http://www.seco.tkk.fi/ Deploying National Ontology Services: From ONKI to Finto Eero Hyvönen Semantic Computing Research Group (SeCo) Aalto University and University of Helsinki http://www.seco.tkk.fi/ Eero Hyvönen eero.hyvonen@aalto.fi
Outline Vision: National Semantic Web Infrastructure FinnONTO Ontology Infrastructure Ontologies Ontology Library Services
Vision: National Semantic Web Infrastructure http://www.seco.tkk.fi/
Lessons Learned from MuseumFinland Finnish Museums on the Semantic Web 2002-2004 First system integrating museum collections form different museums based on semantic web ontologies and RDF Online since 2004: http://www.museosuomi.fi/ [Hyvönen, et al., Journal of Web Semantics, 2005] W3C domain independent ontology standard RDF(S) is useful but Domain specific standards i.e. actual ontologies are missing There were no ontologies in Finnish reflecting Finnish cultural heritage There were useful thesauri around, such as General Finnish Thesaurus (YSA) Thesaurus for Museum Domain (MASA) Let s create and share together ontologies on a national level! With interoperability to international ontologies => National Finnish Ontology Project FinnONTO (2003-2012)
FinnONTO Thesis Semantic Web needs a content infrastructure for interoperability Especially useful in Cross-domain applications Collaborative Web 2.0 applications
Traditional Infras: (rail)roads, electricity, Semantic Content Infra: Ontologies, data, metadata
Intellectuals solve problems - geniuses prevent them Albert Einstein
FinnONTO Industrial & Public Organization Consortium FinnONTO 2003-2004 14 funding organizations 2004-2005 16 funding organizations 2005-2006 30 funding organizations 2006-2007 37 funding organizations FinnONTO 2.0 2008-2010 38 funding organizations FinnONTO 2.0 35 funding org., 2010-2012 1,52MEUR Semantic UBICOM-services (SUBI) 17 funding org., 2010-2012 0,55MEUR Linked Data Finland (LDF) 19 funding org., 2012-2014 0,49 MEUR
FinnONTO Ontology Infrastructure http://www.seco.tkk.fi/
FinnONTO Approach: Preventing Problems in Advance by Collaboration Sharing Ontologies Creating a Library Service of Mutually Interoperable Vocabularies/Ontologies Sharing Metadata Schemas Sharing Linked Open Data [Hyvönen et al., ICSC 2007, ESWC 2009, SW Journal 2010]
Major Components of FinnONTO Ontology Infrastructure Ontologies Ontology Library Services
http://www.seco.tkk.fi/ Ontologies
Major Domain Ontology Types Needed General Concept Ontologies Actor Ontologies Place Ontologies Time Ontologies Event Ontologies Domain Nomenclatures and Terminologies Domain ontology refers thesaurus or gazetteer like KOSs whose resources are used is element values of metadata descriptions
General Concept Ontologies http://www.seco.tkk.fi/
A Method for Transforming Keyword Thesauri into Light Weight Ontologies Input: a thesaurus using standard ISO [2788] / SFS 5471 Semantic relations: NT, BT, RT, USE, USED FOR,... Used widely in Finland Fairly large vocabularies, e.g., YSA 24,000 terms Output: a light-weight subclass-of ontology Complete subclass-of hierarchy Hierarchical relationships Based on NT / BT relations of the thesaurus Transitive subclass hierarchy sceletons Part-of and associative relations distinquished from subclass-of Disambiguation of meanings Semantic disambiquation of term meanings Preferred vs. non-preferred terms (USE / USED FOR) Multilinguality
Example of Transitivity Issues make-up mirrors BT mirrors mirrors BT furniture make-up mirrors subclassof furniture When searching furniture make-up mirros would be in the result!
Example: University Terminology YSA Thesaurus -> YSO Ontology Thesaurus Ontology
KOKO: Linked Ontology Cloud / Network Each ontology was aligned with the top ontology YSO by machine and then corrected by hand [Hyvönen et al., ESWC, 2008] Protege editor (Stanford University) was used for editing Skosify tool was developed for validating and transforming ontologies into SKOS [Suominen, Hyvönen, EKAW, 2012] Some additional tools were developed, such as MUTU for managing changes in the top ontology [Pessala et al., ISWC WS, 2011] and KOAN for inspecting overlapping areas
KOKO Linked Open Ontology Cloud Aligning KOKO ontologies YSO Your ontology?... VALO MAO AFO TAO... KOKO [Hyvönen et al., ESWC 2009]
End-users view KOKO Ontology YSO AFO MAO TAO VALO KOKO
KOKO: Linked Open Ontology Cloud Name Ontology domain Underlying thesaurus Size Maintaining Organization 1 YSO General domain General Finnish Thesaurus, YSA, Allärs 23700 National Library, Åbo Academy 2 MUSO Music Thesaurus of Music, MUSA/CILLA 1000 National Library 3 MAO Museum domain Thesaurus of Museum Domain, MASA 6800 National Board of Antiquities 4 AFO Agriculture, foresty Agriforest Thesaurus 5500 Viikki Science Library TAO Applied arts Thesaurus of Applied Arts 2600 University of Eastern Finland and 5 Library of Aalto University VALO Photography Thesaurus of Photography Literature, 1900 Finnish Museum of Photography 6 Thesaurus of Photography Technology 7 MERO Seafaring, shipping Thesaurus of Seafaring 1400 Finnish Transport Agency 8 KAUNO Literature subjects Thesaurus of Literature, Bella 4900 Finnish Public Libraries, Kirjastot.fi JUHO Public government Thesaurus of Finnish Government, VNAS 6400 Ministry of Finance 9 10 TERO Health promotion YSA, TESA, MeSH, Stameta 22000 Various organizations 11 KITO Literature research Thesaurus of Literature Research 900 Finnish Literature Society 12 KULO Culture research Thesaurus for Folk Culture Studies 1600 Finnish Literature Society 13 KTO Linguistics Thesaurus of Linguistics 1000 Research Institute for the Languages in 14 PUHO Defense Thesaurus of Defence Administration 2000 Finland Finnish Defence Forces 15 POIO Points of interest TGN, Geonames, LDG, SUO 4600 Various organizations TOTAL 86300
Ontology Developers in Action Work goes now on at the National Library based on the FinnONTO prototype Validating and correcting ontologies (e.g. translations) Finalizing the parts and structure of the ontology cloud Minimizing overlapping areas
http://www.seco.tkk.fi/ Actor Ontologies
Resolving and Aligning Identities - Linguistic variations - Pseudonames (Mark Twain = Samuel Clemens), nicknames - Honorary names (e.g., popes, kings,...) - Name changes (e.g., due to marriage) in time - Different names used in different communities
ONKI People Ontology Service A demo with Getty ULAN 120,000 Instances Faceted Search [Kurki, Hyvönen, ICSD, 2010]
Use Case: CultureSampo http://www.kulttuurisampo.fi How is A. Gallen-Kallela related to Napolean I? [Mäkelä et al., Semantic Web Journal, 2012]
Use Case: Semantic National Biography http://www.ldf.fi/dataset/history/map.html#4.00/60.00/25.00 6300 biographies of the National Biography (Finnish Literature Society) CIDOC CRM data (116 000 events) linked with 4 additional datasets to enrich data based on (SKS) aineistoon perustuen [Hyvönen et al., ISWC P&D, 2014]
http://www.seco.tkk.fi/ Place Ontologies
ONKI Geo for Geo-ontologies http://demo.seco.tkk.fi/onkipaikka/ 800,000 contempory Finnish places Finnish historical places Millions of places abroad (GNS,GNIS)
Historical Place Ontology of Finland (counties, municipalities) http://www.seco.tkk.fi/ontologies/sapo/ http://demo.seco.tkk.fi/saha/sapo/resource.shtml?uri=http%3a%2f%2fwww.yso.fi%2fonto%2fsapo%2fhelsinki_1946-1965_ Modeling Changes of Regions http://www.seco.tkk.fi/ontologies/sapo/ [Kauppinen et al., 2007, Hyvönen et al., 2011]
http://www.seco.tkk.fi/ Time Ontologies
Modeling linear and cyclic time Time periods are different in different countries E.g. Bronze Age in Egypt and Nordic Countries Modeling uncertainty in time [Kauppinen et al., IJHCS, 2010]
http://www.seco.tkk.fi/ Event Ontologies
Using Events as References (URI) Example: Bettman Archive Foto [Doerr, 2004] Dublin Core record related to the Yalta Conference Matadata does not refer explicitly to the Yalta Conference or WW II Based on shared events, content could be aggregated Searching stuff dealing with the events Finding semantic associations based on events and their clusters
Finnish History Ontology HISTO http://www.seco.tkk.fi/projects/history/
Preserving Intangible Cultural Heritage: Tradional Leather Boot Making
Event Graph of Making Leather Boots [Kettula, Hyvönen, CIDOC 2012]
Skill Documentation in CultureSampo: A Semantic Video Viewer Semantic process description Semantic recommendations Dynamic information about the video scene
Nomenclatures and Terminologies http://www.seco.tkk.fi/
Lots of Different Kinds in Diffrent Domains Diseases, drugs Trademarks of different kinds Chemical combounds Biological species Laws
Biological Taxonomic Ontologies and Namelists Collab.: Finnish Museum of Natural History, BirdLife, Vanamo http://www.seco.tkk.fi/ontologies/biology/ vuosi alue ryhmä taksoneita joista lajeja Catalogus Lepidopterorum. Fenniae et regionum adiacentium. 1. Macrolepidoptera. 1962 Suomi Perhoset 313 161 Suomen perhosten luettelo 1977 Suomi Perhoset 256 120 The Lepidoptera of Europe. A Distributional Checklist 1996 Skandinavia Perhoset 12256 9804 Checklist of Finnish Lepidoptera 2002 Suomi Perhoset 265 126 Suomen perhosten luettelo - päivitetty versio 2008 Suomi Perhoset 4573 2987 Norwegian Lepidoptera 2008 Norja Perhoset 3244 2210 Luoteis- Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Russia (only NW parts) 2008 Venäjä Perhoset 3251 2171 Estonian Lepidoptera. Catalogue 2008 Viro Perhoset 3477 2389 The Fly Fauna of Finland (Draft) 2008 Suomi Kärpäset 6351 4800 Suomen loispistiäisluettelo (Hymenoptera, Parasitica). Osa 1. heimo Ichneumonidae, alaheimot Pimplinae, Poemeniinae, Rhyssinae ja Diacritinae - A check list of Finnish Hymenoptera, Parasitica. Part 1 1995 Suomi Loispistiäiset 282 210 Suomen loispistiäisluettelo (Hymenoptera, Parasitica). Osa 2. alaheimot Tryphoninae, Eucerotinae, Adelognathinae, Xoridinae ja Agriotypinae - A check list of Finnish Hymenoptera, Parasitica. Part 2 1999 Suomi Loispistiäiset 398 311 Suomen loispistiäisluettelo (Hymenoptera, Parasitica). Osa 3. alaheimo Cryptinae - A check list of Finnish Hymenoptera, Parasitica. Part 3 1999 Suomi Loispistiäiset 919 727 Suomen loispistiäisluettelo (Hymenoptera, Parasitica). Osa 4. heimo Ichneumonidae, alaheimot Lycorinae, Neorhacodinae, Stilbopinae, Banchinae ja Ctenopelmatinae - A Check list of Finnish Hymenoptera, Parasitica. Part 4 2000 Suomi Loispistiäiset 786 646 Suomen loispistiäisluettelo (Hymenoptera, Parasitica). Osa 5. heimo Ichneumonidae, alaheimot Tersilochinae, Ophioninae, Anomalinae, Paxylommatinae, Cremastinae ja Campopleginae - A check list of Finnish Hymenoptera, Parasitica. Part 5 2003 Suomi Loispistiäiset 733 587 Suomen ripsiäisten luettelo - Checklist of Finnish Thysanoptera 2008 Suomi Ripsiäiset 219 140 Suomen nivelkärsäisten luettelo - Check-list of Finnish Hemiptera 2008 Suomi Nivelkärsäiset 2690 1697 Verkkosiipiset ja Suomen verkkosiipiset ja kärsäkorennot - The Neuroptera s.l. and Mecoptera of Finland 2008 Suomi kärsäkorennot 113 72 Maailman lintujen suomenkieliset nimet (Finnish Names of the Birds of the World) 2010 Maailma Linnut 12125 9740 Nisäkkäiden nimilista (beta) 2008 Maailma Nisäkkäät 6062 4629 Suomen myrkkypistiäisten luettelo 2010 Suomi Myrkkypistiäiset 1048 664 [Tuominen et al., ESWC, 2011, ESWC WS 2013]
Changes in Biological Taxonomies is a Challenge! [Tuominen et al., ESWC 2011]
Ontology Library Services: ONKI Concept http://www.seco.tkk.fi/
Centralized ONKI Ontology Services 1. Ontology Developers - Colloborative development of interdependent ontologies - Versioning and support for updates 2. Information Searchers - Support concept-based search - Keyword disambiguation - Finding the right search concepts Nokia: company or city? 2. Information Indexers - Support indexing concept finding - Keyword disambiguation - Support indexing patterns
FinnONTO ontologies are published as a service by the National Ontology Library ONKI since 2008 Living laboratory for human and machine users (APIs) 14 000 human users / month 400 registered machine user domains Two implementations ONKI 3 http://www.onki.fi ONKI Light On SPARQL for SKOS vocabularies http://light.onki.fi/
ONKI 3: http://onki.fi
ONKI Light on SPARQL: http://light.onki.fi (Linked Data Finland)
What is ONKI? Architecture Annotators, software developers, content service end-users ONKI library www.onki.fi Ontology directory ONKI Web Service ONKI Widgets Ontology download ONKI Browser(s) ONKI Feedback Services for end-users ONKI API ONKI SKOS ONKI Geo ONKI People... Domain and ontology specific ONKI implementations Ontologies Ontology data ONKI Publish Your ONKI purifier ONKI ctrl ONKI Fetch External sources Services for ontology owners Ontology developers & publishers [Viljanen et al., ESWC 2010]
ONKI Widget for Mashups Ontology services are automatically available after publishing a vocabulary or ontology with ONKI Simple AJAX-based widget for creating mash-ups Direct Web Remoting (DWR) API
KOKO Ontologies and ONKI Light Deployed in 2014 by the National Library as Finto: http://finto.fi Permanent free national service funded by Ministry of Education and Culture and Ministry of Finance from state budget
http://www.seco.tkk.fi/ A Practical Pilot Example (online since 2008) CultureSampo http://www.kulttuurisampo.fi
Biografiakeskus ja kirjastot keräävät henkilöhistoriaa henkilö nimi ammatti syntymapaikka... H1 Akseli Gallen-Kallela taiteilija Lemu H2 Gustaf Mannerheim marsalkka Askainen... nimi Akseli Gallen-Kallela ihminen tyyppi H1 ammatti taiteiija s-paikka Lemu Biography Center tyyppi nimi Gustaf Mannerheim H2 ammatti marsalkka s-paikka Askainen
Museo luetteloi maalauksia teos nimi tekijä aika aihe... T1 Mannerheimin muotokuva Akseli Gallen-Kallela 1929 Gustaf Mannerheim T2 Aino-triptyykki Akseli Gallen-Kallela 1891 Aino, Kalevala... nimi Akseli Gallen-Kallela tekijä T1 tyyppi maalaus... Art Museum Collection aika 1929 aihe nimi Gustaf Mannerheim
Maanmittauslaitos ylläpitää paikkarekistereitä kunta Askainen Helsinki Lemu Turku... lääni Varsinais-Suomen lääni Uudenmaan lääni Varsinais-Suomen lääni Varsinais-Suomen lääni kunta Lemu tyyppi tyyppi lääni Land Survey part-of tyyppi part-of... part-of Varsinais-Suomen lääni Suomi Askainen Turku part-of
FinnONTO kehittää ontologiainfrastruktuuria KOKO-ontologia pysyvä yläluokka yläluokka käsite muuttuva yläluokka abstrakti fyysinen objekti yläluokka yläluokka ajanjakso ammatti paikka yläluokka kunta ihminen taiteiija FinnONTO lääni maalaus marsalkka
Semantic RDF Network Connects it All: Web of Data (GGG) käsitteet pysyvä yläluokka muuttuva yläluokka abstrakti yläluokka fyysinen objekti yläluokka paikka yläluokka yläluokka nimi Akseli Gallen-Kallela ajanjakso tyyppi ammatti kunta CultureSampo ihminen tyyppi tyyppi H1 ammatti taiteiija s-paikka Lemu tekijä tyyppi T1 maalaus tyyppi lääni yläluokka tyyppi... aihe aika 1929 part-of Varsinais-Suomen lääni part-of Suomi H2 nimi ammatti Gustaf Mannerheim marsalkka part-of part-of s-paikka Askainen Turku
Nine Thematic Perspectives into Cultural Heritage Nine perspectives Three languages Lately viewed items Lately commented items
Collections on the Map
Objects on Historical Maps and Google Maps Wikipedia articles Panoramio photos Links to historical places
Relational Search: How is A. Gallen-Kallela related to Napolean I?
Skill Documentations (Intangible CH) A Semantic Video Viewer Semantic process description Semantic recommendations Dynamic information about the video scene
Semantic Kalevala: The computer understands the national epic Kalevala Translation into modern Finnish Semantically annotated 50 poems of the national epic - Events and narratives Links to related art etc.
Summary Ontologies Are a Key for Linking Data Support and Tools are Needed Shared ontologies Shared ontology services Cross-domain Collaboration Is Needed in GGG! Use Ontology Infrastructure to Prevent Data Linking Problems!
Thanks! More info, publications & demos on the SeCo-web?! http://www.seco.tkk.fi/ http://www.seco.tkk.fi/publications Eero Hyvönen: Publishing and Using Cultural Heritage Linked Data on the Semantic Web. Morgan & Claypool, Palo Alto, CA, USA, October, 2012. http://www.seco.tkk.fi 64