Johdatus Filon Aleksandrialaisen maailmaan. Luentokerta 2,

Transkriptio

1 Johdatus Filon Aleksandrialaisen maailmaan Luentokerta 2,

2 Kurssin eteneminen (alustava hahmotelma) 6.9. Käynnistys; Filonin historiallis-yhteiskunnallinen konteksti Filonin intellektuaalinen konteksti Filonin tuotanto; Filon-tutkimus ja -resurssit; Filon juutalaisena Filon käsitys Jumalasta sekä ihmisestä ja pelastuksesta Filonin tekstejä toiveteemoista, Filonin retoriikkaa Filonin jälkivaikutus (+ opiskelijaesityksiä?) Suuria linjoja, avoimia kysymyksiä

3 Filonin historiallisyhteiskunnallinen konteksti Täydennystä: diaspora Palestiinan juutalaisten silmin (?) 2. Makk. 1:1 9: The fellow Judeans in Hierosolyma and those in the land of Judea, to their Judean brothers in Egypt, greetings and true peace. May God do good to you, and may he remember his covenant with Abraam and Isaak and Iakob, his faithful slaves. 3 May he give you all a heart to worship him and to do his will with a strong heart and a willing spirit. May he open your heart to his law and his ordinances, and may he bring peace. May he heed your prayers and be reconciled to you, and may he not forsake you in a time of evil. We are now praying for you here. In the reign of Demetrius, in the one hundred sixty ninth year, we Judeans wrote to you in the critical distress that came upon us in those years after Jason and his company revolted from the holy land and the kingdom and burned the gate and shed innocent blood. We prayed to the Lord and were heard, and we offered sacrifice and grain offering, and we lit the lamps and set out the loaves. And now see that you keep the days of the feast of tent pitching in the month of Chaseleu.

4 Luentokerta 2, Filon platonistina Varhaisimmat maininnat Filonista

5 Kotitehtävät Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophyn Platonartikkeli, kohdat 1 6 ( Filon-osuus Pauli Annalan kirjasta Antiikin teologinen perintö (kurssisivulla) Katso jakso Hellenismi eksegetiikan osaston videosarjasta Juutalaisuuden ja kristinuskon juuret arkeologian valossa

6 Filon platonistina Kumpikaan ei kirjoittanut filosofisia traktaatteja Platon: dialogi ( Filon: eksegeesi ( Filonin projekti mahdoton ilman Platonia Vaikutus näkyy niin kielessä kuin ajatuksissakin Läheinen yhteys nähtiin jo ammoin Filonin käsikirjoituksissa esiintyy kritiikkiä (poistoja, kommentteja) hänen platonismiaan kohtaan luvulta alkaen, painetuissa teoksissa 1600-luvulta lähtien (~ enemmän Platonin kuin Mooseksen oppilas )

7 οὐ γὰρ μόνος ἐκ πάντων ἔρημος οὗτος, ἀλλ οἷα πόλις εὐανδρεῖ πολίτας ἀφθάρτους καὶἀθανάτους ψυχὰς ἔχων ἰσαρίθμους ἄστροις. τούτων τῶν ψυχῶν αἱ μὲν κατίασιν ἐνδεθησόμεναι σώμασι θνητοῖς, ὅσαι προσγειότατοι καὶ φιλοσώματοι, αἱ δ ἀνέρχονται, διακριθεῖσαι πάλιν κατὰ τοὺς ὑπὸ φύσεως ὁρισθέντας ἀριθμοὺς καὶ χρόνους. τούτων αἱ μὲν τὰ σύντροφα καὶ συνήθη τοῦ θνητοῦ βίου ποθοῦσαι παλινδρομοῦσιν αὖθις, αἱ δὲ πολλὴν φλυαρίαν αὐτοῦ καταγνοῦσαι δεσμωτήριον μὲν καὶ τύμβον ἐκάλεσαν τὸ σῶμα, φυγοῦσαι δ ὥσπερ ἐξ εἱρκτῆς ἢ μνήματος ἄνω κούφοις πτεροῖς πρὸς αἰθέρα ἐξαρθεῖσαι μετεωροπολοῦσι τὸν αἰῶνα. ἄλλαι δ εἰσὶ καθαρώταται καὶ ἄρισται, μειζόνων φρονημάτων καὶ θειοτέρων ἐπιλαχοῦσαι Sensuuri iski: Somn yksinkertaisesti jätetty kopioimatta

8 Filon platonistina Mitä Filon ajatteli Platonista ja Sokrateesta? 1. Mitä hän sanoo heistä? 2. Miten hän käyttää heidän ajatuksiaan? Nimeltä P. ja S. mainitaan 23 ja 8 kertaa; lisäksi usein vain yksi vanhoista tai joku Sävy lähes aina positiivinen Esim. pään anatomia käsittely / Opif. 119: and as seventh the mouth, through which, as Plato said, mortal things have their entry and immortal have their exit. perishable foods for a perishable body speech, immortal laws of an immortal soul, by which the life of reason is guided. (P:n Timaios 75d hieman tulkittu )

9 Filon platonistina Poikkeus positiivisuuteen: Contempl Among the banquets held in Greece there are two celebrated and highly notable examples, namely those in which Socrates took part That these deserve to be remembered was the judgement of men whose character and discourses showed them to be philosophers, Xenophon and Plato Yet even these if compared with those of our people who embrace the contemplative life will appear as matters for derision. In Plato s banquet the talk is almost entirely concerned with love, not merely with the lovesickness of men for women, or women for men, passions recognized a by the laws of nature, but of men for other males differing from them only in age. Mutta onko Platon todella ἱερώτατος, mitä pyhin (Prob. 13)? Yhteydet Platonin Faidrokseen puoltavat käsikirjoitusten enemmistön lukutapaa λιγυρώτατος, mitä kirkasäänisin

10 Filon platonistina Filonin platonismin tärkein ilmenemismuoto: allegoristen tulkintojen sisältö Esimerkki: kahden tason malli kosmologisena - Gen. 1:1 2a: Alussa loi Jumala taivaan ja maan. Maa oli näkymätön (ἀόρατος) ja muodoton - Filon, De opificio mundi 29: First, therefore, the maker made an incorporeal heaven and an invisible (ἀόρατον) earth ; 36: Now that the incorporeal cosmos had been completed and established in the divine Logos, the sense-perceptible cosmos began to be formed as a perfect offspring, with the incorporeal serving as the model. (Runia). - Platon, Timaios 52a: One kind is the self-identical form invisible (ἀόρατον ) and in all ways imperceptible by sense a second named after the former and similar thereto, an object perceptible by sense, generated (Bury) - Augustinus, Tunnustukset 12.8: Olit näet jo tehnyt taivaankin ennen kaikkia aikoja, mutta taivaallisen taivaan maa, jonka olit tehnyt, oli muodotonta ainetta Tästä muodottomasta, tästä miltei olemattomasta Sinä olit tekevä kaiken sen, mikä muodostaa maailman, mutta muuttuvaisen mailman. [taivaallinen taivas] on jonkinlainen yliaistillinen (intellectualis) luomus [ja] ulkopuolella kaikkien ajan muutosten ja vaihteluiden. (Lakka)

11 Filon platonistina Platonin kahden tason malli näkyy EMOn Filon-artikkelissa siteeratuissa kohdissa: Leg. 1.45: Jumala kylvää ja istuttaa kuolevaiseen (ihmis)lajiin maanpäällisen hyveen, joka on taivaallisen hyveen jäljitelmä ja kopio (µίµηµα καὶ ἀπεικόνισµα οὖσαν τῆς οὐρανίου (ἀρετῆς)). Ebr. 69: niille, joista tulee Ainoan Viisaan palvelijoita, on sopivaa vieraannuttaa itsensä kaikesta luodusta (πάντων ὅσα γένεσιν εἴληχεν ἀλλοτριοῦσθαι).

12 Filon platonistina: tärkeimmät dialogit 10 % PLCL:n viittauksista Platonin teoksiin on dialogiin Valtio Billings, Thomas H. The Platonism of Philo Judaeus. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Philo. Translated by F. H. Colson, G. H. Whitaker and R. Marcus. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,

13 Nürnbergin kronikka (1493)

14 Testimonia Josefus: Antiquitates Judaicarum But Philo, the principal of the Jewish embassage, a man eminent on all accounts, brother to Alexander the alabarch, and one not unskillful in philosophy, was ready to betake himself to make his defense against those accusations; but Caius prohibited him, and bid him begone. So Philo went out, and said to those Jews who were about him that they should be of good courage, since Caius's words indeed showed anger at them, but in reality he had already set God against himself. (tr. Whiston)

15 Testimonia Clemens Aleksandrialainen, Strom : Philo the Pythagorean (not to mention Aristobulus the Peripatetic and lots of others, without taking time to name them all) demonstrates that [the Jewish people] had a written philosophy long before Greek philosophy. (tr. Ferguson) Clemens (n jkr.) on ensimmäinen kirjoittaja, jonka on osoitettu käyttäneen Filonia laajalti (erit. Annewies van den Hoek).

16 Testimonia Eusebios, Kirkkohistoria a man most celebrated not only among many of our own, but also among many scholars outside the Church. He was a Hebrew by birth, but was inferior to none of those who held high dignities in Alexandria. How exceedingly he labored in the Scriptures and in the studies of his nation is plain to all from the work which he has done. How familiar he was with philosophy and with the liberal studies of foreign nations, it is not necessary to say, since he is reported to have surpassed all his contemporaries in the study of Platonic and Pythagorean philosophy, to which he particularly devoted his attention. (tr. NPNF, ed. Schaff et al.)

17 Testimonia Hieronymus, De viris illustribus 11.7: Philo the Jew, an Alexandrian of the priestly class, is placed by us among the ecclesiastical writers on the ground that, writing a book concerning the first church of Mark the evangelist at Alexandria, he writes to our praise, declaring not only that they were there, but also that they were in many provinces and calling their habitations monasteries. [After a list of Philo s works:] There are other monuments of his genius which have not come to our hands. Concerning him there is a proverb among the Greeks Either Plato philonized, or Philo platonized, that is, either Plato followed Philo, or Philo, Plato, so great is the similarity of ideas and language. (tr.?,

18 Ennen ensi kertaa lue ajatuksella ja kirjaa ajatuksiasi: David T. Runia: How to Read Philo (Kohdasta 3. Philonic scholarship esitän päivitetyn version luennolla.) Filon: Jättiläisistä 1 18 (eli s ) (HY:n verkosta)