Topi Rönkkö Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology

Transkriptio

1 Ultrapienten hiukkasten ja nanohiukkasten päästöt liikenteestä Topi Rönkkö Aerosol Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tampere University of Technology

2 Exhaust aerosol In hot exhaust Time scale Directly after emission to the atmosphere After oxidation processes in the atmosphere Seconds Seconds to minutes Hours to days Figure: Panu Karjalainen

3 Fresh exhaust of HD diesel engine: particle size distribution Nanoparticles -volatile -formed during cooling dilution -sulphuric species and Nanoparticles -nonvolatile core, volatile shell -formed at high T + cooling dilution -volatile material: sulphuric species / hydrocarbons Euro IV heavy duty diesel truck with DOC and pdpf. Soot particles -agglomerated structure -elemental carbon -surface species Rönkkö et al. 2013, EST Size distribution measured at steady state driving mode (ESC 10)

4 Fresh exhaust aerosol during the NEDC, GDI car Number High number concentration associated with nanoparticles Volume High volume concentration associated with soot particles Karjalainen et al

5 Primary particles from gasoline and diesel engine exhausts Rönkkö et al., 2014 Kuuluvainen et al., in prep

6 Pienet hiukkaset dominoivat hiukkasten lukumääräpitoisuutta Keuhkoihin deposoituvan hiukkasten pinta-alan kannalta tärkeä hiukkaskoko on 100 nm Hiukkasmassapitoisuutta dominoivat isot hiukkaset, joita on lukumäärällisesti vähän Kuuluvainen et al.,

7 Vertical profiles of LDSA Kuuluvainen et al., Env. Pol. 2018

8 Deposition of particles in respiratory tracts Ultrafine particles Nanoparticles Figure: Teemu Lepistö 8

9 Traffic is a source of nanocluster aerosol (sub-3 nm particles)

10 4, hiukkasta / kg polttoainetta 2, hiukkasta / kg polttoainetta 9, hiukkasta / kg polttoainetta Hietikko et al Atm. Env. 10

11 PEMS study for mobile machines EN590 B7 and Neste Renewable Diesel Two different loaders (Wille 355b and 855c, Vilakone Oy) EN590 B7 and Neste Renewable Diesel TUT PEMS: two-stage ejector dilution, primary being heated, total dilution ratio (DR) 150 CPC A20 (Airmodus Oy) and EEPS 3090 (TSI Inc.). PM from size distributions. Idle, lifting, driving and driving with extra load to simulate snow shoveling Järvinen et al. 2016, ETH 11

12 DPF removes efficiently the PM from diesel exhaust Particle concentrations in diesel bus exhaust plume Benefits of technology changes are seen especially near bus stops Järvinen et al., in prep. 12

13 E10 Increased fuel ethanol content reduced the particle emissions E85 E100 Faculty Research Day Timonen et al. 2017, ACP

14 Methods in emission studies Engine and vehicle laboratories PEMS Chasing vehicles on road Roadside / on-road in traffic Chamber studies Highly controlled environment and test conditions, repeatability Realistic driving conditions Realistic driving conditions and exhaust dilution and cooling Emissions of whole vehicle fleet Atmospheric ageing taken into account Effects of fuels, filtration, catalysts, engine oils, engine loading 14

15 Summary Exhaust aerosol is a complex mixture of different particles and gases We are exposed to exhaust aerosol in our living environment Exhaust aerosol tranforms during its life cycle Understanding real emissions and real effects of vehicle technology changes requires real-world exhaust studies Significant emission reduction can be achieved by correct technology choices topi.ronkko@tut.fi 15

16 References Hietikko, R., Kuuluvainen, H., Harrison, R.M., Portin, H., Timonen, H., Niemi, J.V., Rönkkö, T. (2018) Diurnal variation of nanocluster aerosol concentrations and emission factors in a street canyon. Atmospheric Environment, 189, pp DOI: /j.atmosenv Karjalainen, P., Timonen, H., Saukko, E., Kuuluvainen, H., Saarikoski, S., Aakko-Saksa, P., Murtonen, T., Bloss, M., Dal Maso, M., Simonen, P., Ahlberg, E., Svenningsson, B., Brune, W.H., Hillamo, R., Keskinen, J., Rönkkö, T. (2016) Time-resolved characterization of primary particle emissions and secondary particle formation from a modern gasoline passenger car. Atmos. Chem Phys., 16 (13), pp , doi: /acp Kuuluvainen, H., Rönkkö, T., Järvinen, A., Saari, S., Karjalainen, P., Lähde, T., Pirjola, L., Niemi, J.V., Hillamo, R., Keskinen, J. (2016) Lung deposited surface area size distributions of particulate matter in different urban areas. Atmos. Environ., 136, pp , doi: /j.atmosenv Kuuluvainen, H., Poikkimäki, M., Järvinen, A., Kuula, J., Irjala, M, Dal Maso, M., Keskinen, J., Timonen, H., Niemi, J.V., Rönkkö, T. (2018) Vertical profiles of lung deposited surface area concentration of particulate matter measured with a drone in a street canyon. Environmental Pollution, 241, pp Rönkkö, T., Lähde, T., Heikkilä, J., Pirjola, L., Bauchke, U., Arnold, F., Rothe, D., Yli-Ojanperä, J., Keskinen, J. (2013). Effects of gaseous sulphuric acid on diesel exhaust nanoparticle formation and characteristics. Environmental Science and Technology, 47, ( Rönkkö, T., Pirjola, L., Ntziachristos, L., Heikkilä, J., Karjalainen, P., Hillamo, R., Keskinen, J. (2014). Vehicle engines produce exhaust nanoparticles even when not fueled. Environmental Science and Technology, 48, ( Rönkkö, T., Kuuluvainen, H., Karjalainen, P., Keskinen, J., Hillamo, R., Niemi, J.V., Pirjola, L., Timonen, H.J., Saarikoski, S., Saukko, E., Järvinen, A., Silvennoinen, H., Rostedt, A., Olin, M., Yli-Ojanperä, J., Nousiainen, P., Kousa, A., Dal Maso, M. (2017) Traffic is a major source of atmospheric nanocluster aerosol. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114 (29), pp DOI: /pnas ( OPEN ACCESS Timonen, H., Karjalainen, P., Saukko, E., Saarikoski, S., Aakko-Saksa, P., Simonen, P., Murtonen, T., Dal Maso, M., Kuuluvainen, H., Bloss, M., Ahlberg, E., Svenningsson, B., Pagels, J., Brune, W. H., Keskinen, J., Worsnop, D. R., Hillamo, R., and Rönkkö, T. (2017) Influence of fuel ethanol content on primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation potential for a modern flex-fuel gasoline vehicle, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, , doi: /acp ( OPEN ACCESS 16