Ekotehokkuus asuntomarkkinoilla miten sanoista tekoihin? Tutkimusprofessori Miimu Airaksinen
Keeping global warming within 2ºC by 2050 requires reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 80-90% from the present level. 2
The built environment has a large impact on the natural environment, economy, health and productivity Buildings account: 17% of the world's fresh water withdrawls 25% of the world's wood harvest 40% of the world's materials and energy flows 30-40% of all primary energy used >80% harmful emissions due to energy consumption 3
Estimated economic mitigation potentials by sector in 2030 Source: IPCC 2007 Climate Change Synthesis Report 4
What is a energy efficient community? Sustainable community Eco-efficient community Need to understand and simulate how this eco-systems works Input: less material less energy Energy-efficient community Low emission community Output: less carbon less emissions Importance of materials and LCA Characteristic for future community is high energy and material efficiency (im-materilisation via digitalisation) as well as good quality of life and wellbeing 5
3 Growth of inhabitants (%) 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0-0,5 Helsinki Espoo Vantaa Kauniainen Järvenpää Nurmijärvi Porvoo Vihti Mäntsälä Data 1981-2003 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160-1 -1,5 Distance from Helsinki (km) 6
3 Growth of inhabitants (%) 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0-0,5 Helsinki Helsinki Espoo Vantaa Vantaa Espoo Kauniainen Kirkkonummi Sipoo Järvenpää Nurmijärvi Porvoo Vihti Vihti Siuntio Pornainen Mäntsälä Lohja Data 1981-2003 Data 2008 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160-1 -1,5 Distance from Helsinki (km) 7
Yearly fuel consumption in traffic per person (US mega joule) Chicago area population 8.6 million in 6000 km 2 Osaka-Kyoto area 17.3 million in 2700 km 2 Inhabitants per 10 000 m 2 Figure adapted from Newman and Kenworthy 1989 8
Passive house Row house Space heating demand 18 kwh/m 2 Total energy demand <70 kwh/m 2 Design values: Exterior wall 0.09 W/m 2 K Base floor 0.1 W/m 2 K Roof 0.08 W/m 2 K Window 0.8 W/m 2 K Door 0.4 0.8 W/m 2 K Air tightness n 50 < 0.6 ach Ventilation heat recovery 80% Case Paroc 9
Net zero-energy apartment buildings, Kuopio and Järvenpää Gross floor area 2120 m 2 Aim: Net energy demand 0 kwh on yearly basis Grid/district heat connection for back-up Solar heat and solar electricity Option: building integrated wind power Energy producing elevators Apartment based water and electricity metering Passive house as the basic solution 10
Smart grids and smart buildings New actors, new business models De-central energy production Buildings as energy sources Energy chain management Local and national networks European Technology Platform Smartgrid 2006 11
Quality of energy => Exergy Source Quality factor q Mechanical energy 1.00 Electrical energy 1.00 Nuclear fuel 1.00 Solar radiation 0.95 Fuels 0.90 Thermal at 100?C 0.21 Thermal at 40?C 0.06 Thermal at 20?C 0.00 REFERENCE : ROOM AIR TEMPERATURE AT 20 0 C EXERGY = QUALITY FACTOR x ENERGY 12
Asunnot (kwh/brm 2 ) energiankulutus ja primäärienergiankulutus Asunnot, (kwh/m2,a) 20 % 18 % 8 % 26 % 46 % Tilojen lämmitys LKV Kiinteistösähkö Kotitaloussähkö 43 % 18 % 10 % Tilojen läm LKV Kiinteistös Kotitalouss Kaukolämpö 0,4, Sähkö 2,2 Helen CHP 13
Some of us do not see the beauty of this building 14
but in respect of renovation it is functional Passive house renovation concept: Heating and cooling 20 kwh/m 2, Total primary energy 120 kwh/m 2 Figure: Lylykangas TES Energy Facade 15
and after renovation majority of us finds it also rather attractive 16
CO 2 emission consequences of energy measures in buildings (Björn Rolfsman, 2001) Norrköpingin kaukolämmitetyn kerrostalon energiansäästötoimenpiteiden (lisälämmöneristäminen, ikkunoiden vaihto ja maalämpöpumppu) vaikutus 17
Eco-efficiency is not only technical issue Eco-efficient community Buildings, infrastructure, traffic, energy Intelligent integration Social factors Multi-objective decision making tool Commercialisation of the results Economic factors Health, safety, functionality, aesthetics 18
Teknologia on jo olemassa mutta miten 300 m 2 talo suunnitellaan 150 m 2 kodiksi? Optiplan arkkitehdit 19
Käyttäjien motivointi 20
Asukkaiden koulutuksen tärkeys Nykyisin rakennusten käyttäjistä johtuva energiankulutus vaihtelee +/-30% Energiatehokkuuden parantuessa käyttäjän vaikutus voi olla on +/-50% Normirakennus Energiatehokas rakennus 21 21
Ympäristöluokitukset On average certified buildings use 18-39% less energy per floor area than their conventional counterparts. However, 28-35% of certified buildings use more energy than their conventional counterparts. Further, the measured energy performance of certified buildings has little correlation with certification level of the building, or the number of energy credits achieved by the building at design time. Newsham et al 2009 22
Käytettävyys 23
Responsive eco-efficient environment Integrated energy production and weather forecast system informs father: Embedded sensors are warning mother: Little Raipe is moving towards busy road Put the washing machine on, since non polluting solar energy is available now. 24
Holistic approach to performance in built environment Accessibility, safety and health together make environment suitable for a human being Aesthetics Usability Sustainability Serviceability 25
VTT creates business from technology 26