TUAS Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory Pekka Nousiainen, M.Sc, Senior Lecturer Diesel and gas engines: Exhaust gas emissions control and measurements
Targets Development of low emission diesel- and gas engines Improvement of energy economy of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) Aftertreatment systems research Research and development of alternative fuels Scenarios on engine and fuel development plus energy economy Expert services (consultancy, documentation, simulation, etc.) Education of Internal Combustion engines (Department of Mechanical Engineering / Energy technology) Laboratory has specialized for off-road engines and large ship / power plant engines, Finnish industry is a main customer at the moment
Fuel issue Auto- ja kuljetusalan perussoppi. Osa 6. Moottori. 2008.
Off-road engines
Ship and power plant engines
Laboratory Engine adjustments and measurements 4 eddy-current dynamometers 230-470 kw Modern exhaust emission measurement devices: Staff: * For Steady State and transients * Gaseous emissions * Smoke, particle mass and size distribution * 6 Research- and Laboratory Engineers * 1 Mechanic * 4 part time Senior Researchers * Students (4-6 per year) Two separate laboratories in the area
The location of the laboratory
Measurement devices Engine test beds Four Schenck-Horiba eddy- current dynamometers Two ready for transients Gaseous emissions NDIR (CO, CO 2 ) FID (HC) CLD (NO x ) Paramagnetic O 2 FTIR 20 compounds (e.g. CH 4, NH 3 ) Electrochemical cells Laser-based NH 3 indicators NO x sensors Smoke AVL 415 S Heated, unheated Opacimeters Particle size distributions Dekati ELPI Thermodenuder Particle mass Dekati FPS Dekati ejector diluters Gravimetric impactors AVL Micro Soot Sensors Air mass flow ABB sensyflow
R&D activities at the moment R&D of off-road diesel engines (AGCO Sisu Power, Ecocat) Emissions reduction, energy economy Marine and power plant engines (Wärtsilä) Scrubbers, machine room air conditioning Liquid biofuels (University of Vaasa, oil producers) For distributed energy production and non-road machines, not vehicle fuels
R&D activities at the moment R&D of tractor engines (Valtra Inc.) Fuel additive studies (Wärtsil rtsilä, additive producers) FCEP research program, Cleen Ltd
Some results Off-road diesel engines
Test cycles Steady cycle Transient cycle (NRTC) Mode Speed Torque # % 1 Rated 100 2 Rated 75 3 Rated 50 4 Rated 10 5 Intermediate 100 6 Intermediate 75 7 Intermediate 50 8 Idle 0
Miller timing Energy news. Wärtsilä 32. Relative air flow 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 2200 rpm 0 5 10 BMEP, bar 0 % 33 % 49 % 67 % 82 % NOx, g/kwh 1500 rpm 9 8 7 6 5-10-15 % 4 8 12 16 20 BMEP, bar 0 % 33 % 49 % 67 % 82 % BSFC, g/kwh 235 230 225 220 215 2200 rpm -2-3% 6 8 10 12 14 BMEP, bar 0 % 33 % 49 % 67 % 82 %
Combustion bowl optimization ISO 8178 C1 results 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 PM NMHC+NOx SFC 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 MAN. SAE HDDEC. 2010. Baseline -3 As before +3 +6 Spray coning angle Number, 1/cm 3 1.E+07 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 Intermediate speed, 75% load Baseline Optimized SFC (g/kwh) 250 241 232 223 214 Full load Baseline -3 As before +3 +6 1.E+03 10 100 1000 Aerodynamic diameter [nm] 205 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 Speed (rpm)
Pulse turbocharging 1.2 NRSC Relative emissions 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 PM NOx CO HC Baseline Pulse 1 Pulse 2 BWTS. Relative emissions 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 NRTC PM NOx CO HC Baseline Pulse 1 Pulse 2 Opacity peaks 25 20 15 10 5 0 NRTC 5 % 10 % 20 % Baseline Pulse 1 Pulse 2
Partial / open flow / flow through filter 1.E+12 1.E+11 Rated speed, 50% load Baseline pdpf BSPM, 1/kWh 1.E+10 1.E+09 1.E+08 Emitec. 1.E+07 10 100 1000 Aerodynamic diameter, nm 220 550 NRTC Pressure (mbar) 180 140 100 60 Backpressure Temperature 450 350 250 150 Temperature before pdpf (ºC) 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2-78 % 20 50 0:00 0:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30 Time 0 NOx PM CO HC Baseline pdpf
DPFs / wall flow filters Number [1/cm 3 ] 1.E+08 1.E+07 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 Intermediate speed, 50% load w/o DPF DPF 1 DPF 2 DPF 3 1.E+01 10 100 1000 Aerodynamic diameter [nm]
Particle size distributions of different engine generations (years 1995-2011) BSPM (particles/kwh) 1.E+13 1.E+12 1.E+11 1.E+10 1.E+09 1.E+08 Rated speed, full load D CR, 2V CR, 2V, EGR CR, 4V, EGR CR, 4V, SCR BSPM (particles/kwh) 1.E+12 1.E+11 1.E+10 1.E+09 1.E+08 Intermediate speed, full load D D, WG CR, 2V CR, 2V, EGR CR, 4V, EGR CR, 4V, SCR 1.E+07 10 100 1000 Aerodynamic diameter (nm) 1.E+07 10 100 1000 Aerodynamic diameter (nm) BSPM (particles/kwh) 1.E+13 1.E+12 1.E+11 1.E+10 1.E+09 Rated speed, 10% load D CR, 2V CR, 2V, EGR CR, 4V, EGR CR, 4V, SCR BSPM (particles/kwh) 1.E+13 1.E+12 1.E+11 1.E+10 1.E+09 1.E+08 Intermediate speed, 50% load D CR, 2V CR, 2V, EGR CR, 4V, EGR CR, 4V, SCR VP, EGR 1.E+08 10 100 1000 Aerodynamic diameter (nm) 1.E+07 10 100 1000 Aerodynamic diameter (nm)
Some results Engine biofuels
Brake thermal efficiency Relative efficiency 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 1800, 100% 1500, 100% 1500, 83% 1500, 56% DFO FO CO DFO=Diesel Fuel Oil, FO= Fox Oil, CO= Chicken Oil
HC, crude bio-oils HC, g/kwh 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 1800 rpm, 100% 1500 rpm, 100% 1500 rpm, 75% DFO FO CO
Nox emissions 10 NOx, g/kwh 9 8 7 1800, 100% 1500, 100% 1500, 83% 1500, 56% DFO FO CO
Effect of DPF, PM mass 1500 rpm, 100% 1 Raw 0.34 0.20 0.31 PM mass, g/kwh 0.1 0.01 Filtered 0.025 0.0026 0.001 DFO FO CO
Effect of DPF, PM number 1.E+12 CO fuel, 1500 rpm, 83% Raw Filtered BSPM 1/kWh 1.E+10 1.E+08 1.E+06 10 100 1000 Aerodynamic diameter, nm
BSPM, 1/kWh 1.E+13 1.E+12 1.E+11 1.E+10 1.E+09 PM#, biodiesels 1800 rpm, full load DFO RME StME SalME LinME FME 1.E+08 10 100 1000 Aerodynamic diameter, nm
With biodiesels, Biodiesels, conclusions BTE was very similar to DFO NO x tended to increase but could be reduced HC decreased relative to DFO CO was fairly similar to DFO Smoke decreased PM mass was considerably lower compared with DFO PM number was better than or fairly similar to DFO but nuclei-mode particles increased at some loads
Internal Combustion Engine studies @ mechanical engineering 1st. and 2nd. year Common studies for all 3rd. year Common studies 3rd. and 4th. year Machine automation 4th. year Production technology 4th. year Product development 4th. year Energy and ICEngine technology 4th. year Naval architecture
Thank You! Further information: Senior Lecturer, M.Sc. (Eng.) Pekka Nousiainen pekka.nousiainen@turkuamk.fi Tel. +358-44-9074591 www.tuas.fi