FSD3157. EVA Survey on Finnish Values and Attitudes Codebook

FSD3157 EVA Survey on Finnish Values and Attitudes 2017 Codebook FINNISH SOCIAL SCIENCE DATA ARCHIVE

The bibliographic citation for this codebook: EVA Survey on Finnish Values and Attitudes 2017 [codebook]. Finnish Social Science Data Archive [producer and distributor], 2017. This codebook has been generated from the version 1.0 (16.2.2017) of the data. Finnish Social Science Data Archive FIN-33014 University of Tampere FSD User Services: asiakaspalvelu.fsd@uta.fi +358 40 190 1442 Aila Data Service Portal: https://services.fsd.uta.fi/ Finnish Social Science Data Archive http://www.fsd.uta.fi/en/ $ Koodikirjoitin.py v34 @ 2017-05-11 16:35:01.822000 $

To the reader This codebook is part of the data FSD3157 archived at the FSD (Finnish Social Science Data Archive).The dataset has been described in as much detail as possible in Finnish and English. Variable frequencies, variable and value labels, and missing values have been checked. If necessary, the data have been anonymised. The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication. The bibliographic citation suggested by the archive: Finnish Business and Policy Forum (EVA): EVA Survey on Finnish Values and Attitudes 2017 [dataset]. Version 1.0 (2017-02-16). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor]. http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:t-fsd3157 The user shall notify the archive of all publications where she or he has used the data. The original data creators and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretations arising from the reuse of the data. The codebook contains information on data content, structure and data collection, and includes a list of publications wholly or in part based on the data, according to publication information received by the FSD. The second part of the codebook contains information on variables: question texts, response options, and frequencies. The third part contains indexes. Variable distributions presented in this codebook have been generated from the SPSS files. Distribution tables present variable values, frequencies (n), frequency percentages (%), and valid percentages (v. %) which take into account missing data. All distributions are unweighted. If the data contain weight variables, these will be found at the end of the variables list. In some cases frequency distributions have been substituted by descriptive statistics. Categorised responses to open-ended questions are not always included in the codebook. Distributions may contain missing data. The note "System missing (SYSMIS)" refers to missing observations (e.g. a respondent has not answered all questions) whereas "Missing (User missing)" refers to data the user has defined as missing. For example, the user may decide to code answer alternatives don t want to say or can t say as missing data. The codebook may contain attached files, the most common one being the questionnaire.

Contents 1 Study description 1 1.1 Titles....................................... 1 1.2 Subject description................................ 1 1.3 Structure and collection of the data........................ 3 1.4 Use of data.................................... 4 2 Variables 7 3 Indexes 67 3.1 Variables in the order of occurrence....................... 67 3.2 Variables in alphabetical order.......................... 74 A naire in Finnish 81 i

Chapter 1 Study description 1.1 Titles Titles and data version: EVA Survey on Finnish Values and Attitudes 2017 Titles and data version in Finnish: EVAn kansallinen asennetutkimus 2017 This codebook has been generated from the version 1.0 (16.2.2017) of the data. 1.2 Subject description Authoring entity Finnish Business and Policy Forum (EVA) Copyright statement for the data According to the agreement between FSD and the depositor. Depositor Haavisto, Ilkka (Finnish Business and Policy Forum EVA) Date of deposit 7.2.2017 Keywords decision making; democracy; European integration; European Union; foreign policy; globalisation; immigration; local government services; occupational life; parliamentary elections; polit- 1

1. Study description ical systems; political systems; primary education; refugees Topic Classification Classification by FSD vocabulary: political studies Classification by CESSDA vocabulary: economic systems and development; equality and inequality; mass political behaviour, attitudes/opinion; social behaviour and attitudes Series description The data belong to the series: EVA Surveys on Finnish Values and Attitudes Since 1984, the Finnish Business and Policy Forum (EVA) has conducted biennial surveys studying changes in Finnish attitudes, values, and perceptions of the present and the future. The series, formerly known as Finnish National Attitudes, aims at measuring and analysing citizens views on Finnish society. The data allow a detailed empirical analysis and systematic follow-up of change in public opinion. Each dataset contains both new themes and recurring themes with questions repeated over the years. Themes covered include democracy, market economy, welfare, environment, society and politics, Finland s international position, economic depression, economic growth, Finnish identity, and views on the future. The surveys are funded by EVA and have usually been carried out by Yhdyskuntatutkimus. The FSD collections also include surveys on values and attitudes of corporate executives (for example, FSD1091), in which some of the questions presented in this series have been repeated. Abstract The survey charted the values and attitudes of Finnish people. The main themes of the 2017 survey included the Finnish basic education system, municipal services and how they are provided, economic differences between population groups, the Finnish political system, social security, democracy, globalisation, Finnish foreign policy, and the EU and eurozone. First, the respondents were asked to what extent they agreed with a large number of statements relating to, for instance, political parties and the political system, globalisation, education, employment, economic growth and markets, municipalities, taxation, changes in society, immigration and refugees, social security, the EU, and NATO membership. The respondents opinions on municipalities duties were charted by asking which services should be provided by the public sector, which services should be provided by the private sector or in cooperation with the private sector. These services included day care, education, and street and road maintenance, among other things. Opinions on municipal tax and its effect on services provided by the municipality were also investigated. Views on basic education were probed by asking which things schools should teach and what subjects could be taught less. Views on immigration were charted in light of the current refugee crisis. 2

1.3. Structure and collection of the data The respondents opinions on democracy and different political systems were investigated by asking how important they felt it was to live in a democratic country, and by asking them to evaluate different political systems. Furthermore, the respondents were presented made-up political parties with extreme views, and asked how likely they were to vote for the party in the next parliamentary elections if such party existed. The potential future developments of the EU and the EMU that the respondents hoped to see happen in the following 10 years were surveyed (e.g. Brexit being cancelled, dissolution of the EU, Finland quitting the euro, the development of the EU into a federation). Further questions relating to the European Union were asked, charting opinions on Finland s EU membership and the currency change to the euro. The respondents were also asked whether the EMU membership and the euro were advantageous or disadvantageous to Finland in the economic situation at the time of the survey, and whether the respondents would have voted for or against Finland s EU membership if a referendum had been held at the time of responding. The respondents were also asked about the impacts they felt Donald Trump would have as the president of the USA. Lastly, the respondents were presented with a list of influencers of current society and asked whether they thought these influencers had too much, enough, or not enough power in Finland. Background variables included the respondent s gender, year of birth, region of residence (NUTS3), basic and vocational education, economic activity and occupational status, household size and composition, household gross income, working time, industry of employment, political party choice if parliamentary elections were held at the time of survey, membership in a trade union, self-perceived social class, and number of inhabitants in the municipality of residence. 1.3 Structure and collection of the data Country: Finland Geographic coverage: Finland Analysis or observation unit type: Individual Universe: People aged between 18 and 70 living in Finland, excluding the Åland Islands Collection date: 11.1.2017 23.1.2017 Data collector(s): Taloustutkimus Mode of data collection: Self-administered questionnaire: Web-based Type of research instrument: Structured questionnaire Time period covered: 2017 Time method of the data collection: Longitudinal: Trend/Repeated cross-section Response rate: 19.4% Number of variables and cases: The data contain 139 variables and 2040 cases. Sampling procedure: Probability: Multistage The sample for this study was drawn from among the Taloustutkimus panel members, to be representative of the 18-70-year-old Finnish population (excluding the Åland Islands) in terms of age, gender, region of residence, education, and economic activity and occupational status. 3

1. Study description Reminder e-mails were sent four times to non-respondents and to persons who had completed only a part of the questionnaire. During data analysis at Taloustutkimus, the data were weighted to represent the Finnish population aged 18-70 in terms of age, gender, region of residence, education, economic activity and occupational status, industry of employment, and political party allegiance (which party would vote for in parliamentary elections) The Internet panel of Taloustutkimus, randomly drawn from Finland s population register, consists of citizens aged 15-79 who have entered their demographic and sociographic information when registering to the panel and have given their consent to Taloustutkimus to invite them to participate in various surveys. Answering any survey is voluntary and participants can leave the panel any time they want. 1.4 Use of data Data appraisal Variables q1a_2, q1a_3, q1a_7, q1a_10, q1a_11, q1a_12, q1a_13, q1a_14, q1a_17, q1b_1, q1b_3, q1b_4, q1b_13, q1b_15, q1b_16, q1c_1, q1c_4, q1c_15, q1d_2, q1d_5, q1d_6, q1d_9, q1d_10, q1d_11, q5, q6a, q6b, q6c_1 - q6c_4 ja q8a - q8c will be available in the beginning of 2018 at the earliest. of variables q3a_1 - q3b_6 describe how the respondents rated the importance of the issue on a scale from 1 to 6, for example common knowledge was ranked first x times, and ranked second y times etc. Related publications Apunen, Matti & Haavisto, Ilkka & Iskanius, Annika & Toivonen, Sarianna (2017). Kumous kunnissa. EVAn Arvo- ja asennetutkimus 2017. EVA Raportti 1/2017. Helsinki: Taloustieto Oy. Iskanius, Annika (2017). EVA Attitude and Value survey 2017. Finns worry about Russia, Trump and Brexit. Summary of Key Findings [online]. Helsinki: Finnish Business and Policy Forum EVA. http://www.eva.fi/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/summary.pdf [cited 11.5.2017]. Updated list of publications in the study description at https://services.fsd.uta.fi/catalogue/fsd3157?lang=en&study_language=en Location of the data collection Finnish Social Science Data Archive Weighting The data contain a weight variable that can be used to weight the data to represent the Finnish population aged 18-70 in terms of age, gender, region of residence, education, economic activity 4

1.4. Use of data and occupational status, industry of employment, and political party allegiance (which party would vote for in parliamentary elections) Restrictions The dataset is (B) available for research, teaching and study. 5

Chapter 2 Variables [FSD_NO] FSD study number FSD study number Descriptive statistics statistic value number of valid cases 2040 minimum 3157.00 maximum 3157.00 mean 3157.00 standard deviation 0.00 [FSD_VR] FSD edition number FSD edition number Descriptive statistics statistic value number of valid cases 2040 minimum 1.00 maximum 1.00 mean 1.00 standard deviation 0.00 7

2. Variables [FSD_ID] FSD case id FSD case id Descriptive statistics statistic value number of valid cases 2040 minimum 1.00 maximum 2040.00 mean 1020.50 standard deviation 589.04 [ID] Respondent id Respondent id Descriptive statistics statistic value number of valid cases 2040 minimum 11.00 maximum 57594.00 mean 30438.19 standard deviation 17336.68 [Q1A_1] No political party promotes issues that are important to me No political party promotes issues that are important to me Completely agree 1 189 9.3 9.3 Agree to some extent 2 581 28.5 28.5 (continued on next page) 8

Q1A_5 (cont. from previous page) Difficult to say 3 413 20.2 20.2 Disagree to some extent 4 688 33.7 33.7 Completely disagree 5 169 8.3 8.3 [Q1A_4] Investment in education must be substantially increased in our country, even if it meant reducing allocations in some other field. Investment in education must be substantially increased in our country, even if it meant reducing allocations in some other field. Completely agree 1 491 24.1 24.1 Agree to some extent 2 942 46.2 46.2 Difficult to say 3 372 18.2 18.2 Disagree to some extent 4 218 10.7 10.7 Completely disagree 5 17 0.8 0.8 [Q1A_5] It is good that public social and health care system will become option-based, and individual citizens can choose their own service provider It is good that public social and health care system will become option-based, and individual citizens can choose their own service provider Completely agree 1 220 10.8 10.8 Agree to some extent 2 640 31.4 31.4 Difficult to say 3 532 26.1 26.1 Disagree to some extent 4 444 21.8 21.8 Completely disagree 5 204 10.0 10.0 (continued on next page) 9

2. Variables (cont. from previous page) [Q1A_6] It is always worth voting, even though ordinary citizens cannot influence politics very much It is always worth voting, even though ordinary citizens cannot influence politics very much Completely agree 1 1165 57.1 57.1 Agree to some extent 2 552 27.1 27.1 Difficult to say 3 145 7.1 7.1 Disagree to some extent 4 129 6.3 6.3 Completely disagree 5 49 2.4 2.4 [Q1A_8] Finland has the best basic education in the world Finland has the best basic education in the world Completely agree 1 407 20.0 20.0 Agree to some extent 2 983 48.2 48.2 Difficult to say 3 418 20.5 20.5 Disagree to some extent 4 206 10.1 10.1 Completely disagree 5 26 1.3 1.3 [Q1A_9] A lot more advisory (non-binding) referendums should be held on municipal issues A lot more advisory (non-binding) referendums should be held on municipal issues 10

Q1A_16 Completely agree 1 301 14.8 14.8 Agree to some extent 2 702 34.4 34.4 Difficult to say 3 389 19.1 19.1 Disagree to some extent 4 480 23.5 23.5 Completely disagree 5 168 8.2 8.2 [Q1A_15] What is essential in public services is their availability to all citizens, not who provides them What is essential in public services is their availability to all citizens, not who provides them Completely agree 1 632 31.0 31.0 Agree to some extent 2 897 44.0 44.0 Difficult to say 3 189 9.3 9.3 Disagree to some extent 4 277 13.6 13.6 Completely disagree 5 45 2.2 2.2 [Q1A_16] Parents could take more part in teaching in schools Parents could take more part in teaching in schools Completely agree 1 43 2.1 2.1 Agree to some extent 2 218 10.7 10.7 Difficult to say 3 517 25.3 25.3 Disagree to some extent 4 740 36.3 36.3 Completely disagree 5 522 25.6 25.6 11

2. Variables [Q1A_18] Personally, I would be glad to pay more taxes than I do at the moment Personally, I would be glad to pay more taxes than I do at the moment Completely agree 1 92 4.5 4.5 Agree to some extent 2 374 18.3 18.3 Difficult to say 3 484 23.7 23.7 Disagree to some extent 4 587 28.8 28.8 Completely disagree 5 503 24.7 24.7 [Q1B_2] I feel very alienated from the local government and decision making in my municipality I feel very alienated from the local government and decision making in my municipality Completely agree 1 461 22.6 22.6 Agree to some extent 2 967 47.4 47.4 Difficult to say 3 236 11.6 11.6 Disagree to some extent 4 341 16.7 16.7 Completely disagree 5 35 1.7 1.7 [Q1B_5] Instead of constantly raising taxes, the efficiency of the public sector should be improved Instead of constantly raising taxes, the efficiency of the public sector should be improved 12

Q1B_7 Completely agree 1 707 34.7 34.7 Agree to some extent 2 795 39.0 39.0 Difficult to say 3 351 17.2 17.2 Disagree to some extent 4 160 7.8 7.8 Completely disagree 5 27 1.3 1.3 [Q1B_6] It is irrelevant whether schooling services are provided by the municipality, third sector, or corporations, as long as quality and equality of education are maintained It is irrelevant whether schooling services are provided by the municipality, third sector, or corporations, as long as quality and equality of education are maintained Completely agree 1 404 19.8 19.8 Agree to some extent 2 681 33.4 33.4 Difficult to say 3 265 13.0 13.0 Disagree to some extent 4 445 21.8 21.8 Completely disagree 5 245 12.0 12.0 [Q1B_7] The actions and policies of Russia in international politics are legitimate and deserve the support of Finns The actions and policies of Russia in international politics are legitimate and deserve the support of Finns Completely agree 1 34 1.7 1.7 Agree to some extent 2 88 4.3 4.3 Difficult to say 3 447 21.9 21.9 Disagree to some extent 4 605 29.7 29.7 (continued on next page) 13

2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Completely disagree 5 866 42.5 42.5 [Q1B_8] Municipalities have taken on way too many tasks and responsibilites Municipalities have taken on way too many tasks and responsibilites Completely agree 1 117 5.7 5.7 Agree to some extent 2 510 25.0 25.0 Difficult to say 3 963 47.2 47.2 Disagree to some extent 4 379 18.6 18.6 Completely disagree 5 71 3.5 3.5 [Q1B_9] Political parties are drifting further and further away from the problems of ordinary citizens. Political parties are drifting further and further away from the problems of ordinary citizens. Completely agree 1 810 39.7 39.7 Agree to some extent 2 777 38.1 38.1 Difficult to say 3 210 10.3 10.3 Disagree to some extent 4 214 10.5 10.5 Completely disagree 5 29 1.4 1.4 14

Q1B_12 [Q1B_10] Finnish schools should focus more on developing excellence, even if it means reducing the role of general knowledge in education Finnish schools should focus more on developing excellence, even if it means reducing the role of general knowledge in education Completely agree 1 79 3.9 3.9 Agree to some extent 2 270 13.2 13.2 Difficult to say 3 387 19.0 19.0 Disagree to some extent 4 903 44.3 44.3 Completely disagree 5 401 19.7 19.7 [Q1B_11] Municipal services will improve if they are exposed to competition with corporations and third sector service providers Municipal services will improve if they are exposed to competition with corporations and third sector service providers Completely agree 1 137 6.7 6.7 Agree to some extent 2 511 25.0 25.0 Difficult to say 3 658 32.3 32.3 Disagree to some extent 4 485 23.8 23.8 Completely disagree 5 249 12.2 12.2 [Q1B_12] I am interested in politics and follow it actively. I am interested in politics and follow it actively. 15

2. Variables Completely agree 1 409 20.0 20.0 Agree to some extent 2 854 41.9 41.9 Difficult to say 3 184 9.0 9.0 Disagree to some extent 4 438 21.5 21.5 Completely disagree 5 155 7.6 7.6 [Q1B_14] Differences between schools (e.g. learning outcomes, school comfort) should be reported, and these reports made public knowledge available for all Differences between schools (e.g. learning outcomes, school comfort) should be reported, and these reports made public knowledge available for all Completely agree 1 356 17.5 17.5 Agree to some extent 2 807 39.6 39.6 Difficult to say 3 472 23.1 23.1 Disagree to some extent 4 308 15.1 15.1 Completely disagree 5 97 4.8 4.8 [Q1B_17] Finland should join NATO Finland should join NATO Completely agree 1 229 11.2 11.2 Agree to some extent 2 282 13.8 13.8 Difficult to say 3 604 29.6 29.6 Disagree to some extent 4 342 16.8 16.8 Completely disagree 5 583 28.6 28.6 16

Q1C_5 [Q1C_2] As social and health care services are provided by autonomous regions in the future it would be fair that these regions also decidedd on the amount of taxes needed to finance the services As social and health care services are provided by autonomous regions in the future it would be fair that these regions also decidedd on the amount of taxes needed to finance the services Completely agree 1 136 6.7 6.7 Agree to some extent 2 652 32.0 32.0 Difficult to say 3 762 37.4 37.4 Disagree to some extent 4 354 17.4 17.4 Completely disagree 5 136 6.7 6.7 [Q1C_3] Basic education in its current form is a remnant from the past, and instead of gradual improvement the whole system should be reformed Basic education in its current form is a remnant from the past, and instead of gradual improvement the whole system should be reformed Completely agree 1 71 3.5 3.5 Agree to some extent 2 334 16.4 16.4 Difficult to say 3 473 23.2 23.2 Disagree to some extent 4 839 41.1 41.1 Completely disagree 5 323 15.8 15.8 [Q1C_5] My home municipality should move to a system where municipal manager or mayor is directly elected by the citizens My home municipality should move to a system where municipal manager or mayor is directly elected by the citizens 17

2. Variables Completely agree 1 337 16.5 16.5 Agree to some extent 2 606 29.7 29.7 Difficult to say 3 598 29.3 29.3 Disagree to some extent 4 372 18.2 18.2 Completely disagree 5 127 6.2 6.2 [Q1C_6] Although the EU has its problems, it is nevertheless the only power that can lead and control the development of Europe Although the EU has its problems, it is nevertheless the only power that can lead and control the development of Europe Completely agree 1 304 14.9 14.9 Agree to some extent 2 791 38.8 38.8 Difficult to say 3 381 18.7 18.7 Disagree to some extent 4 349 17.1 17.1 Completely disagree 5 215 10.5 10.5 [Q1C_7] Possibility of choosing one s school is a bad thing, because it leads to a division into good and poor schools Possibility of choosing one s school is a bad thing, because it leads to a division into good and poor schools Completely agree 1 239 11.7 11.7 Agree to some extent 2 708 34.7 34.7 (continued on next page) 18

Q1C_9 (cont. from previous page) Difficult to say 3 429 21.0 21.0 Disagree to some extent 4 504 24.7 24.7 Completely disagree 5 160 7.8 7.8 [Q1C_8] Finland should remain outside NATO, even if Sweden joined it Finland should remain outside NATO, even if Sweden joined it Completely agree 1 371 18.2 18.2 Agree to some extent 2 336 16.5 16.5 Difficult to say 3 632 31.0 31.0 Disagree to some extent 4 344 16.9 16.9 Completely disagree 5 357 17.5 17.5 [Q1C_9] Currently, there is not much room for enhancement in municipal service provision Currently, there is not much room for enhancement in municipal service provision Completely agree 1 56 2.7 2.7 Agree to some extent 2 239 11.7 11.7 Difficult to say 3 530 26.0 26.0 Disagree to some extent 4 787 38.6 38.6 Completely disagree 5 428 21.0 21.0 19

2. Variables [Q1C_10] There should be special schools for very talented students There should be special schools for very talented students Completely agree 1 166 8.1 8.1 Agree to some extent 2 546 26.8 26.8 Difficult to say 3 398 19.5 19.5 Disagree to some extent 4 595 29.2 29.2 Completely disagree 5 335 16.4 16.4 [Q1C_11] The actions and policies of the United States in international politics are legitimate and deserve the support of Finns The actions and policies of the United States in international politics are legitimate and deserve the support of Finns Completely agree 1 26 1.3 1.3 Agree to some extent 2 198 9.7 9.7 Difficult to say 3 692 33.9 33.9 Disagree to some extent 4 752 36.9 36.9 Completely disagree 5 372 18.2 18.2 [Q1C_12] Teachers should be given more power to keep order in the classroom Teachers should be given more power to keep order in the classroom 20

Q1C_14 Completely agree 1 986 48.3 48.3 Agree to some extent 2 798 39.1 39.1 Difficult to say 3 172 8.4 8.4 Disagree to some extent 4 73 3.6 3.6 Completely disagree 5 11 0.5 0.5 [Q1C_13] EU membership obliges Finns to comply with many norms and regulations which we neither want nor need EU membership obliges Finns to comply with many norms and regulations which we neither want nor need Completely agree 1 700 34.3 34.3 Agree to some extent 2 710 34.8 34.8 Difficult to say 3 253 12.4 12.4 Disagree to some extent 4 315 15.4 15.4 Completely disagree 5 62 3.0 3.0 [Q1C_14] The Finnish education system mostly produces average people who lack creativity and initiative. The Finnish education system mostly produces average people who lack creativity and initiative. Completely agree 1 102 5.0 5.0 Agree to some extent 2 382 18.7 18.7 Difficult to say 3 345 16.9 16.9 Disagree to some extent 4 832 40.8 40.8 Completely disagree 5 379 18.6 18.6 21

2. Variables [Q1C_16] It is in the best interest of citizens that municipalities provide most of their services on their own and only complement these with services from outside sources It is in the best interest of citizens that municipalities provide most of their services on their own and only complement these with services from outside sources Completely agree 1 369 18.1 18.1 Agree to some extent 2 844 41.4 41.4 Difficult to say 3 467 22.9 22.9 Disagree to some extent 4 307 15.0 15.0 Completely disagree 5 53 2.6 2.6 [Q1C_17] Ability grouping should be reintroduced in basic education, so every student could progress at their own pace Ability grouping should be reintroduced in basic education, so every student could progress at their own pace Completely agree 1 266 13.0 13.0 Agree to some extent 2 843 41.3 41.3 Difficult to say 3 626 30.7 30.7 Disagree to some extent 4 260 12.7 12.7 Completely disagree 5 45 2.2 2.2 [Q1C_18] A common defence policy for the EU is a utopian plan, because the EU has no real military power without the USA A common defence policy for the EU is a utopian plan, because the EU has no real military power without the USA 22

Q1D_3 Completely agree 1 167 8.2 8.2 Agree to some extent 2 460 22.5 22.5 Difficult to say 3 751 36.8 36.8 Disagree to some extent 4 529 25.9 25.9 Completely disagree 5 133 6.5 6.5 [Q1D_1] Students should be able to choose their primary and secondary school regardless of municipality or school district Students should be able to choose their primary and secondary school regardless of municipality or school district Completely agree 1 211 10.3 10.3 Agree to some extent 2 592 29.0 29.0 Difficult to say 3 407 20.0 20.0 Disagree to some extent 4 662 32.5 32.5 Completely disagree 5 168 8.2 8.2 [Q1D_3] Decision making units in municipalities have too many municipal employees as members, who decide on their own and each other s issues Decision making units in municipalities have too many municipal employees as members, who decide on their own and each other s issues Completely agree 1 413 20.2 20.2 Agree to some extent 2 784 38.4 38.4 (continued on next page) 23

2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Difficult to say 3 593 29.1 29.1 Disagree to some extent 4 221 10.8 10.8 Completely disagree 5 29 1.4 1.4 [Q1D_4] Corporations should have no role in developing schools Corporations should have no role in developing schools Completely agree 1 229 11.2 11.2 Agree to some extent 2 466 22.8 22.8 Difficult to say 3 533 26.1 26.1 Disagree to some extent 4 690 33.8 33.8 Completely disagree 5 122 6.0 6.0 [Q1D_7] Most of our country s public services should be privatised in order to improve the efficiency of service provision Most of our country s public services should be privatised in order to improve the efficiency of service provision Completely agree 1 57 2.8 2.8 Agree to some extent 2 315 15.4 15.4 Difficult to say 3 456 22.4 22.4 Disagree to some extent 4 658 32.3 32.3 Completely disagree 5 554 27.2 27.2 24

Q1D_13 [Q1D_8] In Finland, the interests of employees and employers are largely convergent In Finland, the interests of employees and employers are largely convergent Completely agree 1 50 2.5 2.5 Agree to some extent 2 446 21.9 21.9 Difficult to say 3 534 26.2 26.2 Disagree to some extent 4 685 33.6 33.6 Completely disagree 5 325 15.9 15.9 [Q1D_12] It is a good thing that public health care will be provided by autonomous regions instead of municipalities It is a good thing that public health care will be provided by autonomous regions instead of municipalities Completely agree 1 109 5.3 5.3 Agree to some extent 2 337 16.5 16.5 Difficult to say 3 968 47.5 47.5 Disagree to some extent 4 410 20.1 20.1 Completely disagree 5 216 10.6 10.6 [Q1D_13] Numerical evaluation should be reintroduced in all grades of the primary school (1-6) Numerical evaluation should be reintroduced in all grades of the primary school (1-6) 25

2. Variables Completely agree 1 557 27.3 27.3 Agree to some extent 2 566 27.7 27.7 Difficult to say 3 446 21.9 21.9 Disagree to some extent 4 308 15.1 15.1 Completely disagree 5 163 8.0 8.0 [Q1D_14] Even though Russia has its own problems, Finns have no reason to take a negative attitude to this big neighbour Even though Russia has its own problems, Finns have no reason to take a negative attitude to this big neighbour Completely agree 1 168 8.2 8.2 Agree to some extent 2 507 24.9 24.9 Difficult to say 3 396 19.4 19.4 Disagree to some extent 4 632 31.0 31.0 Completely disagree 5 337 16.5 16.5 [Q1D_15] If taxes were lowered, I would be willing to give up some of the services I receive from the state and municipalities If taxes were lowered, I would be willing to give up some of the services I receive from the state and municipalities Completely agree 1 192 9.4 9.4 Agree to some extent 2 546 26.8 26.8 Difficult to say 3 582 28.5 28.5 Disagree to some extent 4 460 22.5 22.5 Completely disagree 5 260 12.7 12.7 (continued on next page) 26

Q2_2 (cont. from previous page) [Q2_1] How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Children s day care How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Children s day care Should be done by the municipality 1 439 21.5 21.5 Should be done in co-operation 2 1438 70.5 70.5 Should be privatized completely 3 46 2.3 2.3 Can t say 4 117 5.7 5.7 [Q2_2] How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Building infrastructures (roads, public buildings etc.) How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Building infrastructures (roads, public buildings etc.) Should be done by the municipality 1 702 34.4 34.4 Should be done in co-operation 2 1182 57.9 57.9 Should be privatized completely 3 92 4.5 4.5 Can t say 4 64 3.1 3.1 27

2. Variables [Q2_3] How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Employment services (e.g. providing rehabilitating work) How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Employment services (e.g. providing rehabilitating work) Should be done by the municipality 1 462 22.6 22.6 Should be done in co-operation 2 1376 67.5 67.5 Should be privatized completely 3 87 4.3 4.3 Can t say 4 115 5.6 5.6 [Q2_4] How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Maintenance of public sport and recreational areas (swimming pools, sports fields etc.) How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Maintenance of public sport and recreational areas (swimming pools, sports fields etc.) Should be done by the municipality 1 519 25.4 25.4 Should be done in co-operation 2 1249 61.2 61.2 Should be privatized completely 3 192 9.4 9.4 Can t say 4 80 3.9 3.9 [Q2_5] How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Ownership of real estate used by municipality. How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Ownership of real estate used by municipality. 28

Q2_7 Should be done by the municipality 1 1019 50.0 50.0 Should be done in co-operation 2 782 38.3 38.3 Should be privatized completely 3 90 4.4 4.4 Can t say 4 149 7.3 7.3 [Q2_6] How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Road and street maintenance How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Road and street maintenance Should be done by the municipality 1 769 37.7 37.7 Should be done in co-operation 2 1102 54.0 54.0 Should be privatized completely 3 110 5.4 5.4 Can t say 4 59 2.9 2.9 [Q2_7] How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Maintenance of museums and cultural locations How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Maintenance of museums and cultural locations Should be done by the municipality 1 612 30.0 30.0 Should be done in co-operation 2 1131 55.4 55.4 Should be privatized completely 3 208 10.2 10.2 Can t say 4 89 4.4 4.4 29

2. Variables [Q2_8] How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Provision of school services How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Provision of school services Should be done by the municipality 1 1379 67.6 67.6 Should be done in co-operation 2 595 29.2 29.2 Should be privatized completely 3 7 0.3 0.3 Can t say 4 59 2.9 2.9 [Q2_9] How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Deciding on land use How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Deciding on land use Should be done by the municipality 1 1413 69.3 69.3 Should be done in co-operation 2 482 23.6 23.6 Should be privatized completely 3 17 0.8 0.8 Can t say 4 128 6.3 6.3 [Q2_10] How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Provision of library services How should the tasks below be divided in the municipalities? Provision of library services 30

Q3A_2 Should be done by the municipality 1 1396 68.4 68.4 Should be done in co-operation 2 514 25.2 25.2 Should be privatized completely 3 53 2.6 2.6 Can t say 4 77 3.8 3.8 [Q3A_1] How important do you consider teaching the following to children in basic education (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is most important and 6 is least important)? General knowledge How important do you consider teaching the following to children in basic education (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is most important and 6 is least important)? General knowledge Mentioned first 1 1016 49.8 51.2 Mentioned second 2 331 16.2 16.7 Mentioned third 3 234 11.5 11.8 Mentioned fourth 4 171 8.4 8.6 Mentioned fifth 5 109 5.3 5.5 Mentioned sixth 6 124 6.1 6.2 System missing (SYSMIS). 55 2.7 [Q3A_2] How important do you consider teaching the following to children in basic education (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is most important and 6 is least important)? Diligence and the importance of work How important do you consider teaching the following to children in basic education (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is most important and 6 is least important)? Diligence and the importance of work Mentioned first 1 308 15.1 15.7 (continued on next page) 31

2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Mentioned second 2 407 20.0 20.8 Mentioned third 3 404 19.8 20.6 Mentioned fourth 4 366 17.9 18.7 Mentioned fifth 5 272 13.3 13.9 Mentioned sixth 6 202 9.9 10.3 System missing (SYSMIS). 81 4.0 [Q3A_3] How important do you consider teaching the following to children in basic education (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is most important and 6 is least important)? Information retrieval and processing How important do you consider teaching the following to children in basic education (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is most important and 6 is least important)? Information retrieval and processing Mentioned first 1 230 11.3 11.8 Mentioned second 2 572 28.0 29.4 Mentioned third 3 383 18.8 19.7 Mentioned fourth 4 293 14.4 15.0 Mentioned fifth 5 251 12.3 12.9 Mentioned sixth 6 219 10.7 11.2 System missing (SYSMIS). 92 4.5 [Q3A_4] How important do you consider teaching the following to children in basic education (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is most important and 6 is least important)? Flexible and enthusiastic attitude How important do you consider teaching the following to children in basic education (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is most important and 6 is least important)? Flexible and enthusiastic attitude 32

Q3A_6 Mentioned first 1 127 6.2 6.6 Mentioned second 2 247 12.1 12.9 Mentioned third 3 338 16.6 17.7 Mentioned fourth 4 414 20.3 21.6 Mentioned fifth 5 475 23.3 24.8 Mentioned sixth 6 313 15.3 16.4 System missing (SYSMIS). 126 6.2 [Q3A_5] How important do you consider teaching the following to children in basic education (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is most important and 6 is least important)? Future work-related skills (e.g. entrepreneurship, internationalism) How important do you consider teaching the following to children in basic education (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is most important and 6 is least important)? Future work-related skills (e.g. entrepreneurship, internationalism) Mentioned first 1 199 9.8 10.4 Mentioned second 2 259 12.7 13.5 Mentioned third 3 389 19.1 20.3 Mentioned fourth 4 357 17.5 18.7 Mentioned fifth 5 316 15.5 16.5 Mentioned sixth 6 393 19.3 20.5 System missing (SYSMIS). 127 6.2 [Q3A_6] How important do you consider teaching the following to children in basic education (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is most important and 6 is least important)? Finding a field that interests oneself How important do you consider teaching the following to children in basic education (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is most important and 6 is least important)? Finding a field that interests oneself 33

2. Variables Mentioned first 1 156 7.6 8.3 Mentioned second 2 200 9.8 10.6 Mentioned third 3 253 12.4 13.4 Mentioned fourth 4 341 16.7 18.1 Mentioned fifth 5 432 21.2 22.9 Mentioned sixth 6 503 24.7 26.7 System missing (SYSMIS). 155 7.6 [Q3B_1] If teaching new skills in basic education is to be increased, which subjects currently taught could be cut back on (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is the best solution and 6 is the worst)? No cut-backs, more classes should be introduced If teaching new skills in basic education is to be increased, which subjects currently taught could be cut back on (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is the best solution and 6 is the worst)? No cut-backs, more classes should be introduced Mentioned first 1 1037 50.8 53.2 Mentioned second 2 283 13.9 14.5 Mentioned third 3 213 10.4 10.9 Mentioned fourth 4 119 5.8 6.1 Mentioned fifth 5 84 4.1 4.3 Mentioned sixth 6 214 10.5 11.0 System missing (SYSMIS). 90 4.4 [Q3B_2] If teaching new skills in basic education is to be increased, which subjects currently taught could be cut back on (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is the best solution and 6 is the worst)? Subjects dealing with general knowledge (history, biology) If teaching new skills in basic education is to be increased, which subjects currently taught could be cut back on (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is the best solution and 6 is the worst)? Subjects dealing with general knowledge (history, biology) 34

Q3B_4 Mentioned first 1 102 5.0 6.0 Mentioned second 2 206 10.1 12.2 Mentioned third 3 228 11.2 13.5 Mentioned fourth 4 267 13.1 15.8 Mentioned fifth 5 391 19.2 23.2 Mentioned sixth 6 492 24.1 29.2 System missing (SYSMIS). 354 17.4 [Q3B_3] If teaching new skills in basic education is to be increased, which subjects currently taught could be cut back on (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is the best solution and 6 is the worst)? Languages If teaching new skills in basic education is to be increased, which subjects currently taught could be cut back on (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is the best solution and 6 is the worst)? Languages Mentioned first 1 66 3.2 3.9 Mentioned second 2 105 5.1 6.3 Mentioned third 3 182 8.9 10.9 Mentioned fourth 4 302 14.8 18.0 Mentioned fifth 5 553 27.1 33.0 Mentioned sixth 6 469 23.0 28.0 System missing (SYSMIS). 363 17.8 [Q3B_4] If teaching new skills in basic education is to be increased, which subjects currently taught could be cut back on (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is the best solution and 6 is the worst)? Arts If teaching new skills in basic education is to be increased, which subjects currently taught could be cut back on (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is the best solution and 6 is the worst)? Arts 35

2. Variables Mentioned first 1 547 26.8 30.5 Mentioned second 2 568 27.8 31.7 Mentioned third 3 325 15.9 18.1 Mentioned fourth 4 204 10.0 11.4 Mentioned fifth 5 85 4.2 4.7 Mentioned sixth 6 63 3.1 3.5 System missing (SYSMIS). 248 12.2 [Q3B_5] If teaching new skills in basic education is to be increased, which subjects currently taught could be cut back on (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is the best solution and 6 is the worst)? Handicraft If teaching new skills in basic education is to be increased, which subjects currently taught could be cut back on (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is the best solution and 6 is the worst)? Handicraft Mentioned first 1 140 6.9 8.0 Mentioned second 2 417 20.4 23.8 Mentioned third 3 499 24.5 28.5 Mentioned fourth 4 374 18.3 21.3 Mentioned fifth 5 202 9.9 11.5 Mentioned sixth 6 121 5.9 6.9 System missing (SYSMIS). 287 14.1 [Q3B_6] If teaching new skills in basic education is to be increased, which subjects currently taught could be cut back on (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is the best solution and 6 is the worst)? Physical education If teaching new skills in basic education is to be increased, which subjects currently taught could be cut back on (on a scale from 1 to 6 where 1 is the best solution and 6 is the worst)? Physical education 36

Q4B Mentioned first 1 129 6.3 7.4 Mentioned second 2 249 12.2 14.3 Mentioned third 3 338 16.6 19.4 Mentioned fourth 4 449 22.0 25.8 Mentioned fifth 5 337 16.5 19.3 Mentioned sixth 6 241 11.8 13.8 System missing (SYSMIS). 297 14.6 [Q4A] How important an issue would you say the municipal tax rate in your municipality is to you? How important an issue would you say the municipal tax rate in your municipality is to you? Very important 1 234 11.5 11.5 Quite important 2 723 35.4 35.4 Difficult to say 3 333 16.3 16.3 Not very important 4 619 30.3 30.3 Not at all important 5 131 6.4 6.4 [Q4B] What is your opinion on the municipal tax rate in your municipality if you consider the services provided by the municipality (quantity and quality of services)? What is your opinion on the municipal tax rate in your municipality if you consider the services provided by the municipality (quantity and quality of services)? (continued on next page) 37

2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Very high 1 119 5.8 5.8 Quite high 2 505 24.8 24.8 Appropriate 3 1062 52.1 52.1 Quite low 4 81 4.0 4.0 Very low 5 21 1.0 1.0 Can t say 6 252 12.4 12.4 [Q4C] Social and health care reform will remove some tasks from the municipalities as well as the corresponding tax income. Please assess the development of municipal tax in your municipality in the future. Social and health care reform will remove some tasks from the municipalities as well as the corresponding tax income. Please assess the development of municipal tax in your municipality in the future. Will increase considerably 1 231 11.3 11.3 Will increase slightly 2 676 33.1 33.1 Will stay the same 3 392 19.2 19.2 Will decrease slightly 4 188 9.2 9.2 Will decrease considerably 5 69 3.4 3.4 Can t say 6 484 23.7 23.7 [Q7_1] In your opinion, how desirable is it that the following would happen within the next 10 years: Britain reverses its decision to leave the EU (Brexit) In your opinion, how desirable is it that the following would happen within the next 10 years: Britain reverses its decision to leave the EU (Brexit) 38

Q7_3 Very desirable 1 527 25.8 25.8 Fairly desirable 2 601 29.5 29.5 Difficult to say 3 458 22.5 22.5 Fairly undesirable 4 246 12.1 12.1 Very undesirable 5 208 10.2 10.2 [Q7_2] In your opinion, how desirable is it that the following would happen within the next 10 years: Dissolution of the EU In your opinion, how desirable is it that the following would happen within the next 10 years: Dissolution of the EU Very desirable 1 192 9.4 9.4 Fairly desirable 2 237 11.6 11.6 Difficult to say 3 345 16.9 16.9 Fairly undesirable 4 543 26.6 26.6 Very undesirable 5 723 35.4 35.4 [Q7_3] In your opinion, how desirable is it that the following would happen within the next 10 years: The EU gives up the euro and national currencies are reintroduced In your opinion, how desirable is it that the following would happen within the next 10 years: The EU gives up the euro and national currencies are reintroduced Very desirable 1 243 11.9 11.9 Fairly desirable 2 258 12.6 12.6 Difficult to say 3 336 16.5 16.5 Fairly undesirable 4 611 30.0 30.0 (continued on next page) 39

2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Very undesirable 5 592 29.0 29.0 [Q7_4] In your opinion, how desirable is it that the following would happen within the next 10 years: Finland gives up the Euro In your opinion, how desirable is it that the following would happen within the next 10 years: Finland gives up the Euro Very desirable 1 272 13.3 13.3 Fairly desirable 2 246 12.1 12.1 Difficult to say 3 309 15.1 15.1 Fairly undesirable 4 588 28.8 28.8 Very undesirable 5 625 30.6 30.6 [Q7_5] In your opinion, how desirable is it that the following would happen within the next 10 years: More countries decide to leave the EU following Britain s example (e.g. France) In your opinion, how desirable is it that the following would happen within the next 10 years: More countries decide to leave the EU following Britain s example (e.g. France) Very desirable 1 186 9.1 9.1 Fairly desirable 2 164 8.0 8.0 Difficult to say 3 338 16.6 16.6 Fairly undesirable 4 496 24.3 24.3 Very undesirable 5 856 42.0 42.0 40

Q7_8 [Q7_6] In your opinion, how desirable is it that the following would happen within the next 10 years: EU becomes a federation In your opinion, how desirable is it that the following would happen within the next 10 years: EU becomes a federation Very desirable 1 44 2.2 2.2 Fairly desirable 2 180 8.8 8.8 Difficult to say 3 639 31.3 31.3 Fairly undesirable 4 529 25.9 25.9 Very undesirable 5 648 31.8 31.8 [Q7_7] In your opinion, how desirable is it that the following would happen within the next 10 years: Finland leaves the EU In your opinion, how desirable is it that the following would happen within the next 10 years: Finland leaves the EU Very desirable 1 234 11.5 11.5 Fairly desirable 2 190 9.3 9.3 Difficult to say 3 353 17.3 17.3 Fairly undesirable 4 529 25.9 25.9 Very undesirable 5 734 36.0 36.0 [Q7_8] In your opinion, how desirable is it that the following would happen within the next 10 years: European unification slows down, and the EU becomes a looser union of sovereign nations In your opinion, how desirable is it that the following would happen within the next 10 years: European unification slows down, and the EU becomes a looser union of sovereign nations 41

2. Variables Very desirable 1 240 11.8 11.8 Fairly desirable 2 443 21.7 21.7 Difficult to say 3 699 34.3 34.3 Fairly undesirable 4 463 22.7 22.7 Very undesirable 5 195 9.6 9.6 [Q9_1] Evaluate whether the following has too much, an appropriate amount or too little power in our country at the moment: Trade union movement country at the moment: Trade union movement Too much 1 844 41.4 41.4 Appropriate amount 2 978 47.9 47.9 Too little 3 218 10.7 10.7 [Q9_2] Evaluate whether the following has too much, an appropriate amount or too little power in our country at the moment: Finnish Parliament country at the moment: Finnish Parliament Too much 1 333 16.3 16.3 Appropriate amount 2 1448 71.0 71.0 Too little 3 259 12.7 12.7 42

Q9_5 [Q9_3] Evaluate whether the following has too much, an appropriate amount or too little power in our country at the moment: European Union country at the moment: European Union Too much 1 1164 57.1 57.1 Appropriate amount 2 845 41.4 41.4 Too little 3 31 1.5 1.5 [Q9_4] Evaluate whether the following has too much, an appropriate amount or too little power in our country at the moment: Government (cabinet) country at the moment: Government (cabinet) Too much 1 718 35.2 35.2 Appropriate amount 2 1235 60.5 60.5 Too little 3 87 4.3 4.3 [Q9_5] Evaluate whether the following has too much, an appropriate amount or too little power in our country at the moment: Church country at the moment: Church 43

2. Variables Too much 1 616 30.2 30.2 Appropriate amount 2 1275 62.5 62.5 Too little 3 149 7.3 7.3 [Q9_6] Evaluate whether the following has too much, an appropriate amount or too little power in our country at the moment: Municipal decision makers country at the moment: Municipal decision makers Too much 1 264 12.9 12.9 Appropriate amount 2 1554 76.2 76.2 Too little 3 222 10.9 10.9 [Q9_7] Evaluate whether the following has too much, an appropriate amount or too little power in our country at the moment: Environmentalists country at the moment: Environmentalists Too much 1 525 25.7 25.7 Appropriate amount 2 988 48.4 48.4 Too little 3 527 25.8 25.8 44

Q9_10 [Q9_8] Evaluate whether the following has too much, an appropriate amount or too little power in our country at the moment: Market forces country at the moment: Market forces Too much 1 1209 59.3 59.3 Appropriate amount 2 772 37.8 37.8 Too little 3 59 2.9 2.9 [Q9_9] Evaluate whether the following has too much, an appropriate amount or too little power in our country at the moment: Juridiciary country at the moment: Juridiciary Too much 1 127 6.2 6.2 Appropriate amount 2 1502 73.6 73.6 Too little 3 411 20.1 20.1 [Q9_10] Evaluate whether the following has too much, an appropriate amount or too little power in our country at the moment: Banks country at the moment: Banks 45