CENGE - Controlling Emissions of Natural Gas Engines Lehtoranta Kati, VTT Polttomoottori- ja turbotekniikan seminaari 15.5.2014
2 Crude oil reserves decreases CLIMATE AND HEALTH NG resources and availability increases Emission regulation and measurement standards Utilization of NG in new areas and solutions New NG combustion solutions Research infrastructure needed New technologies for exhaust gas cleaning systems New measurement methods and instruments Gaseous emissions Exhaust particle emissions and particle characterisics
3 CENGE Controlling Emissions of Natural Gas Engines Project Target To develop novel research infrastructure for NG emission studies To conduct comprehensive emission studies for NG engine To study effects of new catalysts (and filtration) on emissions To develop, test and compare emission measurement methods and instruments
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5 Main features of the test bench Trolley 3 o Modular desing, layout is easy to change o Catalyst combinations can be varied o Urea injection location can be varied o Maximum flow 100 kg/h o Temperature of heated exhaust gas up to 500-600 ºC o Engine can be run with stoichiometric or lean mixture (λ 1.0 1.4) Control and data aquisition cabinet Cooler Flow measurement Trolley 2 Blower Emission, pressure and temperature measurements ENGINE Dynamometer Gas injection for adjustment of exhaust gas composition CAT3 CAT2 NOx sensors CAT1 Trolley 1 Heating unit for exhaust gas Excess exhaust to venting Pressurized air with mass flow control Heating unit for additional air Urea injection if SCR is used
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7 VTT:n Mittalaitteet Mitattavat komponentit Näytteenotto Horiba NOx, CO, CO2, O2 Raakakaasusta CLD NOx SCR:n jälkeen Raakakaasusta HFID THC Raakakaasusta GC HC eriteltynä (metaani, etaani, eteeni, propaani) Laimennetusta - ejektorilta, näytteenotto&mittausaika ~1h/näyte matkamalli GC Agilent nyt huollossa, mukaan seuraavalla kerralla 2x FTIR SF6, H20, HCHO, NH3 & HNCO ennen ja jälkeen SCR Raakakaasusta, jatkuvatoiminen DNPH patruunat HCHO, CH3CHO, acrolein Laimennetusta - ejektorilta (SF6 merkkiaineella ls), näytteenottoaika ~5min Smart Sampler PM Laimennetusta - laimennussuhde 10, näytteenottoaika 30min Environnement NH3 näytteenottolinjasto tulee lainalaitteen mukana TTY:n mittalaitteet Näytteenotto HRLPI Hiukkasjakauma (aerodynaaminen) 3-200 nm PTD+ejektori (TD optio) EEPS Hiukkasjakauma (liikkuvuus) 5.6-560 nm PTD+ejektori (TD optio) UCPC Hiukkaspitoisuus > 2.5 nm PTD+ejektori (TD optio) PSM Hiukkaspitoisuus > 1 nm (+jakauma) PTD+ejektori (TD optio) NANO-SMPS Hiukkasjauma 3-64 nm PTD+ejektori (TD optio) ELPI+ Hiukkasjakauma (aerodynaaminen) 7-10000 nm PTD+ejektori idmps Varausjakauma (+ ja - hiukkasten osuus) PTD+ejektori (TD optio) HTDMA Hiukkasten hygroskooppisuus PTD+ejektori (TD optio) Thermodenuder Hiukkasten haihtuvuuden tutkiminen PTD+ejektori (TD optio) CO2 Pitoisuudet laimennetusta DR määrittämiseen PTD / PTD+ejektori IL:n mittalaitteet SP-AMS Sulfaatti, nitraatti, ammonium, OC,EC, metallit, kokojakauma PTD+ejektori (TD optio) nano-moudi hiukkasten kokojakauma (grid) metallianalyysia varten PTD+ejektori Konsentraattori hiukkasten konsentrointi PTD+ejektori (TD optio) Dekatin mittalaitteet lämmitetty ELPI Hiukkaskokojakauma Raakakaasusta (tarve 10 l/min) varustettuna 1,5m lämmitetyllä näytelinjalla
8 Reference and measured emissions
9 Reference and measured emissions Mode 1 with engine parameters Mode 2-4 exhaust modified with HC additions
10 Measured HC emissions Note: FTIR reference max. 900 ppm
11 PM results example effect of lubricating oil PM measured according to ISO8178 (diluting & cooling sampling)
12 Particle size distribution - example Most of the particle number is <10nm
13 SCR example SCR = Selective Catalytic Reduction 4NO + 4NH 3 + O 2 4N 2 +6H 2 O Urea decomposition: (NH 2 ) 2 CO -->NH 3 + HNCO NOx analyzer FTIR HNCO + H 2 O --> NH 3 + CO 2 NOx sensor L 2100 mm Urea injection SCR FTIR T 400 ºC Particle mass measurement THC / CH4 analyzer CO2, CO, O2, NOx analyzer NOx sensor
14 SCR result example ~96% Measured upstream of SCR NOx ppm NH3 ppm HNCO ppm 230 85 105 Decomposition of urea % 37,0 45,7 Measured downstream of SCR NOx ppm NH3 ppm HNCO ppm 10 0 0 Over 80% of urea is decomposed before entering the SCR unit
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16 VTT creates business from technology