Aalto! / ENG + ARC Rak-C3004 Rakentamisen tekniikat Asuinrakennusten rakenneratkaisuja 03.11.2016
Rakennesuunnittelun kulku : 1. Rakennuksen ositus. 2. Rakennuksen osien : 1. Rakennusmateriaalien valinta. 2. Rakennejärjestelmien valinta : 1. Kantavat ja jäykistävät rakenteet. 2. Täydentävät, eristävät rakenteet. 3. Mittajärjestelmän valinta : 1. Moduulijärjestelmä. 2. Suosituimmuusmitat. 4. Tuotantotekniikan valinta : 1. Valmistustekniikka. 2. Asennustekniikka. 3. Rakenteiden suunnittelu ja mitoitus. 4. Liittymien suunnittelu ja mitoitus. Tätä me harjoittelemme tässä erityisesti. Näihin me tutustumme tässä alustavasti
Rakenteiden jatkuvuus : Liitevyöhykkeet ja liitokset, liittymät, asioita jotka työllistävät suunnittelijaa eniten JATKUVUUS, integrointi
Rakennuksen osajärjestelmät :
Vaihtoehtoja rakenteiksi : Vaihtoehtoja on äärettömän paljon : Rakennuksien tilaohjelmia ja perusratkaisuja Rakennusmateriaaleja. Rakennevaihtoehtoja Erilaisia rakenneyhdistelmiä on olemassa äärettömän paljon. Rakenteita ei voida koskaan kaikilta osin standardisoida : Järjestelmät vanhenevat nopeasti. Kehityspotentiaali on edelleen suuri. Standardisointi on ainoa tie eteenpäin : Industrial construction, BIM, CM, Sustainable construction.
Talonrakentaminen : Pilareita, palkkeja, laattoja, levyjä. 12 16 Laatat 4-8 1 Palkit Suhteessa korkeuteen 20-30 kertainen 1 10-15 Pilarit 15-20 Levyt Jo näillä selviää...
Esimerkki : Asuinrakennuksen lohkominen : Rakennuksen tyypilliset lohkot : Vesikaton rakenteet ja yläpohja. Asuinkerrosten seinät ja välipohjat. Alapohjan rakenteet. Perustukset. Pohjarakenteet. Kaikki poikkeavat, erilaiset osat rakennusta aina omina lohkoina : Kuistit, terassit, autokatokset. Rakennuksen lohkoilla voi olla kaikilla : oma rakennejärjestelmä, jäykistysjärjestelmä, mittajärjestelmä ja tuotantotekniikka.
Asuinkerrostalojen lohkominen : Asuinkerrostalot lohkotaan yleensä porrashuoneittain : Lohkojen väliin muodostuu työsauma tai siihen tehdään liikuntasauma. Liikuntasaumat ovat tarpeellisia jos : Rakenteet muuttuvat. Kerrosten määrä on lohkoissa erilainen. Pohjaolosuhteet ovat erilaiset. Toiminta ja kuormitukset muuttuvat. Betonirungoissa liikuntasaumoja on vähintään 50 m välein : Puutalot tarvitsevat huomattavasti harvemman ja teräsrakenteet tiheämmän liikuntasaumavälin. Kaikki saumat, myös työsaumat vaativat suunnittelua.
Esimerkki 1 : Miksi talo on jaettu kahteen lohkoon työsaumalla? Rakennesuunnittelun alussa erotetaan aluksi se mitä rakennussuunnittelussa saatiin yhdistettyä. Tulokseksi saadaan suunnittelijalle työlista.
Rakennejärjestelmän rakennusosat : 1. Runkorakenteet. Kantavat, jäykistävät. Liitokset 2. Täydentävät rakenteet. Ei-kantavat rakenteet Talotekniikka 3. Pintarakenteet. Alaslasketut katot. Ylösnostetut lattiat, (asennuslattiat). Ulosvedetyt seinät, (asennusseinäkkeet). Liitosvyöhyke.
Kantavat rakenteet ja eristävät rakenteet : 1. Kantavat rakenteet : Kantavat ja jäykistävät. Liitokset. 2. Eristävät rakenteet. Lämmöneristys. Kosteuseristys. Ilmatiiveys. Palotekniikka. Akustiikka. Rakenteiden lujuusoppi ja rakennusfysiikka : Tämän kurssin tapa
I Structural systems : 1. Load bearing walls. 2. Columns and beams. 3. Columns and slabs. 4. Space structures. Designers have to know the possible structural alternatives.
II Production technologies : 1. Construction on site. 2. Pre-cut. 3. Element construction. 4. Modul construction. Designers have to know how the house can be build.
Common solutions for the timber-based and concrete- based solutions : Concrete Foundations : natural foundation or pile foundation, no remarkable differences for frame materials or weigth of the building. Roofs are build by Nail-Plate Trusses or wooden beams: In the buildings with attic trusses. If the inner roof has been inclined wooden beams are used. Surface structures in facades according to architectural design : Different materials, their combinations have to be possible in facades. Facade elements are delivered often to the building-site only with an inner skin. Intemediate walls and roof surfaces are mainly of Gypsum : If no new ideas are presented. Windows and doors : Like in small-houses.
Common solutions continues... Sometimes you have to use steel beams : - It is not a big sin nor a mistake. Use composite structures if more economical.
Timber-based solutions : The most appropriate and suitable alternatives of wood products : Precut Timber or Timber Elements. Cross Laminated Glued Timber solutions. Laminated Veneer Lumber solutions. Glued Timber. Log houses.
APR Basement and suspension floor : Platform of timber beams. Water insulation between basement and platform. Ring beams tie beams together. Insulation supported by wind shield panels. Above the timber beams are fitted the plywood panels, tongued and grooved around the panel, glued and screwed. Plywood panels stiffen the platform horizontally. Air tightness. Constructed on building site or an timber-based element slab: glued and nailed elements. Hannu Hirsi 18 5mu
APR Anchorage Example: Basement and first platform. Hannu Hirsi 19
APR Walls above the first platform : Walls are assembled above the platform by nailguns. All measurements and markings for walls are made on platform. Begin in the corner and continue counterclockwise Raised by workgroups - framers. Wind shield panels makes the walls stiff. Or walls have been prefabricated at a factory and transported to the building site and hoisted in their places.. Hannu Hirsi 20
APR Example : Connection between wall and foot of window. Hannu Hirsi 21
APR Example: Connection between wall and top of window. Hannu Hirsi 22
APR Second platform : In intermediate floors, structures are as in first platform but less insulation. Supports for stairs and balconies. The height of the walls can be different from the first floor. Thin sheet metal shoes are widely used with beams. Hannu Hirsi 23 3mu
APR Example: Connection between the platform and exterior wall. (Small houses) Hannu Hirsi 24
APR Balconies : Can change the direction of beams inside platforms. Hannu Hirsi 25
APR Stairs : Hannu Hirsi 26
APR Floors and acoustics : Acoustics insulation recommendations are very difficult to fullfill : Severe problems with walking, voices and vibrations. Need more mass, sand or concrete. Finally very complicated structures: High work quality required. Be careful with vibrations! Hannu Hirsi 27
APR Next Platforms and walls: Hannu Hirsi 28
APR Interior walls : HVAC Installations: Heat, ventilation, air conditioning. inside walls and platforms. Surface structures and finishing only after installations. Hannu Hirsi 29
APR Interior walls and acoustics : Walls between apartments must be divided in to surfaces : Installations and connections between walls and platforms important. Lastulevy Kipsilevy Hannu Hirsi 30
APR Interior walls and fire : Load-bearing walls (REI) : Load-bearing and fire separating walls can be designed with EC5: No problems with dimensioning the fire resistance for timber structures. Separating walls (EI) : Hannu Hirsi 31
APR Example: Roof. Use fiberboard here Screw these battens Hannu Hirsi 32
APR Insulation and sheeting, surfaces : Insulation by insulation boards or blown fiber insulation. In facades air and moisture barriers needed. Plywood sheets ( 9mm) / chipboards (12 mm) / gypsum boards (13 mm) / fire-gypsum boards (15 mm). Special waterproof solutions in the floors of sanitary units. Hannu Hirsi 33
Summary : Hannu Hirsi 34
Pystyrakenteiden jatkuvuus : Platform Frame : Balloon Frame : Hannu Hirsi 35
Vaakarakenteiden jatkuvuus :
Permanent wood foundations : Canadian wood council. Radon, humidity? Hannu Hirsi 37
Design of DURABLE Wooden exterior wall: >600 mm If you are not experienced designer : 1. Plan a reliable drainage system outside and inside the wall. 2. Use long enough eaves. 3. Use high enough basement. 4. Remember in the foot of all timber parts a drip. Be sure that all systems work during winter too. > 500 mm > 1 : 20 Drip Drainage Hannu Hirsi 38
Design of Wooden exterior wall boardings: 12 Recommendations : 1. Thickness > 28 mm. 2. High quality of timber. 3. Rounded and rebated profiles. 4. Core out, finely sawn surfaces. 5. Prefabricated priming. 6. Adequate moisture in fixing. 7. Under board > 25 mm C/C 600 mm. 8. Drips. 9. On surface grains downwards. 10. Rebated joints in longitudinal direction. 11. End distance > 70 mm. 12. Side distance > 25 mm. Hannu Hirsi 39
Design of FIRE resistant Wooden exterior wall and : Prevent high velocity flows : 1. Steel profile, t = 1mm. 2. 5 % holes, 95 % closed, - no straight path for gases. 3. Wind barrier with no smoke and fire. Hannu Hirsi 40
Design of SUBFLOOR space : Must be ventilated properly : During summer RH = 100 % many weeks. Fungi and mould grow, T is over 5 degrees. During winter no severe moisture problems! Hannu Hirsi 41
CLT / LVL Plate house of timber-based elements : Load bearing walls and slabs can be constructed by LVL or CLT slabs and plates : same building principles as in BESconcrete element houses. http://www.clt.info/
Multi-storey wooden house continues : Martinssons : Deformations of structural system. Loads in parallel and perpendicular direction :
CLT Manufacturing of wall and floor elements : Precision : +/- 1 mm. Elements can be manufactured in five-axis CNC-workstation : Components are delivered to the building site as prefabricated elements, like concrete elements. CLT measurement system : Max width is 2,95 m, length 16 m ja height 40 cm. Plate has 3-, 5- ja 7-lamellas. Lamella thickness 19 43 mm, ja thinnest plate is 57 mm.
CLT Floors : Floor elements with exact openings for installations. Easy joints with screws. GL CLT Hannu Hirsi 45
Metsä Wood, LVL Kerto Multi-Storey Houses
LVL Kerto Structural System : Kerto frame : Beams and columns. Massive stiffening plates. Ribbed Kerto floor components : Width 1800 2500 mm. Span 5 7,5 m. Light facade components : King panel (GL-plate). Plastering. Masonry.
Viikki, Helsinki, LVL roof, ribbed kerto components assembled : Waterproof roof surface!
Building Information modelling needed :
Concrete foundation : Normal solutions used with piles and concrete beams : Hollow-core slabs Tolerances are extremely important!
LVL roof, ribbed kerto components : Hanging, light facade elements Supporting, load- bearing facade elements
LVL floor, ribbed kerto components : Screws and plywood together with LVL
LVL Floors : Floor elements With ribs to give more stiffness. Joints with screws. Good sound and impact sound insulation. Hybrids? Hannu Hirsi
HVAC Installations : Still under development.
CLT / LVL Facades : Walls are cut in their proper measures in factory and transported to building sites. Easy joints with thin steel plates and screws most common : first aid... Hannu Hirsi 55
CLT Facades II : Mineral wool and CLT/LVL without any frame under development.
CLT Separating walls : Load bearing separating walls between different apartments needs insulations : For fire gypsum boards are needed. Both Balloon and Platform framing principles are possible. Hannu Hirsi 57
CLT Roof structures : Roof can also have CLT-slabs with ribs as a load-bearing structure. GL-beam supporting CLT-slab. Easy joint for beams and slabs.
Volumetric CLT housing Based on Jaakko Pennanen s Masters s thesis 2013
Volumetric CLT Cantilevering structures possible : Extra support needed
Volumetric CLT Joints : Still under development work. Must be interlocked Sylomer
Volumetric CLT Main details : External wall Bathroom
Volumetric CLT HVAC-solutions :
Volumetric CLT Multi-storey house of wood : Gypsum house.
CLT StoraEnso / Lakea / Seinäjoki :
CLT Skellefteå / Sweden :
CLT Skellefteå / Sweden / parking :
Summary of CLT : How we can utilize wood in a better way : We don t need so much wood for any structural reason in Town Houses
New loghouses : Childrens day nursery in Pudasjärvi First floor made of logs manufactured by Kontio-tuote Oy Second floor and roof by sawn timber (nail-plate trusses)
log short corner technique is nowadays possible: Should be used with covering corner planks, if not properly designed. Long corners are in fact challenging alternative, try to avoid! All fixing allow settlements All electric wires are inside the wall or behind the laths.
log new production technologies widely utilized :
Timbeco Research project from this multi story wood structural system is most likely going to start at department of civil engineering Building projects, using this structural system, will start in close future. Column/beam system based on 3,8 m modules and 1,9 m half modules Possibilities in townhouses?
Concrete-based solutions : The most appropriate and suitable alternatives of concrete products : Concrete Elements. Concrete Blocks.
BES Concrete element system. Sandwich-elements Easy to get town houses with excellent fireresistance and good sound insulation. Extremely stiff and load bearing frame : Normally only transversal walls are load-bearing walls Hollow-core concrete slab Concrete-steel composite structures
Niittykumpu / Skanska
BES Concrete sandwich elements. Facade elements for high-rise buildings :
BES Concrete hollow core slab elements and composite beams : It is possible to design large openings for stairs : transversal or longitudinal slabs.
Blocks and hollowcore-slabs : All slabs and blocks are combined and integrated together with reinforcements and concrete cast in situ.
HVAC-installations in BES-buildings : All the holes leading through the hollow-core slab have to be made during manufacturing process : In good co-operation with engineers. Holes leading through in the cast in situ slabs
Partition walls built with concrete blocks : Separating walls need mineral wool insulation between two separate block walls. Beams for openings cast in site Blocks insulated by expanded caly or expanded polystyrene.
Bock walls and system of measures : Very suitable way of building straight, even walls with small amount of openings : separating walls. load-bearing walls. Prefabricated blocks and ladder type reinforcements, ready-mixed pumped concrete, industrial way of building.
All concrete surfaces are normally sprayed by paste spraying guns : As a result an airtight, fireresistant and acoustically acceptable structures : Cement-based or Gypsum-based pastes.
Reinforced concrete blocks : Cast on site and blocks combined. Big openings are possible in the walls.
Hybrid Buildings
Kaden & Klingbeil : iba2013
Slabs : 1. Steel beams 2. CLT-slabs and columns 3. Shear notches 4. Temporary supports 5. Joint gap under the wall 5 1 4 2 3
Walls : 1. CLT notched joints. 2. Beam column joint. 3. For facade system only. 3 2 1
Details : Floors nad facades (horizontal view) : HEB 220 S355 Kerto Q beam Hollow for concrete Concrete, Gypsum Insulation Concrete Wood Load-bearing wall Non-load-bearing wall
Details : Facades and Walls (vertical view) : HEB 220 S355 Floors and walls (horizontal view) : Kerto Q column Concrete with reinforcement Shear connection CLT 7 layers Check, how you assemble the plates between and inside the beams?
Cree : Life Cycle Tower LCT : A timber component system of construction. Meets all the req. of loads, fire and sound. Charasteristics : Construction times reduced by half Cost and quality guarantee Lower lifecycle costs Lifecycle-optimised design concept Reduced dependency on raw materials Less working space required on site Attractive urban design aspects with enhancing effects on the district Favorable CO2 balance Recyclability of the materials, components and elements used.
Design background : Softwood is considerably lighter than concrete. Prefabrication and assembly of factory-made components has considerable advantages over conventional construction methods. Member connections are "dry" and on-site concrete work kept to a minimum. Design grid allows a wide range of different floor layouts and design flexibility. The sustainable use of wood as the construction material is expected to gain the system top category certification from LEED.
Structural system Hybrid Slabs : Glue-laminated timber (Glulam) provide the tension structure while: GL is visible : Width of beam big enough. Reinforced concrete layer gives the required fire protection and sound insulation. Slab spans were designed to be up to 30 feet. The standard slabs are based on a European 1350mm or 1500mm grid, resulting in Hybrid Slabs with a nominal size of 2690mm (8-10 ) or 2990mm (9-9 ).
Structural system Joints : Vertical pipes, with a 3 inside diameter are embedded in edge beams : provide a void space for vertical connection rods and joints.
Integration : 1 Mass Timber structural panels + 2 Layer 5/8 gypsum board underside only (2HR FFR) 2 Mass Timber structural panels + 2 Layer 5/8 gypsum board interior side only (2HR FFR) 3 Finish floor (refer to floor assembly table) 4 Finish ceiling: 1 layer 5/8 gypsum board 5 Finish wall: 1 layer 5/8 gypsum board 6 Rain screen facade (non-combustible). Refer to typical envelope details 7 Steel beam 8 Pot light 9 Sprinkler (plastic pipe) 10 Electrical outlet 11 Exhaust penetration with fire stopping 12 2 loose mineral wool insulation for sound absorption (ceiling) 13 2 loose mineral wool insulation for sound absorption (wall) 14 Gasket to reduce sound transmission between floor and wall 15 Gap between drywall and stud to reduce sound transmission 16 Back boxes for light fixtures to reduce sound transmission