennas (all-platform tags, printed antennas, nanoparticle inks) Microchips (UHF) Readers (novel adaptive concepts) RFID based wireless sensors Plastics embedded tags (injection moulding) Printable RFID tags Several EU and national projects Tailored RFID applications Logistics, access control, transportation, recycling, forest sector, construction and building, measurements,.. Frequencies: HF: MHz, NFC; UHF; 2.45 GHz Research partners: STMicroelectronics, Atmel, Leti, Sintef Contact: kaj.nummila@vtt.fi 16

9 RFID Antennas - general conditions - Three frequency bands with respective limitations for reader power used for UHF-RFID in the world: MHz (3.2W EIRP (2 W ERP)) in Europe, MHz (4W EIRP) in N. America, MHz (4W EIRP) in Japan, GHz worldwide - Typical input power values needed for passive 867 MHz - 11µW (Atmel Tagidu) - 32µW (Philips Ucode) - Theoretical maximum reading distances with Atmel IC and 0 db tag antennas ~15 m (4W EIRP), ~6.5m (0.5W ERP) - In practice reading distances are lower due to e.g. multipath propagation, polarization mismatch and environmental noise - In practice, RFID antennas have to be directly matched to capacitive IC input impedance (no external matching circuitry allowed) 17 RFID Antennas - commercial tags - Commercial RFID-antennas are typically simple dipoles made on plastic foil or printed circuit board - Low cost, easy manufacturing - High efficiency in free space, 2.1 dbi maximum gain - Optimal operation only in free space - Proximity of dielectric and especially conductor detunes dipole and efficiency drops -> reading distance decreases radically - Tolerable operation near metal achieved only using thick casing 18

10 VTT RFID Antennas - Palomar antenna - directly matched to the IC load of Atmel Tagidu - practically isotropic radiation - no nulls in the radiation pattern - cheap to manufacture on plastic foil using roll-to-roll technique - compact size of 40 mm * 40 mm (867 MHz) - maximum gain of 1.5 dbi 19 PERFORMANCE ON DIFFERENT SURFACES ' r AIR j PA j Cu 0.6+j ε tanδ Z ant (Ω) η rad (%) G (dbi) η imp (db) Simulations by Ansoft HFSS Common solutions: Tags tuned for a specific surface/environment Tags in thick casing Impedance mismatch (db) DETUNING OF THE PALOMAR TAG Tag in free space Tag on a polyamide (PA6) plane Tag 5 mm above a copper plane f (MHz) PALOMAR ANTENNA 20

11 VTT RFID Antennas - PIFA on PCB - Single band platform-insensitive design - Manufactured using printed circuit board technology with vias - Prototypes made on RO4003 board - Size of 60 mm * 63 mm * 3 mm - Gain of 0 dbi in free space and 3 dbi on metal 21 VTT RFID Antennas - PIFA on plastic - Single band platform-insensitive design - manufactured on plastic substrate (PE, PP, PS ) using adapted PCB technology or copper foil attached on the substrate - the use of cheap plastic materials enables low-cost platforminsensitive tags! - typical size 60 mm * 30 mm * 3 mm - gain of 1 dbi in free space and 3 dbi on metal 22

12 VTT RFID Antennas - PAFFA on plastic - Single band platform-insensitive design - manufactured using plastic substrate (PE, PP, PS ) onto which the antenna foil (copper or aluminum) with IC is folded - the use of cheap plastic materials, together with a manufacturing technology suitable for mass production, enable very low-cost platform-insensitive tags! - size 60 mm * 60 mm * 3 mm - gain of 1 dbi in free space and 3 dbi on metal 23 VTT RFID Antennas - antennas for 2.45 GHz - All antenna structures designed for 867 MHz are applicable also at 2.45 GHz by downscaling - Single band platform insensitive 2.45 GHz antennas - 20 x 20 x 1.5 mm^3 in size - prototypes have been manufactured on Duroid gain -1dB to 2 db, minimum reading distance ~1.7 m with 0.5W EIRP 24

13 VTT RFID Antennas - Multiband platform insensitive antenna - Multiband platform insensitive PIFA designs - Dual-band operation achieved with one element, triple band operation with two elements -> small size - No external matching networks - Only one edge shorted -> easy manufacturing - gain -1dB to 4dB, minimum reading distance ~10m (3.2W EIRP at 867 MHz - 4W EIRP at 953 MHz) and ~4m (0.5W ERP) - Triple band antenna 66 x 53 x 3 mm in size (RO4003) Gη [db] free space metal f [MHz] 25 Vehicle identification with RFID RFID tag 3.0 Etäisyys (m) Distance [m] Velocity Nopeus (km/h) [km/h] Onnistunut Successful luku reading Epäonnistunut Failed reading luku Sekä Successfull onnistunut and failed että epäonnistunut luku 100 reader 26

14 120 km/hour Reading distance 3 m -> 4-5 m 80 km/hour Reading distance 5 m Writing distance 3 m Traffic Applications All trafic applications can be based on passive UHF RFID technology (PAFFA/VTT) 27 UHF RFID at the crossing Location Kindergarten School Home for the aged ---- Bus Car People 28

15 ADAPTIVE RF FRONT-END FOR READER Direct coupling blocks the preamplifier TX and RX simultaneous at (almost) the same frequency TX power max +36 dbm eirp (4 W) Direct coupling normally db PREAMP input power up to +10 dbm (20 mw) Signal power 90 dbm lower than TX power (4 nw) Active compensation needed to maintain a high dynamic range and good readability Functionality proved Patent pending FI Other solutions exist READER TRANSMITTER DETECTOR SURROUNDINGS - 20 db TAG 29 RFID Reader - Environmental reflections Weak signal from the tag. Strong environmental reflection. RF IN LNA I Q Ilmaisin PI Tag 0 o 90 o A signal similar to the reflection is added in antiphase. Signal propagates to LNA undisturbed. Signal is detected. Comp. Säätäjä element LO RF OUT PA MOD 30

16 Combined 2.4 GHz RFID-interrogator and Bluetooth radio Rx +7dBm leak & -80dBm tag Receive path Comp +7dBm LNA I Q A/D A/D Tx +27dBm Compensate path PA Transmit path PA Adaptivity of the front end provided by the compensation path Σ Σ I Q I Q D/A D/A D/A D/A 1.2 GHz synthesizer Daughterboard bus DSP card Host computer Sample Value Palomar Tag Backscattering Tag modulation (3phase1) In-phase ch. Quadrature ch Sample Number 31 RF-ID ID-EAS RFIDS FOR SENSOR APPLICATIONS RF-ID reader RF-ID SENSOR BLOCK DIAGRAM Sensorinterface RFpower & signal Reflected signal RF/DC conversion - power feed RF detection - receiving Modulation of antenna impedance - transmission CMOS logic AD-converter Sensor Research topics: - Antenna structures near conductive surfaces - Optimization of reader noise and dynamics - Low power AD-conversion - Effective RF/DC conversion RF CIRCUIT LAYOUT LOGIC ADC RF-ID sensor realised with MAS12 process Contact person: hannu.ronkainen@vtt. fi 32

17 One Global Sensing Tag A multi-band passive tag with sensing integration capabilities fully compatible with ISO 15693, EPC Gen 2, and ISO Operation at 13.56MHz, UHF, and 2.45 GHz Multi-band antenna : a combined coil, PIFA, and fractal antenna Integrated temperature, pressure, humidity, and ph sensors Credit card size Fully implemented standards Passive tag Embedded EEPROM, 512 bits of memory storage, read and write Mixed signal generic interface 33 Full value chain from forest to end user Logging, Transport Log handling at the sawmill Sawing Handling of boards at the sawmill, wet and dry End user (window manufacturer) Demonstrate the developed Components, Infrastructure, Systems Hardware, Software and show Project results, Benefits for adopting industries 34

18 Management of Lifetime and Recycling Data of Electric and Electronic Equipment user producer service Life cycle management database = RFID -tag collector logistics recycling VTT is studying and developing general ways to manage life cycle data by concentrating to the end of product life RFID seen as the most potential identifier of products Identification and proper data management help to comply with WEEE and RoHS requirements 35 Forklifts seen as important product handlers through the product lifecycle Pallets usually moved with liftforks RFID readers were mounted on the liftfork Processes more flexible than with portal readers Real-time connection to backend systems like ERP with WLAN Real-time feedback to liftfork user from back-end systems as well as from pallet RFID tag. 36

19 RFID & MOBILE TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Holistic and detailed control and supervision based on adequate real time information Project Manager Subcontractor Material Supplier Machine / equipment rental Transport 37 EMBEDDED RFID TRANSPONDERS IN PLASTIC PRODUCTS VTT (RFID) & TKK (plastics knowhow) + 3 companies Project will - develop generic embedded RFID tag solutions to plastic products - test the solutions in injection moulding processes - increase value of plastic products An embedded transponder - is protected from water, chemical, wear, shocks, temperature - could withstand the whole life-cycle of the product - is hidden (not detectable visually), does not affect product image - has a low total cost of ownership Exploitation - product life-cycle and supply chain - identification, materials, instructions, indication of origin - product logistics, customer service, product information - counterfeiting, shop-lifting, recycling - sensor functionalities will increase the number applications 38

20 WIRELESS SENSING APOLLO consortium develops a new wireless sensor system for tyres. The project aims at real-time monitoring of tyre, contact length, slip angle, friction potential,... The budget for RF sensing group is 0.53 M. Duration 3 years. External users & services Tyre/Road- Monitoring Sensor Vehicle Dynamics Driver Information Chassis/ Vehicle- Control 39 Printable Electronics Fabrication: Roll-to-roll Materials: Metals, ink, polymers, plastic, paper, Applications: Electronic codes, phase-transition sensors, sensors, platforms for biosensors,.. Products: Electronic code (print, write once, W/R)< 0.01 Code + sensor SiRFID Printable RFID RFID + sensor (embedded with an antenna) RFID + sensor(s) + disposal battery (data logger) Reader: Method: Handset: User Interface: Contactless impedance measurement pen, mobile phone, SweepMe, TouchMe (rfid), PointMe, 40

21 Electric Sintering Condactivity via tunneling (inelastic or elastic cotunneling?), strong temperature dependence SEM before electrical sintering = 100 mv ,9 pf parasitic capacitanse Room temperature sintering process Metallic coductivity SEM after electrical sintering V 4 EXC 10 f (Hz) immediately after ethanol droplet before ethanol droplet 30 min aftr ethanol droplet parasitic capacitance 24 nm Thick SWCNT Mat Printable nanotube based invisible electric code Utilizes proberties of single walled proberties nanotubes Near completely invisible Sufficient condactivity to electric detection (100 MHz) Applications: Ag 500 nm 4,93 Ω/ 695 Ω/ NC NC2 35 nm 24 nm 18,1 k Ω/ 103,4 k Ω/ 3,79 kω/ 32,7 k Ω/ Sheet resistance at 10 khz Invisible electric codes Printable active components NC 2,93 µm 630 Ω/ 354 Ω/ Impedance (Ohm) 41 42

22 Remote sensors for monitoring food quality Based on EAS tag technology (8 MHz) Frequency response Spoiled Fresh Frequency [MHz] Wireless chicken meat spoilage sensor based on hydrogen sulphide detection Hand held reader 43 Sensor tags based on RFID Multifrequency operation (13.56 MHz, UHF, 2.4 GHz) Temperature-monitoring tags (for medicine storage monitoring,..) Temperature-threshold-monitoring tags (for frozen goods) 44

23 growth rate becomes tenfold 2006 applications exceed pilot projects 45 Bottlenecks 3D UHF antennas too expensive -> will be solved soon Gate readers not correctly made,expensive -> 1-2 years RFID reader system does not exist -> 1-2 years UHF handsets not in the market -> 1-2 years handsets, 2-3 years in mobile phones No system integrators New business models missing 46

24 47 Tilanne EPC UHF vahvistanut asemansa (myös Suomalaiset yritykset mukaan) NFC tulossa matkapuhelimiin ( Maksaminen, liputtaminen, palvelut,.. UHF PDA ja matkapuhelimiin ( Yhden piirin ratkaisu -> UHF RFID 5, matka 1 m Porttilukulaitteet -> 100? HF/UHF - lukuetäisyys, tuotteet (antenni), olosuhteet Muistin määrä (EPC = yritys + tuotteen koodi) Logistiikka, varastointi, after service, Liiketoimintamallit (ulkoistettu toiminto) 48

25 Thank you! 49