Finnish Swedish Flame Days 2009 January 28-29, 2009, Naantali Environmental Impacts of Energy Production in Finland a Life Cycle Approach Sirkka Koskela and Laura Sokka Finnish Environment Institute
Content of the presentation Life cycle and LCA methodology Finnish energy profile Import of fuels Life cycle of hard coal energy Impacts of energy production and use in the Finnish economy
A life cycle of a product Manufacturing Extraction of natural resources Retailing Disposal Use of products
Two methodological approaches Traditional bottom-up approach Input-output top-down approach Imports Envimat model = hybrid model
Life cycle assessment (LCA) Inventory of environmental loads emissions, waste, land use, biodiversity Impact assessment (characterisation). Impact categories: 1. climate change 2. acidification 3. tropospheric ozone formation 4. aquatic eutrophication 5. terrestrial eutrophication 6. particulate matter 7. ecotoxicity 8. human toxicity 9. depletion of natural resources 10. impacts on biodiversity 11. land use
Finnish electricity profile in 2005 Source: Statistics Finland 2006
Domestic life cycle energy demand of the Finnish final products in 2002 divided to consumption, investments and export. Products of agriculture, hunting and Products of forestry and logging Products from mining and quarrying Food products, beverages, tobacco Products of forest industry Products of chemical industry Products of metal industry Electrical equipment Other manufactured goods Electrical energy, gas, steam and water Construction work Trade, hotel and restaurant services Transport and communication services Real estate services Other services Households 20% 27% Consumption Investments Export Export 47% 0 100 200 300 400 PJ Source: Envimat 2009
The greatest material flows of the Finnish import, 2002. Materials Mass 1000 tons Share of total import (%) Fuels 26 913 43 Ores and concentrates 5 227 8 TOP 5 Oil 11 746 18.6 Coal 5 789 9.2 Decidious pulpwood 5 569 8.8 Iron ores 3 779 6.0 Natural gas 3 149 5.0 Domestic peat 9 176 000 tons, 5 000 tons from foreign countries. Source: Envimat 2009
Life cycle energy mineral use of the Finnish final products in 2002. Agriculture, Maa-, riista- ja hunting kalatalouden and tuotteet fishin Forestry Metsätalouden and logging tuotteet Kaivostoiminnan Mining ja louhinnan and quarrying tuotteet Food products, Elintarvikkeet, beverages, juomat, tupakka to Products Metsäteollisuuden of forest industry tuotteet Products Kemianteollisuuden of chemical industry tuotteet Products Metalliteollisuuden of metal industry tuotteet Electrical Sähkötekniset equipment tuotteet Other manufactured Muut tehdasvalmisteet goods Electrical Sähkö, energy, kaasu, gas, höyry steam ja vesi Construction Rakentaminen work Trade, Kauppa, hotelli- and ja ravintolapalvelut restaurant Transport Kuljetus- and ja tietoliikennepalvelut communication Real Kiinteistöalan estate services palvelut Other Muut services palvelut Öljy Oil Kivihiili Hard coal Ruskohiili Brown coal Maakaasu Natural gas Turve Peat ulkomaa foreign Turve Peatkotimaa domestic 0 5000 10000 15000 Miljoona Million tons tonnia Source: Envimat 2009
Shares of total life cycle impact category results caused by foreign fuel production (import) and domestic energy use in 2005. Climate change Respiratory effects Human toxicity Terrestrial ecotoxicity Freshwater ecotoxicity Use Import Tropospheric ozone formation Eutrophication Acidification 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Source: Hilden et.al 2008
Life cycle of bioenergy Production of auxiliary materials and energy Production of raw-material Forestry round wood logging residues Agriculture cereal oil plants energy plants Waste agriculture forestry industry municipalities Harvesting, pre-treatment, storage, transportation Production of biofuels Main products By-produts Transportation and storage Use Transport Electricity Heat Source: Antikainen et al. Use of by-products
Life cycle stages of hard coal electricity Hard coal (fuel) Natural gas Hard coal Lignite Hydro power P L e l e c t r i Heavy fuel oil Diesel NaOH Particle board Sawn timber Steel wire Cement Mining Steel pipe Aluminium Hot rolled coil Cold rolled coil Tinplated coil Methane PL heat Soda CaO Tin Finnish electricity and heat Mining Polish electricity and heat Power plant Conveyor belt Power plant raw materials Zn plated steel Copper products Raw materials Recovered materials Transportation Tap water FI electricity Heavy fuel oil Flying ash, CE FI heat NH3 CaCO3 NaOH Power plant Flying ash, EM Bottom ash, EM Gypsum HCl NH4OH Grid electricity Source: Sokka et.al. 2005.
Climate change 1000 kg CO2 eq / MWh 800 600 400 200 0 CH4 N2O CO2 PP = power plant -200 MI EH_PL RM_MI RW_PL T_ET T_S T_O PP EH_FI RM_PP RW_FI 0.6 0.5 Acidification MI = Hard coal mining and processing EH_PL = Polish energy eq / MWh 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 NH3 NO2 SO2 T_ET = Electric train transportation in Poland 0-0.1 MI EH_PL RM_MI RW_PL T_ET T_S T_O PP EH_FI RM_PP RW_FI T_S = sea transportation Source: Seppälä et al. 2007
Aquatic eutrophication Terrestrial eutrophication 0.012 1 k g P O 4 e q / M W h 0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0-0.002 MI EH_PL RM_MI RW_PL T_ETT_S T_O PP EH_FI RM_PP RW_FI N(W) P(W) NH3 NOx e q / M W h 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0-0.2 MI EH_PL RM_MI RW_PL T_ETT_S T_O PP EH_FI RM_PP RW_FI NH3 NOx PP = power plant T_S = sea transportation Source: Seppälä et al. 2007
Particles: PM2.5 0.01 0.008 kg / MWh 0.006 0.004 0.002 0-0.002 MI EH_PL RM_MI RW_PL T_ET T_S T_O PP EH_FI RM_PP RW_FI MI = Hard coal mining and processing EH_PL = Polish energy T_ET = Electric train transportation in Poland T_S = sea transportation PP = power plant RM_PP = Raw materials to the power plant Source: Seppälä et al. 2007 RW_FI = Recovered wastes treated as by-products in Finland
General remarks on other energy sources (1) Natural gas combustion phase: NOx 10 times higher than nuclear power -> acidification, eutrophication, sedondary particles Oil climate change impacts, NOx -> acidification, eutrophication, impacts caused by particles during combustion phase Peat Combustion causes the same level of climate change impacts than coal, land transformation from peat extraction, biodiversity Bioenergy Production of biomass: Forest: Land occupation, eutrophication, biodiversity Cultivation field: additionally ecotoxicity
General remarks on other energy sources (2) Mixed municipal waste hazardous substances in ashes, accidental releases (dioxines, Hg), impacts caused by particles Hydropower No emissions from use phase, land use Wind power No emissions from use phase,use of metals in construction phase, noise, landscape changes Nuclear power Radioactive substances in mining and waste disposal, risks are much higher than other energy production systems.
Direct climate change impacts of the Finnish industries in 2002 and 2005. Agriculture, Maa-, riista- hunting & kalatalous and f Forestry and Metsätalous logging Mining Mineraalien and quarrying kaivu Food Elintarvikkeiden products, valmistus beverage Metsäteollisuus Forest industry Chemical Kemian teollisuus industry Metalliteollisuus Metal industry Sähkötekninen Electrical equipment teollisuus Other Muu manufactured tehdasteollisuus good Electrical Sähkö- energy, ja lämpöhuolto gas, st Construction Rakentaminen work Trade, Kauppa, hotel and maj.- restaura & rav.t. Transport Kuljetus and ja tietoliikenne communic Kiinteistöalan Real estate services palvelut Other Muut services palvelut Kotitalouksien Households suorat 2002 2005 Source: Envimat 2009 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 Gg CO2 ekv
Direct domestic total environmental impacts (Finland model). Kotimaan toimintojen suorat kokonaisympäristövaikutukset, Suomi-malli Agriculture Foresty Maa-, riista- & kalatalous Metsätalous MiningMineraalien and quarrin kaivu Food products Elintarvikkeiden valmistus Forest Metsäteollisuus industry Chemical Kemian industry teollisuus Metal industry Metalliteollisuus Electrical Sähkötekninen equipme teollisuus Other Muu manufactur tehdasteollisuus Electrical Sähkö- ja energy, lämpöhuoltog Construction Rakentaminen work Trade, Kauppa, hotel maj.- and & rav.t. re Transport and com Kuljetus ja tietoliikenne Real Kiinteistöalan estate servic palvelut Other Muut services palvelut Households Kotitalouksien direct suorat 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 Ekoindeksi Ilmastonmuutos Happamoituminen Climate change Acidification Rehevöityminen, Eutrophication, vesiympäristö water Rehevöityminen, Eutrophication, maaympäristö ground Alailmakehän otsonin muod., terveys Alailmakehän Tropospheric otsonin ozone muod., form., kasvillisuus veg. Ekotoksisuus, vesiympäristö Tropospheric ozone form., health Ecotoxicity, water Ekotoksisuus, Ecotoxicity, maaympäristö ground Toksisuusvaikutukset Human toxicity ihmiseen Pienhiukkaset Particles Luonnon Biodiversity monimuotoisuus Source: Envimat 2009
Finally More accurate data for resource extraction abroad Country-specific profiles for electricity production Energy and climate strategy -> more renewable energy -> better understanding their life cycle impacts Thank you