GPS operations at Olkiluoto. Kivetty and Romuvaara for 1998

Working Report 99-31 GPS operations at Olkiluoto. Kivetty and Romuvaara for 1998 Matti Ollikainen Juhani Kakkuri April 1999 POSIVA OY Mikonkatu 15 A, FIN-1 HELSINKI, FINLAND Tel. +358-9-228 3 Fax +358-9-228 3719

GPS OPERA TIONS AT OLKILUOTO, KIVETTY, AND ROMUV AARA FOR 1998 AUTHORS: ~td!t/ ~ Matti llikainen J 1 1-1. ~-~ ~-.,L q"\t'\.r-_ Juhani Kakkuri Geodeettinen Laitos The Finnish Geodetic Institute March 1998.

Working Report 99-31 GPS operations at Olkiluoto, Kivetty and Romuvaara for 1998 Matti Ollikainen Juhani Kakkuri April 1999

Working Report 99-31 GPS operations at Olkiluoto, Kivetty and Romuvaara for 1998 Matti Ollikainen Juhani Kakkuri The Finnish Geodetic Institute April 1999 Working Reports contain information on work in progress or pending completion. The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of author(s} and do not necessarily coincide with those of Posiva.

GPS operations at Olkiluoto, Kivetty and Romuvaara for 1998 Abstract The operations of the perrnanent GPS stations at the POSIV A investigation areas have been continued four years for Olkiluoto, and 2.6 years for Kivetty and Romuvaara. The continuously tracked GPS data are processed routinely together with the GPS data from other two permanent stations of Metsähovi and Tuoda. The seven-day solutions show that the movements relative to the IGS station Metsähovi are in the order of a few millimetres. The uplift rates deduced from GPS agree well with that obtained from precise levelling. As the time span is not sufficiently long, more reliable results can be obtained in a few years. For the local GPS monitoring networks, eight measurements have been perforrned for Olkiluoto, while six measurements have been perforrned for Kivetty and Romuvaara. The local movements are generally rather small (less than.5 mm/yr). lt is rather difficult to identify such small movements for a time span of less than 4 years. Nevertheless, some deformation signals can be revealed already. For the Olkiluoto investigation area, it is likely that GPS9 is moving to the east, and GPS1 is moving to the west. The opposite movements of GPS9 and GPS 1 indicate that it is feasible that a slip rate of.4-.5 mm/yr occurs along the fracture zone between GPS9 and GPS 1. For the Kivetty investigation area no statistically significant movement was found. For the Romuvaara investigation area, there exists indications that GPS5 is moving to the east. Same kind of indications show that GPS3 is moving to south-east direction. The size of the change rate is about.6-.7 mm/yr. All these interesting phenomena are need to be investigated in details by performing more repeated measurements in the coming years. Keywords: Permanent GPS stations, GPS measurements, crustal deformations.

Olkiluodossa, Kivetyssä ja Romuvaaran alueella vuonna 1998 tehtyjen GPS-mittausten tulokset Tiivistelmä Geodeettisia GPS-satelliittimittauksia on jatkettu neljän vuoden ajan Olkiluodon ja noin kahden ja puolen vuoden ajan Kivetyn ja Romuvaaran asemilla. Jatkuvista rekisteröinneistä muodostettuja viiden vuorokauden keskiarvoja on verrattu Metsähovin ja Tuodan GPSasemien vastaavaan dataan. Vertaukset osoittavat, että asemien välimatkat pitenevät Metsähoviin nähden muutamia millimetrejä vuodessa. Tämä merkitsee, että maankuori laajenee Metsähovin, Tuorlan, Olkiluodon, Kivetyn ja Romuvaaran asemien rajaamaha alueella, mikä on sopusoinnussa Fennoskandian alueella tapahtuvan maankohoamisen kanssa. Korkeussuunnassa havaitut liikkeen ovat yhdenmukaisia pitkäaikaisten tarkkavaaitusten antamien maannousutulosten kanssa. Luotettavaroman kuvan saamiseksi on GPS-mittauksia kuitenkin jatkettava vielä usean vuoden ajan. Olkiluodon, Kivetyn ja Romuvaaran paikallisverkoissa on myös suoritettu GPS-mittauksia siten, että Olkiluoto on mitattu kahdeksaan kertaan ja sekä Kivetty että Romuvaara kuuteen kertaan. Paikalliset maankuoren relatiiviset liikkeet mittausalueiden sisällä ovat yleisesti ottaen vähäisiä ( <.5 mm/v) ja kolme-neljä vuotta pitkä havaintojakso on vielä liian lyhyt, jotta niin verkkaiset liikkeet saataisiin luotettavasti määritetyiksi. Kuitenkin selviä merkkejä liikuntojen olemassaolosta on havaittavissa. Niinpä Olkiluodon alueella pisteiden 9 ja 1 vastakkaissuuntainen liike.4-.5 mm/v viittaisi siihen, että pisteet erottavaa ruhjevyöhykettä pitkin tapahtuisi lohkoliikettä. Kivetyn alueella tilastollisesti merkittäviä liikkeitä ei voida havaita. Sen sijaan Romuvaaran alueella piste numero 5 näyttää liikkuvan itään ja piste 3 kaakkoon. Pisteiden liikenopeus on n..6-.7 mm/v. Edellä mainittujen liikuntojen varmistamiseksi lisämittauksia on tehtävä vielä usean vuoden aja. Avainsanat: Pysyvät GPS-asemat, GPS-mittaukset, maankuoren deformaatio.

CONTENTS: Changes in the processing of the GPS observations 1. The new GPS software 2. Ionospheric modelling GPS OPERATIONS AT OLKILUOTO 1. Operation of the Permanent GPS Station 2. The Measurements of the Local GPS network 2.1 The first measurement of the local GPS network 2.2 The second measurement of the local GPS network 3. Data Analysis and Local Movements GPS OPERATIONS AT KIVETTY 1. The Operations of the Permanent GPS Station 2. The Measurements of the Local GPS network 2.1 The First Measurement of the Local GPS Network 2.2 The Second Measurement of the Local GPS Network 3. Data Analysis and Preliminary Result GPS OPERATIONS AT ROMUVAARA 1. The Operation of the Permanent GPS Station 2. The Measurements of the Local GPS network 2.1 The First Measurement of the Local GPS Network 2.2 The Second Measurement of the Local GPS Network 3. Data Analysis and Preliminary Results REGIONAL DEFORMATIONS SUMMARY Acknow ledgements References 2 2 3 1 1 15 15 16 17 22 22 24 24 26 26 29 29 31 31 33 33 37 4 41 42 Appendix 1. Appendix II. Appendix III. Results of eight measurements at Olkiluoto (Zero epoch, 1995.) Final result of the first measurements at Olkiluoto in 1998 Final result of the second measurements at Olkiluoto in 1998 Appendix IV. Results of six measurements at Kivetty (Zero epoch, 1996.) 79 Appendix V. Final result of the first measurements at Kivetty in 1998 82 Appendix VI. Final result of the second measurements at Kivetty in 1998 94 Appendix VII. Results of six measurements at Romuvaara (Zero epoch, 1996.) 17 Appendix VIII. Final result of the first measurements at Romuvaara in 1998 11 Appendix IX. Final result ofthe second measurements at Romuvaara in 1998 122 43 51 65

2 CHANGES IN THE PROCESSING OF THE GPS OBSERVATIONS 1. The new GPS software The GPS observations made in 1995-1997 in all three POSIV A's micronetworks were processed using the Bemese (ver 3.5) software. Thenew version of the Bemese software (ver 4.) was released already in September 1996 (Rothacher et al. 1996). The main part of thenewversion is based on theversion 3.5, but it includes some new features, too. E.g. the orbit part and the ionospheric modelling part were completely revised, the processing speed of the version 4. was improved compared to the older versions, etc. Because the routinely computations of the Finnish Permanent GPS Network (FinnRef) observations were continuously made by the version 4. it was decided to take the new version also in use in the processing of the GPS observations made in POSIV A's micronetworks. The observations were processed according to the same principles as followed in the previous GPS computations (Chen and Kakkuri 1996): Observations were processed using independent L 1 and L2 observations, rather than any linear-combinations, in order to obtain lower measurement noises and smaller effects of the multipath errors. The ionospheric refraction was modelled and Ll and L2 observations were corrected with the estimated ionospheric models in order to remove the absolute scale errors resulted from the ionospheric refraction. A global standard atmospheric model, which approximately represents the atmospheric conditions at the observation time, was used to correct the tropospheric refraction in order to remove the scale errors. Local tropospheric parameters were solved in the final solution in order to obtain an unbiased estimation of the height component. In order to confirm that the processing algorithms of both versions of the software are working similarly the GPS observations made at Romuvaara in 1997 were processed again with the new version. The results, i.e. the baseline lengths, were compared with those published in (Chen and Kakkuri 1998). The differences of the baseline lengths (Table 1) show that no difference, which is coming from different versions of the software, exists in the solutions.

3 Table 1. Testing two versions of the Bernese software. Differences of the vector lengths computed with Bernese v. 3.5 and Bernese v. 4.. The data used for the test computation: A = Romuvaara, the first measurement 1997 B = Romuvaara, the second measurement 1997 Vector Differences in mm Vector Differences in mm A B A B GPS1-GPS2..1 GPS3-GPS6 -.1. GPS1-GPS3.1. GPS3-GPS7 -.1.1 GPS1-GPS4.. GPS4-GPS5.. GPS1-GPS5.2. GPS4-GPS6.. GPS1-GPS6.. GPS4-GPS7.1. GPS1-GPS7.. GPS5-GPS6..1 GPS2-GPS3.1. GPS5-GPS7..1 GPS2-GPS4 -.1.1 GPS6-GPS7.1. GPS2-GPS5.. GPS2-GPS6 -.1. Mean:..2 GPS2-GPS7 -.1. St. dev:.8.4 GPS3-GPS4.. RMS:.8.5 GPS3-GPS5.. n: 21 21 2. Ionospheric modelling The ionospheric distance correction to be added to the GPS observations may be computed according the following formula (Wild 1994): ~. = + 4.3 TEC Pwn - /2 ' (1) where TEC is the total electron content along the ray path and the + sign signifies code observations and the - sign phase observations. Typical daytime values of vertical TEC is for mid-latitude sites are of the order of 1 1 8 electrons per m2. The corresponding night time values are of the order of 1 17 electrons per m2. The dimensions of the constant 4.3 are s- 2 m 3. The simple Eq. (1) has one problematic term: TEC, which is dependent on the state of the ionosphere, location of the observation station, observation time, etc. One of the main principles of the GPS is to eliminate ionospheric effects by using two frequencies. This may be done by forming the ionospheric-free linear combination (L3). Using the ionospheric-free linear combination has, however, some disadvantages compared with those observations computed using the basic frequencies alone. The observation noise becomes three times as large as when using the L 1 frequency alone.

4 When we try to obtain the extreme accuracy of short baseline measurements with GPS the best method is to use both frequencies separately and correct the observations with a local TEC model. The model can be derived from the GPS observations using the so called geometry free combination (L4) of the two frequencies, which is independent of receiver clocks and geometry. The Bemese software gives the local TEC model in the following form: where nmax mmax E({3' s) = L LE nm ({3 - {3 r ( s - s ) m ' n=o m=o are the maximum degrees of the two dimensional Taylor series expansion in latitude f3 and in longitude s. are the TEC coefficients of the Taylor series i.e. the local ionosphere model parameters. are the coordinates of the origin of the development. (2) The user of the Bemese software has to define himself the degree of the development, i.e. the degree of the TEC coefficients (Enm), which will be used for the ionospheric model. Because TEC is highly variable both temporally and spatially it is difficult to conclude the degree of the coefficients. The compilers of the software recommend the following values: 1 for latitude, 2 for time and 2 for mixed coefficients. In the previous years the ionospheric models were solved, however, using higher values for the degrees of the development. The degrees of the development were 3 for latitude, 5 for longitude and 5 for mixed terms. The purpose was to determine the ionospheric delay as accurate as possible in the GPS solutions, but in some cases the use of the higher order terms may lead to erroneous results. It is probable that during normal ionospheric conditions the ionospheric delay may be computed more accurate using a higher degree ionospheric model. The state of the ionosphere is, however, varying and today the ionospheric disturbances are coming more and more common because of the increasing solar activity. The example which is shown here describes the ionospheric situation during a calm day (1998 May 13.- 14.) and during another day with disturbed ionosphere (1998 Oct. 2.-3.). Thestate of the ionospehere is described in Figs. 1. and 2. by Ionosperic Derivative (IOD), which shows the rate of the ionospheric delay (m/s). During normal circumstances the values of IOD varies from -.3 m/s to.3 m/s (Fig. 1), but during the disturbances the values of IOD varies rapidly from -1 m/s to 1 m/s (Fig. 2). It can be seen in Fig. 2 that the ionospheric disturbances start at 14 o'clock in Oct. 2 and continues until the next day to 4 o'clock.

5 lonospheric derivative (1) at Romuvaara, 1998 May 13.-14. ~... E c Q.5 -.5-1 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 Time [h] Fig. 1. The ionospheric derivative (IOD) at Romuvaara in 1998 May 13.-14. Software: TEQC, ver. 1.97 (UNAVCO 1997). lonospheric derivative (1) at Romuvaara 1998 Oct. 2.-3. i c Q 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 Time [h] Fig. 2. The ionospheric derivative (IOD) at Romuvaara in 1998 Oct. 2.-3. Software: TEQC, ver. 1.97 (UNAVCO 1997). The ionospheric models were derived using the data from the permanent GPS station with IONEST program of the Bernese software. Two types of ionospheric models were derived for both days. The degrees of the coefficients were in the first model 1 for latitude, 2 for time and 2 for mixed coefficients. In the second model the degrees of the coefficients were 3 for latitude, 5 for longitude and 5 for mixed terms. The quality of the coefficients determined can be seen from the standard deviations of the coefficients which are shown in Figs. 3a-4b. During the calm day the standard deviations of the coefficients are practically the same independent of the degree of the development (Figs. 3a and 3b ). The situation is different during ionospheric disturbances. The lower degree coefficients were determined by a reasonable accuracy (Fig. 4a), but thestandard deviations of the higher order coefficients increase rapidly during the ionospheric disturbances. The maximum values of the standard deviations are approximately 1 times the normal values.

6 1. St.devs. of the ionospheric model coefficients, Romuvaara 1998 May 13.-14. Degree of the development: Time 2, Latitude 1, Mixed 2. :> Cl) c.,; en.1.1.1 - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -- -- - -+ --o--+1 --&-+2 ~1+ ~1+1. 5 1 15 2 Time [h] 25 3 35 4 Fig. 3a. Standard deviation of the ionospheric model coefficients at Romuvaara in 1998 May 13.-14. Degree of the development: 1 for latitude, 2 for time and 2 for the mixed terms. 1..1 :>.1 Cl) "C.,;.1 en.. St.devs. of the ionospheric model coefficients, Romuvaara 1998 May 13.-14. Degree of the development: Time 5, Latitude 3, Mixed 5. 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 Time [h] 4 - -+1 --&-+2 +3 ~+4 ------+5 -+-1+ -1+1-1+2 ---+--1+3 --o--1+4 2+ 2+1 2+2 Fig. 3b. Standard deviation of the ionospheric model coefficients at Romuvaara in 1998 May 13.-14. Degree ofthe development: 3 for latitude, 5 for time and 3 for the mixed terms. 1. St.devs. of the ionospheric model coefficients, Romuvaara 1998 Oct. 2.-3. Degree of the development: Time 2, Latitude 1, Mixed 2. :> Cl) "C.,; en.1.1.1 -+ --o--+1 -.--+2 ~1+ -X-1+1. 5 1 15 2 25 3 Time [h] 35 Fig. 4a. Standard deviation of the ionospheric model coefficients at Romuvaara in 1998 Oct. 2.-3. Degree of the development: 1 for latitude, 2 for time and 2 for the mixed terms.

7 1. St.devs. of the ionospheric model coefficients, Romuvaara 1998 Oct. 2.-3. Degree of the development: Time 5, Latitude 3, Mixed 5. -+-- --G-+1 ---A----+2 -----+4 :> Q), en.1.1.1 ~+5 -t-1+ -1+1-1+2. 5 1 15 2 25 Time [h] 3 35 Fig. 4a. Standard deviation of the ionospheric model coefficients at Romuvaara in 1998 Oct. 2.-3. Degree of the development: 3 for latitude, 5 for time and 5 for the mixed terms. 2 1.8 fl 1.6 ~ 1.4! 'E 1.2 '6 8: 1 :5 ~.8 C) :ii.6...j.4.2 Differences caused by the ienespheric medel te the baseline length as a functien ef azimuth, Remuvaara 1998 1 2 4 6 BO 1 12 14 16 18 Azimuth [degrees) Differences caused by the ienespheric medel te the baseline length as a functien ef azimuth, Remuvaara 199811 ~ ~ W 1 1~ 1~ 1W 1 Azimuth [degrees) Fig. 5a. The differences caused by the ionospheric model to the baseline length at Romuvaara in 1998 May 13.-14. The higher order ionospheric model yield longer baseline lengths. The minimum differences occur on the east-west baselines. Fig. 5b. The differences caused by the ionospheric model to the baseline length at Romuvaara in 1998 Oct. 2.-3. The higher order ionospheric model yield longer baseline lengths. The minimum differences occur on the east-west baselines. Both ionospheric models were used in computing the coordinates and the vector lengths from the observations at Romuvaara. As expected the differences caused by the different ionospheric models are small during calm ionosphere, but remarkable during ionospheric disturbances. The differences in the vector lengths were arranged according to the azimuth of the baseline (Fig. 5a and 5b ). The use of the higher order ionospheric model yielded longer baseline length in almost all cases. In the case of the calm ionosphere the baseline lengths are almost independent of the ionospheric model used. On the contrary the effect of the ionospheric model used is remarkable during disturbed ionospheric conditions.

8 The difference in the baseline lengths is clearly dependent of the azimuth of the baseline. The largest differences, which are about 2 ppm, were obtained on the northsouth baselines (Fig. 5b ). On the east-west baselines the choice of the ionosphere model has the minimum effect. The different ionospheric models introduce an azimuth dependent scale difference to the GPS solution. If we try to use the GPS observations to monitor the baselines with different azimuths it is extremely important that we use similar ionosphere model in each solution. The difficulty which we met here is that during ionospheric disturbances the solution of the higher order terms is not reliable, but in order to maintain the consistency of the solution we can not change the degree of the ionospheric model. The comparison of the solutions obtained by different ionospheric models shows the differences and their dependence of the azimuth of the baseline but does not tell which one of the solutions is closer to the reality. We may suspect according to the standard deviations of the ionospheric model coefficients that during ionospheric disturbances the lower order ionospheric model yields more reliable result. In order to get more information about the effect of the ionospheric models to the baseline lengths we solved all the observations at Olkiluoto, Kivetty and Romuvaara using two different ionospheric models. The mean of the deviations at all baselines of the network in different observation sessions describes the mean scale factor of the session. The scale factors obtained using different ionospheric models at Romuvaara are shown in Fig. 6. In previous observation sessions the effect of the used ionosphere model is only.1-.2 ppm, but in the last session the difference is.6 ppm. Because the lower order ionospheric model yielded the value which is closer to the mean of all observations we decided to compute again the previous observations made in 1996-97 at Olkiluoto and at Kivetty using lower order ionospheric model. The ionospheric disturbances are in close connection to the sunspot numbers. The electron density of the ionosphere is dependent of the charged particles which are coming from the sun to the upper atmosphere. The number of sunspots is varying in a 11 years cycle (Fig. 7). The next maximum will taken place in April 2 (Thompson 1998). The increasing number of the sunspots may cause some troubles in high precision GPS positioning. The ionospheric modelling has to be done with ultimate care so that the effects which are coming from the ionospheric disturbances are not confused to baseline length variations.

9 1.75 E' a..5 8.25 ll... -(.) m -C1) -.25 m (.) -.5 en -.75-1 96 Scale factor at Remuvaara 1996-1998 96.5 97 97.5 Year 98 98.5 99 ~ lonospheric rrodel degree:(1+2) -o- lonospheric rrodel degree: (3+5) Fig. 6. The scale factor of different measurements at Romuvaara obtained using to different ionospheric models. The scale factors were obtained by computing the mean of the deviations of the baseline lengths from their mean value. 2 ll... C1).c 15 E ::::s t: 1 - a. U) t: ::::s en 5 Sunspot numbers 19-21 ---Obsen.ed -Predicted 19 192 194 196 198 2 Year i~ '. i l ' 1,t '! \ \ \J Fig. 7. Sunspot numbers according to Thompson (1996, 1998) from 19 to 21.

1 GPS OPERATIONS AT OLKILUOTO The permanent GPS station at Olkiluoto has been operating for more than four years since October, 1994. It worked normally without any problem in the course of 1998. The continuous tracking GPS data was analyzed routinely in connection with other FinnRef stations by Mr. Hannu Koivula. The software used for the GPS processing of the FinnRef data is continuously Bemese ver. 4.. The network of the permanent GPS stations of the FGI is described in (Ollikainen et al. 1997). The principles of the processing of the GPS observations is described in details in (Koivula 1997). The local GPS network was observed two times during 1998. The first measurement was performed in May, 7.-8., while the second measurement was performed in October, 6.-7. Both measurements were successful without any problem. The data were analyzed with the Bemese ver. 4. software according to the same processing principles as used for the previous years. According to four years continuous observations, the movement of the permanent GPS station at Olkiluoto (relative to the IGS, Intemational Geodynamics Service, station at Metsähovi) has been derived. The relative horizontal movements obtained are less than two millimeters, while the vertical movement is about mm/yr, which is about twice as much as that from precise levelling. But the vertical movements shows a correct trend though the GPS result is still a bit scatter. 1. Operation of the Permanent GPS Station The permanent GPS station at Olkiluoto worked normally in the course of 1998. Only a few days interruptions occurred during 1998. The firmware of the receiver was updated (Version: CBOO) in November 17. The new firmware may be used in connection with Vaisala meteorological sensors and transmitter which are planned to be connected to the receiver on February 1999. The mast for the meteorological sensors was erected at the station in autumn 1998. The GPS data have been downloaded automati-

11 cally via the computer at the Finnish Geodetic Institute at Masala. Details on the operation of the permanent stations can he referred to the annual project reports of the previous years (Chen and Kakkuri, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998; Ollikanen et al., 1997). Five permanent GPS stations of Metsähovi, Olkiluoto, Kivetty, Romuvaara and Tuorla are included in our regular processing procedure of 12 FinnRef stations. The processing procedure includes two parts: the daily solutions and the comhination adjustments. The daily solutions are firstly ohtained. The normal equation of each daily solution is stored, and then used for the comhination adjustments which are performed for every seven days. The results of the comhination adjustments are used for the investigation of crustal deformations. Results from the analysis of ahout 4 years continuous GPS tracking data at Olkiluoto show some trendin coordinates of the station. The velocity components relative to the IGS station at Metsähovi are.6 ±.2 mm/yr for the horizontal distance, -.4 ±.1 mm/yr for the north component, -1. ±.2 mm/yr for the east component, and 1.7 ±.4 mm/yr for the height component. Details of the movements of each component are shown in Figs. 8, 9, 1, and 11. Compared to the previous determinations (Chen and Kakkuri 1997) the new values are somewhat smaller, which may he due to the short ohservation period used for the previous determination. The magnitude of the difference of the uplift rate ohtained from GPS (1.7 mm/yr) is close to the value, 3.1 mm/yr, ohtained from tide gauge records and precise levelling (Kakkuri and Poutanen 1997). The change ohtained from the GPS is, however, that of ellipsoidal height difference whereas the change obtained from tidegauge/levelling is that of orthometric heights. The continuous GPS tracking data from the permanent GPS station at Tuorla, which is about 11 kilometers south from Olkiluoto, are also processed. The variations of the horizontal distance, the north component, the east component and the height component are.8 ±.2 mm/yr, -.4 ±.1 mm/yr, -.6 ±.1 mm/yr and 1.1 ±.2 mm/yr respectively, as shown in Figs. 12, 13, 14, and 15. The vertical component is 1.1 mm/yr which agrees well with the result ohtained from precise levelling and tide gauge records, 1.2 mm/yr (Kakkuri and Poutanen 1997). As the system operates continuously, more precise results will he ohtained in the coming years.

12 variåtion ofthe Horizontal Oistance between Metsähoviand Olldluoto 1T---~--~--~~----~------~--~--~----~~------~ 5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -5 Fig. 8. V ariations of the horizontal distance between the IGS station Metsähovi and the permanent GPS station at Olkiluoto. Fig. 9. Variations of the north component between the IGS station Metsähovi and the permanent GPS station at Olkiluoto. variation ot the Mt!tsällovi and Olrdluoto ':g~mp~~~~, ~~~-~.-. Fig. 1. Variations of the east component between the IGS station Metsähovi and the permanent GPS station at Olkiluoto.

13 ~~li~~ic>o <»~!~~ ~~~~~~ A~~~?.,~~t ~~m ~~ Metsähovi and Oikiluoto Fig. 11. Variations of the height component between the IGS station Metsähovi and the permanent GPS station at Olkiluoto. Fig. 12. V ariations of the horizontal distance between the IGS station Metsähovi and the permanent GPS station at Tuorla. \;ätiåtic)g9jlfie! N()ijh Oöfflpp~en~ ~~~E!ijl'l Metsähovi and.tuorla Fig. 13. V ariations of the north component between the IGS station Metsähovi and the permanent GPS station at Tuorla.

14 ~ r, t~9~ 9f l'-'' ~ ~teqmp9o ijt ~~~~~" Metsähovi and Tuorla Fig. 14. Variations of the east component between the IGS station Metsähovi and the permanent GPS station at Tuorla. Fig. 15. V ariations of the height component between the IGS station Metsähovi and the permanent GPS station at Tuorla. The velocity components of the permanent stations at Olkiluoto and Tuorla are summarized in Table 2. Table 2. Velocity components of the permanent stations at Olkiluoto and Tuorla. Components Olkiluoto Tuorla mm/yr mmlyr Horizontal distance.6 ±.2.8 ±.2 North -.4 ±.1 -.4 ±.1 East -1. ±.2 -.6 ±.1 Height 1.7 ±.4 1.1 ±.2

15 2. The Measurements of the Local GPS network The local GPS monitoring network at Olkiluoto (see Fig. 16) has been measured twice as planned during the year 1998. The first measurement was performed at the beginning of May, while the second one was performed at the beginning of October. During the first measurement only five Dome Margolin antennas were available for the observations, but during the second measurements seven antennas were available for the observations. The observation sessions were, however, somewhat longer than in the previous years. As previous years meteorological data were not observed, because they are not used in the computation. 1 KM Local Stations / Fractures.Å Boreholes Fig. 16. The local GPS monitoring network at Olkiluoto. 2.1 The first measurement of the local GPS network The first measurement of the local GPS monitoring network at Olkiluoto was performed during 7.-8., May, 1998. As mentioned above, the observations were made using 5 receiver/antenna pairs. The minimum session length for a baseline was 7 hours. The observation sessions are summarized in Table 3, while the antenna/receiver pairs for each station are listed in Table 4.

16 Table 3. Observation windows for the first measurement of 1998 at Olkiluoto. Session Observation day Observation Status of the Number Calendar day GPS day windows (UT) GPS data 1 7. May 1998 127 9:3-24: OK 2 8. May 1998 128 :-9: OK Table 4. Receiver/Antenna pairs used for the first measurement of 1998 at Olkiluoto. RCV 1 ANT pair Receiver S/N Antenna S/N Stations occuied 11) 418 11964 GPS1 2 LP181 11194 GPS2, GPS1 3 LP192 11761 GPS3, GPS8 4 3436 11959 GPS4, GPS7 5 3176 11754 GPS5 6 43 11988 GPS6, GPS9 1 ) Permanent GPS station. 2.2 The second measurement of the local GPS network The second measurement was performed during 6.-7., October, 1998. The number of the receiver/antenna pairs used in the measurement was 7. Two sessions, about 1 hours each, were performed for this measurement. The observation windows are listed in Table 5, while the receiver/antenna pairs used for this measurement are listed in Table 6. Table 5. Observation windows for the second measurement of 1998 at Olkiluoto. Session Number 1 2 Observation day Calendar day GPS day 6. Oct. 1998 279 7. Oct. 1998 28 Observation windows (UT) 8:-24: :-9: Status of the GPS data OK OK Table 6. Receiver/ Antenna pairs used for the second measurement of 1998 at Olkiluoto. RCV 1 ANT pair 11) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Receiver S/N 418 LP181 3175 43 LP192 3436 3398 LP995 Antenna S/N 11964 11194 11963 13995 11754 11772 11959 1177 Stations occupied GPSI GPS2 GPS3, GPS8 GPS4, GPS1 GPS5 GPS6 GPS7 GPS9 1) Permanent GPS station.

17 3. Data Analysis and Local Movements As the local GPS network at Olkiluoto has been observed for four years with eight repeated measurements, we attempt to model the deformation based on the results of eight measurements. The first step is to investigate the change rates of the baselines between two stations. As we have ten stations in the investigation area, 45 baselines can be formed but these baselines are not statistically independent. In order to estimate the change rates in length of the baselines, the observation equations with v=ax-1 (1) VI ti- to St v2 t2- to s2 V= A= X = [::] and 1= V; t;- t S; vn tn- to sn are established. Here s; is the observed baseline length for the i-th measurement, s is the baseline length at the zero epoch t which is 1995. in our case, vs is the change rate of the baseline, t; is the observation epoch of the i-th measurement, n equals to 8 as we have eight measurements. The observations are weighted equally as similar observation procedures are used for all the measurements. The parameter vector x can be solved by least squares as following: with x=qatpi Here P is an identity matrix as the observations are weighted equally. The posterior variance factor can then be estimated with <Jo-- -+JvTPv -- n-2 and the estimated error of the baseline length at zero epoch and the change rates can be obtained by (J,\'o =(J.JCi:: (J Vs =(J ~' where q 11 and q 22 are the diagonal elements of Q. The estimated change rates and their errors are listed in Table 7.

18 Table 7. Summary of the change rates of 45 baselines at Olkiluoto. The change rates and the estimated errors are obtained from least squares solutions from the results of eight measurements performed in 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998. Baselines with change rates of statistically significant at the confidence level of 95% are highlighted. Baseline Change St. dev. Length of the St. dev. rate Baseline at zero epoch (1995.) (mrnly) (mrnly) (mm) (mm) GPS1-GPS2 -.29 ±.19 1355863.35 ±.45 GPS1-GPS3 -.22.34 16192.38.8 GPS1-GPS4.2.34 643447.13.81 GPS1-GPS5.6.4 1131621.74.93 GPS1-GPS6.36.16 1264824.4.37 GPS1-GPS7.26.16 1482992.11.37 GPS1-GPS8.29.22 15945.15.51 GPS1-GPS9..15 2343595.57.35 GPS1-GPS1.53.25 277424.52.59 GPS2-GPS3 -.27.44 169848.7 1.3 GPS2-GPS4 -.23.29 1856923.93.69 GPS2-GPS5.16.28 1477356.34.66 GPS2-GPS6.3.15 2436724.47.35 GPS2-GPS7 -.1.12 2811673.59.29 GPS2-GPS8.1.33 2949496.3.78 GPS2-GPS9 -.24.1 3649886.25.22 GPS2-GPS1.33.29 32628.23.67 GPS3-GPS4 -.16.15 756324.2.36 GPS3-GPS5 -.7.49 29424.96 1.14 GPS3-GPS6.13.3 2126842.73.71 GPS3-GPS7 -.3.8 27348.69.19 GPS3-GPS8.24.27 1924578..63 GPS3-GPS9 -.24.11 2914435.98.25 GPS3-GPS1.23.23 2855936.1.55 GPS4-GPS5 -.3.43 1734652.73 1.2 GPS4-GPS6.28.23 1418663.79.55 GPS4-GPS7.12.14 1317485.57.34 GPS4-GPS8.3.43 1216239.45 1. GPS4-GPS9 -.1.2 2165877.85.46 GPS4-GPS1.36.21 21842.4.5 GPS5-GPS6 -.12.22 1284565.75.51 GPS5-GPS7.3.26 1894752.29.62 GPS5-GPS8 -.9.27 22567.58.62 GPS5-GPS9 -.2.3 2571611.38.7 GPS5-GPS1.29.25 2949.56.58 GPS6-GPS7.26.25 6838.89.59 GPS6-GPS8.7.27 1157814.81.63 GPS6-GPS9 -.12.22 129279.8.52 GPS6-GPS1.24.24 8375.33.55 GPS7-GPS8 -.29.18 511257.91.42 GPS7-GPS9 -.24.15 868576.21.36 GPS7-GPS1.21.25 878512.1.58 GPS8-GPS9 -.51.26 157916.87.6 GPS8-GPS1 -.19.21 1332796.96.5 GPS9-GPS1 -.25.4 726689.86.93 RMS: ±.27 ±.62

19 The maximum change +.53 mm/yr is obtained from the baseline between GPS 1 and GPS 1. Of 45 baselines, only 4 have the change rates of statistically significant at the confidence level of 95%. The results of eight measurements for these 4 baselines are shown in Fig. 17, while the results for all the baselines are given in Appendix 1. The output files of the final adjustments from the Bemese software for the first and the second measurements are given in Appendixes II and 111, respectively. As described in Chap. 1.2 all measurements since 1995 were reprocessed using the lower order ionospheric model. The results of the present solution and the previous solution are given in Appendix 1. The results of the both solutions are also shown in Figs. 17. The statistic distribution of the change rates of the baselines are summarized in Table 8. Fig 17. Measurement results of four baselines which have statistically significant change rates. The comparison of the statistics in Table 8. with the previous one (Chen and Kakkuri 1998) show some remarkable changes. The number of the baselines with largest changes of rates (lvl>.5 mm/yr) has decreased from 1 to 2, which indicates that computing of the change of rate from the observations of very short period yield unreliable results. The four baselines which has regarded to have statistically significant changes of rates here are shown in Figs. 18 and 19.

2 Table 8. Statistic distribution of the change rates of 45 baselines from the local GPS measurements. Change rates Number of Baselines % lvl <.2 mmlyr. 2 44.4%.2 < lvl <.35 mmlyr. 2 44.4%.35 < lvl <.5 mmlyr. 3 6.7%.5 < lvl <.65 mmlyr. 2 4.4% lvl >.65 mmlyr..% Total 45 JOO% Local Stations + Olkiluotovesi.Å Boreholes Fig. 18. Significant change rates in length for the baselines connected to GPS 1. A slight extension can he noticed on the baselines marked on the map. Local Stations + Olkiluotovesi.Å Boreholes Fig. 19. Significant change rates in length for the baselines connected to GPS9. A weak compression on the baselines marked on the map is noticed.

21 Eurajoensalmi / Fractures "- Boreholes + Olkiluotovesi Fig. 2. A feasible slip along the fracture separates GPS6, GPS9 and GPSlO. If we consider Figs. 18 and 19 simultaneously, we may notice that it is possihle that the GPS stations 9 and 1 are moving to opposite directions; GPS9 is moving to the east, and GPS 1 is moving to the west. The opposite movements of GPS9 and GPS 1 indicate that there may he a slip along the fracture zone which separates these two stations. The situation ahout the possihle slip of this fracture is shown in Fig. 2. As the movements are so small, eight measurements on a time span of four years are not enough to make a firm conclusion. A more reliahle conclusion can he made after some years ohservations.

22 GPS OPERATIONS AT KIVETTY The GPS operations at the Kivetty investigation area during 1998 included the operation of the permanent GPS station and two measurements of the local GPS monitoring network. The continuous tracking GPS data was analyzed routinely in connection with other FinnRef stations by Mr. Hannu Koivula. The software used for the GPS processing of the FinnRef data is continuously Bernese ver. 4. 1. The Operations of the Permanent GPS Station The permanent station has been Operated for about 2.5 years since sth of March, 1996. Although a Åskar lightning protection device has been installed at the permanent station, the device and the modem was watched carefully during the summer. The telephone connection was tumed off during most week -ends in summertime in order to minimize the risk of the lightning. The data collected during the week-ends was transferred from the receiver to Finnish Geodetic Institute after the week-ends. The data of some days was loosed in autumn due to the malfunctioning of the receiver. That is why the receiver was changed on Oct. 28. The S/N of the new receiver is LPO 181. The firmware of the new receiver is CBOO. The new firmware can be used to download the data from Vaisala meteorological sensors, which were installed at the station on Oct. 28. The models of the meteorological sensors are humidity and temperature probe HMP45A-P and pressure transmitter PTU2AAA1AA. A special antenna mast with a mounting set (Vaisala PTU2MIK) was erected at the station. The temperature and humidity sensors are inside the radiation screen (Vaisala DTR13). The project reports of previous years (Chen and Kakkuri, 1996, 1997, 1998) give details on the operation of the permanent GPS station. GPS data are automatically downloaded by the computer at the Finnish Geodetic Institute at Masala. The continuous tracking data are routinely processed with the data collected from the FinnRef stations by a standard processing procedure. The tracking data are firstly processed day by day, and the combination adjustments are then performed for every seven days on the basis of the normal equations of the daily solutions. The variations of the baseline

23 length, the north component, the east component, and the height difference are showed in Figs. 21, 22, 23 and 24. The small, but clear drift to west ( -1. mm/yr, Fig. 23) may be noticed in the east coordinate difference between Kivetty and Metsähovi. The ellipsoidal height difference between Kivetty and Metsähovi is changing 3. mm/yr (Fig. 24), which agrees exactly with the value, 3. mm/yr obtained by precise levelling (Kakkuri and Poutanen 1997). Fig. 21. V ariations of the baseline length between the IGS station at Metsähovi and the permanent GPS station at Kivetty. Fig. 22. V ariations of the north component between the IGS station at Metsähovi and the permanent GPS station at Kivetty.

24 Fig. 23. V ariations of the east component between the IGS station at Metsähovi and the permanent GPS station at Kivetty. Jtit~atiq~ P~ t~e~~i9htq()ml>()ll~lit ~~~~~~ Metsällpvi and ~i\fetty Fig. 24. V ariations of the height difference between the IGS station at Metsähovi and the permanent GPS station at Kivetty. 2. The Measurements of the Local GPS network 2.1 The First Measurement of the Local GPS Network The first measurement of the local GPS monitoring network at Kivetty (Fig. 25) was performed during 11-12, May, 1998. As there were six receivers with Choke-Ring antennae available, only one session was required for the measurement. The occupation time varied from 18 to 2 hours on five station, but was 7 hours at GPS5 because of electrical power loss. The observation window is given in Table 9, while the receiver/antenna pairs used for this measurement are listed in Table 1.

25 Table 9. Observation windows for the first measurement of 1998 at Kivetty. Session Observation day Observation Status of Number Calendar day GPS day windows (UT) GPS data 1 11. May 1998 131 11:-24: OK 2 12. May 1998 132 :-7:3 OK the Table 1. Receiver/ Antenna pairs used for the first measurement of 1998 at Kivetty. RCV 1 ANT pair Receiver S/N 1 3797 2 LP181 3 43 4 LP192 5 3398 6 3176 7 3436 Antenna S/N 1123 11988 11959 11194 11772 11754 1177 Stations occuied GPS1 GPS2 GPS3 GPS4 GPS5 GPS6 GPS7 1) Permanent GPS station. PERMANENT GPS STATION e LOCAL GPS STATION Fig. 25. The local GPS monitoring network at the investigation area of Kivetty.

--------------------------------------~~~-~- 26 2.2 The Second Measurement of the Local GPS Network The second measurement at Kivetty was performed during 4-6., October 1998. The observations were made in two sessions because of an electrical power loss after one hour observations at the station GPS7. The observations were continued over the next night at that station, while the other receivers were transported to Olkiluoto. After the reobservation of the station GPS7 the occupation time varied from 21 to 23 hours. The observation window is given in Table 11, while the receiver/antenna pairs used for this measurement are listed in Table 12. Table 11. Observation windows for the second measurement of 1998 at Kivetty. Session Observation day Observation Status of the Number Calendar day GPS day windows (UT) GPS data 1 4. Oct. 1998 277 8:-24: Only one hour data for GPS7 2 5. Oct. 1998 278 :-8: No observations for GPS7 3 5. Oct. 1998 278 8:-24: Reobservation of GPS7 4 6. Oct. 1998 279 :-5: Reobservation of GPS 7 Table 12. Receiver/ Antenna pairs used for the second measurement of 1998 at Kivetty. RCV/ANT pair Receiver S/N Antenna S/N Stations occuied 11) 3797 1123 GPS1 2 LP181 13995 GPS2 3 43 11959 GPS3 4 LP192 11194 GPS4 5 LP995 11772 GPS5 6 3175 11754 GPS6 7 3436 1177 GPS7 1) Permanent GPS station. 3. Data Analysis and Preliminary Result The GPS data have been processed with the Bemese GPS software 4.. The processing procedure is similar to that for the local GPS network at Olkiluoto. Also at Kivetty the measurements made since 1996 were reprocessed in order to investigate the effect of the ionospheric models for the baseline lengths. The results of the present as well as the previous computations are presented in Appendix IV. The output files of the final adjustments from the Bemese software for the first and the second measurements are given in Appendixes V and VI, respectively. Six measurements have been performed for the local GPS network at Kivetty. The measurement results show that the investigation area is rather stable. Although the

27 time span is still too short, change rates of the baselines have been estimated by using the same mathematical model (Eq. 1) as for Olkiluoto. The estimated change rates and their errors are summarized in Table 13. As seen in Table 13, all change rates are statistically insignificant. As noticed already by Chen and Kakkuri (1998) the estimated errors at Kivetty are larger than those for the local GPS monitoring network at Olkiluoto. This was supposed to be a consequence of smaller amount of measurements available. W e compared the previous computations of the baseline lengths with the new solutions at those stations which had the largest change rates after the fourth measurement (GPS2- GPS3, GPS5-GPS6). It can be seen in Fig. 26 that when the change rates are computed using all six measurements now available the resulting values of the change rates are considerably smaller than when only four observations were used for the determination. We may now conclude that the change rates derived from measurements of two years only may lead to erroneous results. Table 13. Change rates of 21 baselines for the local GPS network at Kivetty. The change rates and the estimated errors are obtained from least squares solutions of six measurements performed in 1996, 1997 and 1998. Baseline Change St. dev. Length of the St. dev. rate Baseline at zero epoch (1995.) (mm/y) (mm/y) (mm) (mm) GPS1-GPS2 -.2 ±.3 65984.1 ±.53 GPS1-GPS3 -.24.25 1613486.42.45 GPS1-GPS4 -.1.22 159196.52.4 GPS1-GPS5 -.2.17 67247.17.31 GPS1-GPS6.3.2 118588.25.36 GPS1-GPS7.51.35 735562.59.61 GPS2-GPS3 -.16.24 955938.93.42 GPS2-GPS4.51.38 1198883.25.67 GPS2-GPS5.2.39 1167283.86.7 GPS2-GPS6 -.1.44 182981.54.77 GPS2-GPS7.15.29 91317.56.52 GPS3-GPS4.24.29 112331.78.51 GPS3-GPS5 -.34.33 231115.96.58 GPS3-GPS6 -.25.34 27765.19.6 GPS3-GPS7.23.45 1693397.41.79 GPS4-GPS5 -.24.31 168742.11.54 GPS4-GPS6 -.25.24 2462388.75.42 GPS4-GPS7.59.47 289325.51.83 GPS5-GPS6 -.1.17 854745.7.29 GPS5-GPS7.15.34 1379384.47.61 GPS6-GPS7.14.46 164962.36.81 RMS: ±.33 ±.58

~~~----------------------------------------------------------------------------------~-- 28.. {7.Q. Present solution o Previous solution -Linear (Present solution)... Linear (Previous solution) Fig 26. Measurement results of the baselines GPS2-GPS3 and GPS5-GPS6.

29 GPS OPERATIONS AT ROMUVAARA GPS operations at Romuvaara included the operation of the permanent station and two measurements of the local GPS monitoring network. The operation of the permanent station has been two and a half years since the ih May, 1996. The continuous tracking GPS data was analyzed routinely in connection with other FinnRef stations by Mr. Hannu Koivula. The software used for the GPS processing of the FinnRef data is continuously Bemese ver. 4.. The measurements of the local GPS monitoring network were performed in May and October, respectively during the year 1998. 1. The Operation of the Permanent GPS Station The permanent GPS station at Romuvaara worked normally in the course of 1998. Only a few days interruptions occurred. The receiver was changed on November 2., 1998 due to the malfunctioning of the receiver during the firmware update. The S/N of the new receiver is 43 equipped with the firmware CBOO. Thenew firmware may be used in connection with Vaisala meteorological sensors and transmitter which are planned to be connected the to receiver on February 1999. The mast for the meteorological sensors was erected at the station in autumn 1998. The GPS data have been downloaded automatically via the computer at the Finnish Geodetic Institute at Masala. Details on the operation of the permanent stations can be referred to the annual project reports of the previous years (Chen and Kakkuri, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998; Ollikainen et al., 1997). As Romuvaara is far away from the nearest normal telephone Iine, a PMP-TDMA digital subscriber radio system (SR 5) is used instead of a normal phone Iine. Details about the radio system for data transmission are given in the annual report of 1996 (Chen and Kakkuri, 1997). The radio system works quite well, the GPS data can be downloaded at the baud rate of 96 bps without any problem. The GPS tracking data of 2.5 years have been collected at the station. The data are analyzed routinely together with the data of other FinnRef stations. Results show that

3 the relative movements between the IGS station Metsähovi and the permanent station at Romuvaara are in the order of a few millimeters. The variations of the baseline length, the north component, the east component and the height component are shown in Figs. 26, 27, 28 and 29. The time span of two and a half years is still too short to make a reliable conclusions, but some trends can already be seen. The change rate of the north component is.7 mm/yr and the change rate of theeast component is -.9 mm/yr, which means that Romuvaara is moving compared to Metsähoviinnorth-west direction approximately 1 mm/yr. The change rate of the ellipsoidal height difference between Romuvaara and Metsähovi is 1.2 mm/yr, which is smaller than the value, 2.6 mm/yr, obtained from precise levelling (Kakkuri and Poutanen 1997). Fig. 27. V ariations of the horizontal distance between the IGS station at Metsähovi and the permanent GPS station at Romuvaara. mm VariatiQt1 C)f th' N9tth corop()nentb~tweer) Metsähovi and Romuvaara Fig. 28. V ariations of the north component between the IGS station at Metsähovi and the permanent GPS station at Romuvaara.

31 Fig. 29. Variations of the east component between the IGS station at Metsähovi and the permanent GPS station at Romuvaara. Y~l'i~tiqo qf t~~ l-1~~gfl~ Q~OOP9n~~~ ~~~e~" Metsäho'Vi andromuvaara Fig. 3. V ariations of the height component between the IGS station at Metsähovi and the permanent GPS station at Romuvaara. 2. The Measurements of the Local GPS network 2.1 The First Measurement of the Local GPS Network The first measurement for the local GPS network at Romuvaara (Fig. 31) was performed during 13.-14., May, 1998. The observations were made with six receivers. The observation time at each station varied from 21 to 23 hours. The receiver/antenna pairs used for this measurement are listed in Table 14, while the observation windows are listed in Table 15.

,...------------------------------------~-- 32 Table 14. Observation windows for the first measurement of 1998 at Romuvaara. Session Observation day Observation Status of the Number Calendar day GPS day windows GPS data (UT) 1 13. May 1998 133 9:-24: OK 2 14. May 1998 134 :-8: OK Table 15. Receiver/ Antenna pairs used for the first measurement of 1998 at Romuvaara. RCV 1 ANT pair tl) Receiver S/N LP16U 2 LP181 3 43 4 3436 5 LP192 6 3398 7 3176 1) Permanent GPS station. Antenna S/N 11987 11959 11754 1177 11194 11175 11988 Stations occuied GPS1 GPS2 GPS3 GPS4 GPS5 GPS6 GPS7 " PERMANENT GPS STATION e LOCAL GPS STATION Fig. 31. The local GPS monitoring network at Romuvaara.

33 2.2 The Second Measurement of the Local GPS Network The second measurement at Romuvaara was performed during 2.-3., October, 1998. The observation time at each station varied from 21 to 23.5 hours. The observation window is given in Table 16, while the receiver/antenna pairs used for this measurement are listed in Table 17. Table 16. Observation windows for the second measurement of 1998 at Romuvaara. Session Number 1 2 Observation day Calendar day GPS day 2. Oct. 1998 275 3. Oct. 1998 276 Observation windows (UT) 9:3-24: :-1: Status of the GPS data OK OK Table 17. Receiver/Antenna pairs used for the second measurement of 1998 at Romuvaara. RCV 1 ANT pair Receiver S/N Antenna S/N Stations occuied JO LP16U 11987 GPS1 2 LP181 11959 GPS2 3 LP995 11754 GPS3 4 3436 1177 GPS4 5 LP192 11194 GPS5 6 3398 11936 GPS6 7 3175 11772 GPS7 1) Permanent GPS station. 3. Data Analysis and Preliminary Results The GPS data have been processed with the Bernese GPS software 4.. The processing procedure was similar with the procedure used for the local GPS networks at Olkiluoto and Kivetty. Six measurements have been performed for the local GPS network since May, 1996. Change rates of 21 baselines and their errors have been estimated. The results are summarized in Table 2. As we can see from Table 2, there are six baselines the change rates of which are statistically significant at the confidence level of 95%. Details of the measurement results of these six baselines are given in Fig. 32. The locations and the change rates of these baselines are shown in Figs. 33 and 34. The measurement results for all the baselines are given in Appendix VII. As suspected already by (Chen and Kakkuri 1998) there are some movements which can be confirmed by the new measurements. A clear compression of the net-

34 work can be seen on the baselines which are connected to the stations GPS3 and GPS5. The compression can be explained if the station GPS3 is moving to the south and the station GPS5 to theeast as suspected by (Chen and Kakkuri 1998). The output files of the final adjustments from the Bemese software for the first and the second measurements are given in Appendixes VIII and IX, respectively. Table 2. Change rates of 21 baselines for the local GPS network at Romuvaara. The change rates and the estimated errors are obtained from least squares solutions of six measurements performed in 1996, 1997 and 1998. Baselines with change rates of statistically significant at the confidence level of 95% are highlighted. Baseline Change St. dev. Length of the St. dev. rate Baseline at zero epoch (1995.) (mm/y) (mm/y) (mm) (mm) GPS1-GPS2.9 ±.52 1176417.17 ±.92 GPS1-GPS3 -.3.33 54125.47.58 GPS1-GPS4.57.7 731895.8 1.25 GPS1-GPS5 -.36.21 614734.91.36 GPS1-GPS6 -.33.23 678196.9.4 GPS1-GPS7 -.42.29 1222389.12.5 GPS2-GPS3.3.42 783975.53.74 GPS2-GPS4 -.15.68 692374.8 1.2 GPS2-GPS5 -.29.3 1397223.4.53 GPS2-GPS6 -.28.63 1686681.85 1.11 GPS2-GPS7 -.25.64 194414.1 1.13 GPS3-GPS4.32.92 71756.9 1.63 GPS3-GPS5 -.58.21 616536.78.37 GPS3-GPS6 -.65.17 12485.97.3 GPS3-GPS7 -.68.22 167932.88.38 GPS4-GPS5.5.84 12251.72 1.49 GPS4-GPS6.8.26 14539.19.46 GPS4-GPS7 -.14.38 1248362.71.66 GPS5-GPS6 -.46.7 118823.11.12 GPS5-GPS7 -.76.12 179594.92.22 GPS6-GPS7 -.33.14 636488.2.26 RMS: ±.46 ±.82

35 Fig 32. Measurement results of s1x baselines which have statistically significant change rates.

36 PERMANENT GPS STATION LOCAL GPS STATION Fig. 33. Significant change rates in length for the baselines connected to GPS3. A clear compression on the baselines marked on the map is noticed. Units of the movements mm/yr. PERMANENT GPS STATION LOCAL GPS STATION Fig. 34. Significant change rates in length for the baselines connected to GPS5. A clear compression on the baselines marked on the map is noticed. Units of the movements mm/yr.

37 REGIONAL DEFORMATIONS The permanent GPS station at Olkiluoto has been in operation continuously for four years already, while the operations for the stations at Kivetty and Romuvaara are about two and half a years. The continuously tracking GPS data are analyzed routinely. GPS data from these stations are included in the daily solutions of the permanent GPS network of the Finnish Geodetic Institute (FinnRef). The analysis of the GPS data shows that the movements relative to the IGS station Metsähovi are in the order of a few millimeters. Using the adjusted change rate values of different components we computed the movements over a time span of 3 years. They are summarized in Table 21. Table 21. Summary of the relative movements of the permanent GPS stations at Tuorla, Olkiluoto, Kivetty and Romuvaara Station North East Height component (mm) Dis- Component Component From From Diff. tances (mm) (mm) GPS Levelling (mm) Tuorla -1.2-1.9 3.3 3.6 -.3 2.3 Olkiluoto -1.1-2.8 5.1 9.3-4.2 2.2 Kivetty.8-3.1 9. 9...6 Romuvaara 2. -2.8 3.6 7.8-4.2.9 Time Span (year) 3. 3. 3. 3. The rate of the relative motion with regard to themetsähovi station was compared with the values obtained according to the Nuvel-1A model (McCarthy 1996). The comparison is shown in Table 22. The differences between the observed rates and those computed according to the model show small residuals at the southemmost stations (Tuorla, Olkiluoto and Kivetty). This means that the stations are moving to the west at a velocity, which is about 1 mrnly greater than predicted in the Nuvel-lA model (Figs. 35, 36 and 37). Table 22. Comparison of the observed rates of the horizontal movements with the Nuvel-lA model. Station Observed Nuvel-1A model Difference North East North East dn de mm/y mm/y mm/y mm/y mm/y mm/y Tuorla -.4 -.6 -.2. -.2 -.6 Olkiluoto -.4-1. -.3 -.2 -.1 -.8 Kivetty.3-1..1 -.5.2 -.5 Romuvaara.7 -.9.4 -.8.3 -.1

38 6' Fig 35. The observed relative movements of the stations with regard to Metsähovi station. Fig 36. The relative movements of the stations with regard to Metsähovi station according to the Nuvel-lA model. 6' 2" 25' 3' Fig. 37. The differences the relative movements of the stations between the observed movements (Fig. 35) and the movements computed according to the Nuvel-lA model (Fig. 36). The changes in baseline lengths are positive in each cases. This is quite opposite result than reported in (Chen and Kakkuri 1998). The reason to the different results of the baseline length changes come understandable when we look at the Figs. 8, 12, 21 and 27, in which the observations of the baseline lengths are shown. A slight periodic change of the baseline lengths may be seen in the figures. The period of the change is appr. 1 year. The reason of the periodic change is not clear, but might be the improper modelling of the troposphere. W e hope to get more information of this phenomenon in near future when the meteorological observation from the permanent GPS stations will

39 be available. The annual variation in baseline lengths is canceled out, if the period used for the determination of the change rate contains observations of full periods. This was not the case in the previous report in which the time span used for the determinations were 1.5 and 2.6 years. The determination of the inter-station distances show lengthening of the baselines. The change rates and strain rates are summarized in Table 23. Taking into account the short observation period and the opposite results obtained in successive reports we did not make any further deformation analysis of the change in baseline lengths. Table 23. Strain rates of the baselines connected to Metsähovi. Baseline Change rates Baseline length Strain rates (mrnlyr) (m) (micro strain) Metsähovi - Tuorla.8 1119.9.73 Metsähovi - Olkiluoto.7 195944..36 Metsähovi- Kivetty.2 298195.1.7 Metsähovi - Romuvaara.3 53179.6.6 The differences of the uplift rates obtained by GPS show the same trends as that obtained from the precise levelling (Fig. 38). Taking into account the short time span of the GPS observations, the discrepancy between GPS determinations and precise levelling may be considered astonishly small. Fig. 38. Comparison of the land uplift differences obtained from GPS and precise levelling.

4 SUMMARY The GPS operations performed in 1998 mainly consist of: the operations of the permanent GPS stations at Olkiluoto, Kivetty and Romuvaara; two measurements for the local GPS monitoring network at Olkiluoto; two measurements for the local GPS monitoring network at Kivetty, and two measurements for the local GPS monitoring network at Romuvaara. The analysis of the GPS data shows that the regional movements between the investigation areas and the IGS station Metsähovi are in the order of a few millimeters. The characters of the regional deformations can be summarized as following: the magnitudes of the regional deformations are in the order of a few millimeters; all observations made in the micro-networks since 1995 were recomputed using lower order ionospheric model, which is recommended to be used in future observations because of the expected ionospheric disturbances in coming years, the strain analysis gave opposite result compared with the previous report; this is probably due to the tropospheric modelling in the processing of the GPS observations, which will be improved, when the meteorological observations from the permanent GPS stations will be available in coming years, the uplift differences obtained from GPS agree well with that obtained from precise levelling. As the observation time span of 2.5 years (for Kivetty and Romuvaara) is still too short, more reliable results will be obtained with a longer observation time span. The local GPS monitoring network at Olkiluoto has been observed for eight times since 1995. The analysis of the GPS data shows that the investigation area is stable as expected. About 4% of the baselines have change rates of less than.2 rnrnlyr. Most of the baselines (about 9%) have change rates of less than.5 rnrnlyr. Some interesting phenomena are also revealed from the pattern of the change rates of the baselines. lt is likely GPS9 are moving to the east and GPS 1 is moving to the west. The opposite movements of GPS9 and GPS 1 indicate that there may be a slip along the fracture zone which separate these two stations. The

41 slip rate is about.4 -.5 mm/yr. More investigations about the local movements will be carried out with repeated measurements in the coming years. The local GPS monitoring network at Kivetty has been observed for six times since May, 1996. Generally speaking, it is too early to make any conclusion on the local movements because most of the change rates of the baselines are statistically insignificant. Results from six measurements do not give any hints of the local movements. The local GPS monitoring network at Romuvaara has also been observed for six times only. Despite of the short time span there exists indications that GPS5 is moving to the east because all the baselines connected to it show a negative change rate. Same kind of indications show that GPS3 is moving to the south-east direction. The size of the change rate is about.6 -. 7 mrnlyr. In next few years the ionospheric disturbances will exist more and more frequently due to the increasing activity of the sun. lt is probable that the precision of the GPS determinations will deerease during the sunspot maximum, which will probably happen in the year 2. That is why we suggest to keep a brake of some years in the observations of the local micronetworks in Olkiluoto, Kivetty and Romuvaara after the GPS observations in 1999, which will be done following the same routine as in the previous years. Acknowledgements The authors are acknowledged to Mr. HANNU KOIVULA, FGI, for processing the GPS data of the permanent GPS stations dealt with in this report.

42 References Chen. R. and J. Kakkuri (1995). GPS Work at Olkiluoto for the Year of 1994. Project Report of TVO (Teollisuuden Voima OY), 11 pages. Chen. R. and J. Kakkuri (1996). GPS Operations at Olkiluoto, Kivetty, and Romuvaara in 1995. Work report PATU-96-7e. POSIVA Oy. Helsinki. 68 pages. Chen. R. and J. Kakkuri (1997). GPS Operations at Olkiluoto, Kivetty, and Romuvaara for 1996. Project Report of TVO (Teollisuuden Voima OY)/POSIV A, 139 pages. Chen, Rand J. Kakkuri (1998). GPS operations at Olkiluoto, Kivetty and Romuvaara for 1997. Working Report PATU-98-8e. POSIV A Oy. Helsinki. Kakkuri J. and M. Poutanen (1997): Geodetic determination of the surface topography of the Baltic Sea. Marine Geodesy, 2, no. 4, 37-316. Koivula H. (1997). Suomen valtakunnallinen GPS-verkko FinnNet. Maanmittaustieteiden päivät 2.- 21.11.1997, Otaniemi. Maanmittaustieteiden Seuran julkaisu n:o 34 (Toim. J. Santala ja J. Järvinen). Pp. 117-13. McCarthy, D.D. (1996): IERS Technical Note 21, IERS Conventions (1996), pp. 15-16. Paris. Ollikainen M, H. Koivula, M. Poutanen and R. Chen (1997). Suomen kiinteiden GPS-asemien verkko. Geodeettinen Laitos, tiedote 16. Rothacher, M and L. Mervart (Eds.) (1996): Bernese GPS Software Version 4.. Astronomical Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland. Thompson, R. (1996). Yearly Mean Sunspot Numbers. IPS Radio & Space Services, Sydney, Australia. http:/ /www.ips.gov.au!background/richard/ssnpred.html Thompson, R. (1998). Observed And Predicted Sunspot Numbers. IPS Radio & Space Services, Sydney, Australia. http:/ /www.ips.gov.au!background/richard/ssnpred.html UNAVCO (1997). TEQC, version 1.97. Copyright (c) Rational Systems, Inc. 199-1994. http://www.unavco.ucar.edu/software/teqc/teqc.html#toolset. Wild, U. (1994 ). Ionosphere and Geodetic Satellite Systems: Permanent GPS Tracking Data for Modelling and Monitoring. Geodätisch-geophysikalische Arbeiten in der Schweiz. Voi 48. Schweitzerischen Geodätischen Kommission. Ziirich.

43 Å(!(!endix 1. Results of eight measurements at Olkiluoto (Zero epoch, 1995.) Saseli ne Observ- Baseline Length Differation New Previous ence epoch solutien solutien (Year) (m) (m) (mm) GPS1-GPS2.33 1355.8638 1355.8634 -.4.75 1355.8636 1355.8633 -.3 1.33 1355.8619 1355.8618 -.1 1.75 1355.8629 1355.8624 -.5 2.33 1355.8622 1355.8621 -.1 2.75 1355.8625 1355.8622 -.3 3.37 1355.8623 3.76 1355.8629 GPS1-GPS3.33 16.1916 16.199 -.7.75 16.1937 16.1918-1.9 1.33 16.1918 16.1915 -.3 1.75 16.1913 16.197 -.6 2.33 16.1914 16.199 -.5 2.75 16.1919 16.196-1.3 3.37 16.1933 3.76 16.195 GPS1-GPS4.33 643.4466 643.4465 -.1.75 643.4464 643.4456 -.8 1.33 643.4477 643.4476 -.1 1.75 643.4477 643.4471 -.6 2.33 643.4475 643.4473 -.2 2.75 643.448 643.4472 -.8 3.37 643.4483 3.76 643.4452 GPS1-GPS5.33 1131.6198 1131.6187-1.1.75 1131.6224 1131.621-2.3 1.33 1131.6228 1131.6197-3.1 1.75 1131.6228 1131.6194-3.4 2.33 1131.6227 1131.623-2.4 2.75 1131.622 1131.627-1.3 3.37 1131.622 3.76 1131.6222 GPS1-GPS6.33 1264.8235 1264.8234 -.1.75 1264.8243 1264.8241 -.2 1.33 1264.8252 1264.8249 -.3 1.75 1264.8253 1264.8249 -.4 2.33 1264.8248 1264.8248. 2.75 1264.8246 1264.8244 -.2 3.37 1264.825 3.76 1264.8255

44 GPS1-GPS7.33 1482.9919 1482.992.1.75 1482.9917 1482.9919.2 1.33 1482.9928 1482.9926 -.2 1.75 1482.9931 1482.9927 -.4 2.33 1482.9934 1482.9935.1 2.75 1482.9929 1482.9927 -.2 3.37 1482.9928 3.76 1482.9926 GPS1-GPS8.33 1594.58 1594.51 -.7.75 1594.5 1594.4996 -.4 1.33 1594.53 1594.4994 -.9 1.75 1594.514 1594.59 -.5 2.33 1594.51 1594.5 -.1 2.75 1594.5 1594.4993 -.7 3.37 1594.517 3.76 1594.516 GPS1-GPS9.33 2343.595 2343.595..75 2343.5954 2343.5956.2 1.33 2343.5965 2343.5963 -.2 1.75 2343.5957 2343.5953 -.4 2.33 2343.5955 2343.5955. 2.75 2343.5956 2343.5952 -.4 3.37 2343.5957 3.76 2343.5952 GPS1-GPS1.33 277.4243 277.4242 -.1.75 277.4243 277.4243. 1.33 277.4251 277.4243 -.8 1.75 277.4272 277.4261-1.1 2.33 277.4257 277.4257. 2.75 277.426 277.4256 -.4 3.37 277.4263 3.76 277.4259 GPS2-GPS3.33 169.8472 169.8457-1.5.75 169.8496 169.8467-2.9 1.33 169.8471 169.8464 -.7 1.75 169.8471 169.8456-1.5 2.33 169.8469 169.8465 -.4 2.75 169.8472 169.8454-1.8 3.37 169.8495 3.76 169.8456 GPS2-GPS4.33 1856.9237 1856.9232 -.5.75 1856.9234 1856.9224-1. 1.33 1856.9232 1856.9229 -.3 1.75 1856.9242 1856.9231-1.1 2.33 1856.9234 1856.9233 -.1 2.75 1856.9242 1856.9232-1. 3.37 1856.9242 3.76 1856.9214

45 GPS2-GPS5.33 1477.3556 1477.355 -.6.75 1477.3556 1477.3548 -.8 1.33 1477.3575 1477.3557-1.8 1.75 1477.3578 1477.3555-2.3 2.33 1477.3573 1477.3553-2. 2.75 1477.357 1477.3557-1.3 3.37 1477.356 3.76 1477.3566 GPS2-GPS6.33 2436.7249 2436.7246 -.3.75 2436.7243 2436.7249.6 1.33 2436.7242 2436.7242. 1.75 2436.7249 2436.7244 -.5 2.33 2436.7243 2436.7242 -.1 2.75 2436.7241 2436.7239 -.2 3.37 2436.7242 3.76 2436.7253 GPS2-GPS7.33 2811.6739 2811.6736 -.3.75 2811.6734 2811.6734. 1.33 2811.6729 2811.6726 -.3 1.75 2811.6741 2811.6733 -.8 2.33 2811.6737 2811.6737. 2.75 2811.6736 2811.673 -.6 3.37 2811.6733 3.76 2811.6737 GPS2-GPS8.33 2949.4973 2949.4963-1..75 2949.4965 2949.4957 -.8 1.33 2949.4951 2949.494-1.1 1.75 2949.4971 2949.4961-1. 2.33 2949.4951 2949.4949 -.2 2.75 2949.4953 2949.4943-1. 3.37 2949.4968 3.76 2949.4974 GPS2-GPS9.33 3649.8861 3649.8859 -.2.75 3649.8864 3649.8865.1 1.33 3649.8858 3649.8856 -.2 1.75 3649.886 3649.8852 -.8 2.33 3649.8851 3649.8851. 2.75 3649.8856 3649.8849 -.7 3.37 3649.8854 3.76 3649.8856 GPS2-GPS1.33 3262.87 3262.88.1.75 3262.8 3262.88.8 1.33 3262.7995 3262.7991 -.4 1.75 3262.826 3262.818 -.8 2.33 3262.87 3262.87. 2.75 3262.89 3262.86 -.3 3.37 3262.815 3.76 3262.813

...----------------------~- -~-~- 46 GPS3-GPS4.33 756.3239 756.3237 -.2.75 756.3244 756.3241 -.3 1.33 756.3237 756.3236 -.1 1.75 756.3238 756.3238. 2.33 756.3238 756.3237 -.1 2.75 756.3243 756.3241 -.2 3.37 756.3242 3.76 756.3228 GPS3-GPS5.33 294.221 294.21-2..75 294.268 294.224-4.4 1.33 294.259 294.224-3.5 1.75 294.252 294.21-4.2 2.33 294.252 294.224-2.8 2.75 294.249 294.222-2.7 3.37 294.251 3.76 294.234 GPS3-GPS6.33 2126.8415 2126.849 -.6.75 2126.8445 2126.8424-2.1 1.33 2126.8429 2126.8423 -.6 1.75 2126.8432 2126.8422-1. 2.33 2126.8422 2126.8418 -.4 2.75 2126.8428 2126.8417-1.1 3.37 2126.8438 3.76 2126.843 GPS3-GPS7.33 273.485 273.484 -.1.75 273.49 273.484 -.6 1.33 273.483 273.482 -.1 1.75 273.486 273.482 -.4 2.33 273.489 273.488 -.1 2.75 273.488 273.483 -.5 3.37 273.484 3.76 273.485 GPS3-GPS8.33 1924.5785 1924.5783 -.2.75 1924.5784 1924.5784. 1.33 1924.5775 1924.5771 -.4 1.75 1924.5794 1924.5792 -.2 2.33 1924.5777 1924.5776 -.1 2.75 1924.5779 1924.5775 -.4 3.37 1924.5785 3.76 1924.58 GPS3-GPS9.33 2914.4357 2914.4357..75 2914.4362 2914.436 -.2 1.33 2914.436 2914.4359 -.1 1.75 2914.4353 2914.4348 -.5 2.33 2914.4349 2914.4348 -.1 2.75 2914.4353 2914.4347 -.6 3.37 2914.4353 3.76 2914.4353

47 GPS3-GPS1.33 2855.9354 2855.9347 -.7.75 2855.9369 2855.9353-1.6 1.33 2855.9358 2855.9346-1.2 1.75 2855.9375 2855.9358-1.7 2.33 2855.9357 2855.9353 -.4 2.75 2855.937 2855.9357-1.3 3.37 2855.937 3.76 2855.9365 GPS4-GPS5.33 1734.654 1734.6492-1.2.75 1734.653 1734.6499-3.1 1.33 1734.6539 1734.659-3. 1.75 1734.6539 1734.651-3.8 2.33 1734.6535 1734.6511-2.4 2.75 1734.6534 1734.6514-2. 3.37 1734.6518 3.76 1734.6514 GPS4-GPS6.33 1418.6628 1418.6625 -.3.75 1418.6648 1418.6631-1.7 1.33 1418.6646 1418.6641 -.5 1.75 1418.6651 1418.664-1.1 2.33 1418.6637 1418.6634 -.3 2.75 1418.6641 1418.6632 -.9 3.37 1418.6647 3.76 1418.665 GPS4-GPS7.33 1317.4857 1317.4856 -.1.75 1317.4857 1317.4855 -.2 1.33 1317.4857 1317.4856 -.1 1.75 1317.4858 1317.4853 -.5 2.33 1317.4861 1317.486 -.1 2.75 1317.4855 1317.4851 -.4 3.37 1317.4853 3.76 1317.4868 GPS4-GPS8.33 1216.243 1216.2398 -.5.75 1216.242 1216.241 -.1 1.33 1216.2391 1216.2385 -.6 1.75 1216.246 1216.243 -.3 2.33 1216.239 1216.2389 -.1 2.75 1216.2385 1216.2383 -.2 3.37 1216.24 3.76 1216.2428 GPS4-GPS9.33 2165.8778 2165.8778..75 2165.8781 2165.8781. 1.33 2165.8783 2165.8781 -.2 1.75 2165.8773 2165.8769 -.4 2.33 2165.8771 2165.877 -.1 2.75 2165.8769 2165.8764 -.5 3.37 2165.8772 3.76 2165.8785

48 GPS4-GPS1.33 218.417 218.413 -.4.75 218.424 218.412-1.2 1.33 218.425 218.412-1.3 1.75 218.44 218.422-1.8 2.33 218.421 218.418 -.3 2.75 218.43 218.419-1.1 3.37 218.428 3.76 218.437 GPS5-GPS6.33 1284.5656 1284.5653 -.3.75 1284.5662 1284.5665.3 1.33 1284.5655 1284.5648 -.7 1.75 1284.5652 1284.5645 -.7 2.33 1284.5658 1284.5657 -.1 2.75 1284.565 1284.5654.4 3.37 1284.5643 3.76 1284.5664 GPS5-GPS7.33 1894.7511 1894.756 -.5.75 1894.7534 1894.7522-1.2 1.33 1894.7523 1894.754-1.9 1.75 1894.7528 1894.759-1.9 2.33 1894.7527 1894.752 -.7 2.75 1894.7523 1894.7519 -.4 3.37 1894.7513 3.76 1894.7529 GPS5-GPS8.33 2256.71 2256.685-1.6.75 2256.716 2256.692-2.4 1.33 2256.73 2256.673-3. 1.75 2256.77 2256.681-2.6 2.33 2256.698 2256.685-1.3 2.75 2256.695 2256.682-1.3 3.37 2256.697 3.76 2256.715 GPS5-GPS9.33 2571.611 2571.699 -.2.75 2571.6129 2571.6122 -.7 1.33 2571.6111 2571.611-1. 1.75 2571.611 2571.698-1.2 2.33 2571.615 2571.613 -.2 2.75 2571.619 2571.617 -.2 3.37 2571.699 3.76 2571.6113 GPS5-GPS1.33 29.495 29.4911.6.75 29.4913 29.4924 1.1 1.33 29.4897 29.4896 -.1 1.75 29.4923 29.4923. 2.33 29.4913 29.4918.5 2.75 29.497 29.4915.8 3.37 29.4917 3.76 29.4917

49 GPS6-GPS7.33 683.78 683.78..75 683.11 683.85-1.6 1.33 683.92 683.84 -.8 1.75 683.13 683.95 -.8 2.33 683.88 683.86 -.2 2.75 683.97 683.9 -.7 3.37 683.1 3.76 683.95 GPS6-GPS8.33 1157.8144 1157.8135 -.9.75 1157.816 1157.8134-2.6 1.33 1157.8148 1157.8133-1.5 1.75 1157.8152 1157.8141-1.1 2.33 1157.8136 1157.8132 -.4 2.75 1157.8145 1157.8132-1.3 3.37 1157.8159 3.76 1157.8153 GPS6-GPS9.33 129.2787 129.2788.1.75 129.287 129.2798 -.9 1.33 129.2798 129.2795 -.3 1.75 129.2799 129.2793 -.6 2.33 129.2789 129.2788 -.1 2.75 129.2799 129.2794 -.5 3.37 129.2796 3.76 129.2789 GPS6-GPS1.33 83.754 83.757.3.75 83.751 83.753.2 1.33 83.749 83.745 -.4 1.75 83.771 83.767 -.4 2.33 83.759 83.759. 2.75 83.762 83.761 -.1 3.37 83.766 3.76 83.754 GPS7-GPS8.33 511.2586 511.2579 -.7.75 511.2576 511.2567 -.9 1.33 511.2575 511.2568 -.7 1.75 511.2564 511.2561 -.3 2.33 511.257 511.2568 -.2 2.75 511.2569 511.2563 -.6 3.37 511.2574 3.76 511.2571 GPS7-GPS9.33 868.5759 868.5759..75 868.5764 868.5765.1 1.33 868.5765 868.5765. 1.75 868.5754 868.5754. 2.33 868.5749 868.5748 -.1 2.75 868.5754 868.5753 -.1 3.37 868.5758 3.76 868.5754

5 GPS7-GPS1.33 878.5116 878.519 -.7.75 878.5127 878.5111-1.6 1.33 878.5125 878.518-1.7 1.75 878.5134 878.5117-1.7 2.33 878.5112 878.511 -.2 2.75 878.5133 878.5121-1.2 3.37 878.5125 3.76 878.5131 GPS8-GPS9.33 157.9168 157.9166 -.2.75 157.9162 157.916 -.2 1.33 157.9173 157.9172 -.1 1.75 157.9145 157.9143 -.2 2.33 157.9158 157.9158. 2.75 157.9159 157.9155 -.4 3.37 157.9156 3.76 157.9145 GPS8-GPS1.33 1332.7967 1332.7952-1.5.75 1332.7971 1332.7944-2.7 1.33 1332.7973 1332.795-2.3 1.75 1332.7962 1332.794-2.2 2.33 1332.7954 1332.795 -.4 2.75 1332.7973 1332.7955-1.8 3.37 1332.796 3.76 1332.7965 GPS9-GPS1.33 726.6885 726.6875-1..75 726.6911 726.6886-2.5 1.33 726.693 726.6888-1.5 1.75 726.6889 726.6871-1.8 2.33 726.6881 726.6877 -.4 2.75 726.695 726.6891-1.4 3.37 726.6877 3.76 726.6896

Appendix II. Final result of the first measurements at Olldluoto in 1998 1LKI981 D: OLKI981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:33 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. CAMPAIGNS 2. OBSERVATION FILES 3. GENERAL OPTIONS 4. STATIONS 5. SATELLITE ORBITS 6. ATMOSPHERE 7. RECEIVER CLOCK PARAMETERS 8. POLE COORDINATES AND TIME INFORMATION 9. ANTENNA PHASE CENTERS 1. CONSTANTS 11. PARAMETER CHARACTERIZATION LIST 12. TEST OUTPUT 13. RESULTS (PART 1) 14. RESULTS (PART 2) 1LKI981 D: OLKI981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:33 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. LIST OF INPUT AND OUTPUT FILENAMES GENERAL CONSTANTS POLE INFORMATION LOCAL GEODETIC DATUM SATELLITE INFO SATELLITE PROBLEMS PHASE CENTER ECCENTRICITIES APRIORI COORDINATES STANDARD ORBITS RADIATION PRESSURE COEFF. IONOSPHERE MODELS SITE ECCENTRICITIES SATELLITE CLOCKS ANTENNA ORIENTATIONS COORDINATE RESULTS X: [GEN]CONST. X: [GEN]RAP_1998.ERP X: [ GEN] DATUM. X: [GEN]SATELLIT.TTT X: [GEN]SAT_1998.CRX X: [GEN] PHASITRF. U: [OLKI981.STA]OLKI981.CRD U: [OLKI981.RB]OLKI981.STD U: [OLKI981.RB]OLKI981.RPR U: [OLKI981.ATM]OLKI9811.ION U: [OLKI981.RB]OLKI981.CLK 51

ORBIT RESULTS IONOSPHERE RESULTS IONEX OUTPUT FILE VAR/COVAR MATRIX COORD. VAR/COVAR MATRIX TOTAL NORMAL EQUATIONS RESIDUALS EARTH ROTATION PARAMETERS IERS FORMAT ERP OUTPUT TROPOSPHERE CORRECTIONS GRID PHASE CENTER OUTPUT HARM. PHASE CENTER OUTPUT 1LKI981 D: OLKI981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:33 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 1. CAMPAIGNS CAMPAIGN NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME OLKI981 1 GPS1 6 GPS6 2 GPS2 7 GPS7 3 GPS3 9 GPS9 4 GPS4 8 GPS8 5 GPS5 1 GPlO 2. OBSERVATION FILES ---- OLKI981 -------------------- MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: -------------------- AMB.I.+S. #CLUSTERS FILE TYP FREQ. STATION 1 STATION 2 SESS FIRST OBSERV.TIME #EPO DT #EF #CLK ARC #SAT w 12 #AMB L1 L2 L5 RM ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS2 1 98-5-7 11:17: 841 3 E E 1 21 N y N 21 5 5 21 2 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS3 1 98-5-7 1:33:3 836 3 E E 1 23 N y N 23 23 23 23 3 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS4 1 98-5-7 9:57 3 882 3 E E 1 23 N y N 23 5 5 23 4 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS5 1 98-5-8 :1 53 3 E E 1 16 N y N 16 5 5 16 5 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS6 1 98-5-7 9:33 3 851 3 E E 1 22 N y N 22 7 7 22 6 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS7 1 98-5-7 18:51 3 616 3 E E 1 18 N y N 18 6 6 18 7 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS7 1 98-5-8 :1 114 3 E E 1 25 N y N 25 5 5 25 8 p L1,L2 GPS7 GPS9 1 98-5-7 18:51 3 617 3 E E 1 18 N y N 18 18 18 18 9 p L1,L2 GPS7 GPS9 1 98-5-8 : 652 3 E E 1 19 N y N 19 19 19 19 52

1 P L1,L2 11 P L1,L2 12 P L1,L2 GPS8 GPS8 GPS9 GPS7 GPS7 GP1 1 1 1 98-5-7 18:51 3 98-5-8 : 98-5-7 19:8 3 617 956 1235 3 3 3 E E 1 E E 1 E E 1 18 25 26 N N N Y N Y N Y N 18 28 27 6 6 5 6 6 5 18 28 27 SATELLITES: FILE #SAT SATELLITES 1 21 1 2 3 2 23 1 2 3 3 23 1 2 3 4 16 2 3 5 5 22 1 2 3 6 18 1 3 4 7 25 1 2 3 8 18 1 3 4 9 19 1 2 3 1 18 1 3 4 11 25 1 2 3 6 6 6 7 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 7 7 7 8 6 6 5 6 7 6 5 8 8 8 9 1 14 15 16 17 19 21 22 23 25 26 27 29 31 9 1 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 9 1 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 9 1 17 18 19 21 23 24 26 27 31 8 9 1 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 7 1 14 15 16 18 19 22 24 25 27 29 3 6 7 8 9 1 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 7 1 14 15 16 18 19 22 24 25 27 29 3 8 9 1 15 17 18 19 21 23 24 26 27 3 31 7 1 14 15 16 18 19 22 24 25 27 29 3 6 7 8 9 1 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 12 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 OBSERVATION SELECTION: --------------------- SAMPLING RATE : 3 SEC ELEVATION CUT-OFF ANGLE : 2 DEGREES 1LKI981 D: OLKI981 --------- 3. GENERAL OPTIONS ---------------- A PRIORI SIGMA: -------------- A PRIORI SIGMA :.1 M (ZERO-DIFF. L1 PHASE) PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:33 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. CORRELATIONS AND SESSIONS: ---------------- STRATEGY : CORRELATIONS CORRECTLY MODELLED TIME INTERVAL : 1. SEC (TO IDENTIFY EPOCH) 53

SESS #FILE FILE NUMBERS 1 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION STRATEGY: AMBIGUITIES PRE-ELIMINATED SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS: STRATEGY : SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS NOT APPLIED 1LKI981 D: OLKI981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:33 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 4. STATIONS LOCAL GEODETIC DATUM: DATUM NAME ELL. PARAM./ SCALE SHIFTS TO WGS-84 ROTATIONS TO WGS-84 WGS - 84 A 1/F= se = 6378137. M 298.2572236 O.OOOOOD+OO DX DY DZ. M. M. M RX RY RZ. ". ". " A PRIORI STATION COORDINATES: U: [OLKI981.STA]OLKI981.CRD WGS-84 COORDINATES IN METERS ELLIPSOIDAL COORDINATES IN LOCAL DATUM NUM STATION NAME OBS E/F/C X y z LATITUDE LONGITUDE HEIGHT (M) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 GPS1 y FIXED 286321.167 1126271.439 5568267.299 61 14 22.754183 21 28 21.633926 3.552 2 GPS2 y ESTIM 2863312.4876 1127586.4513 5567953.2561 61 14 1. 53588 21 29 41.14561 32.8443 3 GPS3 y ESTIM 2862323.4428 1126533.776 5568664.772 61 14 49.568852 21 28 59.767954 27.6613 4 GPS4 y ESTIM 2862758.9415 1125923.2376 5568566.154 61 14 42.897724 21 28 1.9875 29.1133 5 GPS5 y ESTIM 2864192.3764 1126421.6871 5567725.8796 61 13 46. 892454 21 28 6.96786 22.2982 6 GPS6 y ESTIM 286391.3892 1125229.5963 5568112.548 61 14 12.686451 21 26 59.45935 25.654 7 GPS7 y ESTIM 2863465.853 1124819.7828 556843.2557 61 14 33.586772 21 26 44.784815 32.4126 9 GPS9 y ESTIM 2863742.387 1123996.6145 5568453.4 72 61 14 35.187574 21 25 46.644762 31.725 54

8 GPS8 1 GP1 Y Y ESTIM ESTIM 286319.746 286422.2625 1124739.5538 1124451.9294 5568666.6848 5568123.3855 61 14 49.85377 61 14 13.212233 21 26 5.715669 21 26 3.784754 25.884 28.53 1LKI981 D: OLKI981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:33 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 5. SATELLITE ORBITS ARC CHARACTERISTICS: ARC START OF ARC END OF ARC SOURCE #SAT SATELLITES 1 98-5-7 :: 98-5-9 :: PR1998.128 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 OSCULATING ELEMENTS: U: [OLKI981.RB]OLKI981.STD REFERENCE SYSTEM: J2. REFERENCE EPOCH : 594.471389 MJD (1998 5 7 11 17.) SAT S.MAJ.AXIS ECCENTRIC. INCLINAT. NODE PERIGEE M. ANOMALY PER.PASS.TIME ---------------------------------------------------- 1 2655886.2.42512 54.728961 142.123289-94.1276-12.4781 594.4868225 2 265612.6.177139 53.815668-12.11975-131.53844 92.64716 594.3418192 3 26561491.7. 199591 54.419746-4.19614 134.18846-14.712144 594.6151731 4 26562882.1.459985 55.97979 21.768141 314.48264-134.623956 594.6566179 5 2656712.7. 111751 53.98457-11.123162-22.47941-119.67786 594.6358934 6 265639.1.657562 54.833993-38.17275 212.328589-88.35128 594.592539 7 26558918.8.96114 54.956756-39.976564-128.695542 25.64257 594.4346272 8 26558679.4.1613 54.9573-157.718416-256.195627 144.86411 594.269629 9 26558964.6.735939 54.8913-159.753291 19.6379-97.755177 594.655179 1 26559295.1.28874 55.36923 8.621424-15.159614 1.27795 594.3312636 14 2656677.2.93787 55.686728 83.196263-184.615625 31.84557 594.426892 15 2655847.4.7216 56.27894 24.2951 89.537643-173.628897 594.715861 16 26562645.7.298173 55.48883 83.58939 3.667217 173.635593 594.2296248 17 26559586.4.989898 56.351152 26.14911 15.44979-1.961556 594.699632 18 26559757.7.6763 54.19483 138.685195 97.381466 19.917483 594.4425544 19 26559729.3.399393 53.14453-162.47475 196.5945-139.12634 594.6628198 21 2656523.5.1416313 55.333255 8.971133-161.18936 115.677335 594.399258 22 26559247.8.17769 53.87672-11.293867 18.131886 81.7382 594.3569883 23 26562325.1.127744 55.511298 83.17649-116.68785 1.819511 594.334897 24 2656612.2. 82113 56.54334 22.26243 255.96988-17.781979 594.6194176 55

25 26 27 29 3 31 26563182.3 26561774.7 265676.5 26558149.7 2656189.4 2656988.4.712681.1548.127815.615935.522616.81847 53.6885 54.92843 53.924711 54.71988 54.43514 54.927277-161.75627 141.61951-16.673792 139.571295-99.634815-39.89571 214.61248-14.345533 182.321317-112.89438-267.975981 42.723799-36.719727 12.253679-155.988849-23.783381 94.66267-5.62585 594.52133 594.4531663 594.6861863 594.53744 594.33933 594.542575 SATELLITE PROBLEMS: SAT PROBLEM TYPE ACTION FROM TO 11 BAD PHASE+CODE 2 BAD PHASE+CODE 28 BAD PHASE+CODE 13 BAD PHASE+CODE OBS. REMOVED OBS. REMOVED OBS. REMOVED OBS. REMOVED 97-6-4 97-1-1 97-5-6 98-5-7 :: :: :: :: -1-1 -1-1 -1-1 98-5-9 1LKI981 D: OLKI981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:33 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 6. ATMOSPHERE TROPOSPHERE MODEL: TROPOSPHERE MODEL: SAASTAMOINEN METEO VALUES : EXTRAPOLATED REFERENCE HEIGHT :. M TEMPERATURE AT REF. HEIGHT: PRESSURE AT REF. HEIGHT: HUMIDITY AT REF. HEIGHT: 18. c 113.25 MBAR 5. % TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS: MAPPING FUNCTION USED FOR DELAY ESTIMATION: 1/COS(ZENITH-DISTANCE) PAR STATION NAME VALIDITY START VALIDITY END SIGMA (M) ABS/REL -------------------------------------- 1 GPS2 1998 5 6 24. 1998 5 9..1 ABS 2 GPS3 1998 5 6 24. 1998 5 9..1 ABS 3 GPS4 1998 5 6 24. 1998 5 9..1 ABS 4 GPS5 1998 5 6 24. 1998 5 9..1 ABS 5 GPS6 1998 5 6 24. 1998 5 9..1 ABS 56

6 GPS7 7 GPS9 8 GPS8 9 GP1 1998 5 1998 5 1998 5 1998 5 6 24. 6 24. 6 24. 6 24. 1998 5 1998 5 1998 5 1998 5 9 9 9 9.....1.1.1.1 ABS ABS ABS ABS IONOSPHERE MODELS: U: [OLKI981.ATM]OLKI9811.ION TYPE OF IONOSPHERE MODELS RADIUS OF THE EARTH LOCAL 6378.14 KM DEG. OF DEVELOP. ORIGIN OF DEVELOPMENT HEIGHT MODEL TIME LAT. MIXED VALIDITY START VALIDITY END LOCAL TIME LAT. (D) LONG. (D) (KM) NORMAIZATION FACTORS TIME(H) LAT. (D) ELE.CONT. 2 2 1 2 1998 5 7 7. 1998 5 7 17. 1998 5 7 12. 61.23 21.47 4 3 2 1 2 1998 5 7 11. 1998 5 7 19. 1998 5 7 15. 61.23 21.47 4 4 2 1 2 1998 5 7 17. 1998 5 8 1. 1998 5 7 21. 61.23 21.47 4 5 2 1 2 1998 5 7 23. 1998 5 8 7. 1998 5 8 3. 61.23 21.47 4 6 2 1 2 1998 5 8 5. 1998 5 8 13. 1998 5 8 9. 61.23 21.47 4 2. 6..1D+18 2. 6..1D+18 2. 6..1D+18 2. 6..1D+18 2. 6..1D+18 POL. DEGREE IN MODEL TERM TIME LATIT. COEFFICIENT SIGMA 2 1.29937E+1.54868E-2 2 1 -.1383E-1.164E-2 3 2 -.925171E-1.925199E-3 4 1 -.239111E+.234267E-2 5 1 1.424186E-3.27782E-2 3 1.1644E+1.527825E-2 2 1 -.146175E+.146218E-2 3 2.88858E-1.135821E-2 4 1 -.317412E+.214351E-2 5 1 1.574492E-1.239793E-2 4 1.129171E+1.58239E-2 2 1 -.32784E+.18126E-2 3 2 -.153445E-1.1588E-2 4 1.18188E-1.232966E-2 5 1 1.13673E+.249247E-2 5 1.824336E+.6549E-2 2 1.1916E+.184616E-2 3 2.39935E-1.17669E-2 4 1 -.15193E+. 278113E-2 5 1 1 -.11775E+.31452E-2 6 1.188458E+1.516822E-2 57

2 3 4 5 1 2 1 1 1.16453E+ -.1326E+ -.17217E+ -.765334E-1.138685E-2.12523E-2.2574E-2.174612E-2 1LKI981 D: OLKI981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:33 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 8. POLE COORDINATES AND TIME INFORMATION A PRIORI POLE AND TIME INFORMATION FORM THE POLE FILE: DATUM TIME X-POLE (II) Y-POLE (II) UT1-UTC (S) GPS-UTC (S) RMS XP (II) RMS yp (II) RMS DT (S) EP-CPO ( II) PS-CPO (II ) RMS EP ( II ) RMS PS ( II ) 98-5-7 :: -.11467.34122 -.86 -.3939 98-5-8 :: -.11452.34347 -.837 -.3942 98-5-9 :: -.11432.34552 -.822 -.3964 -.3258 12. -.3392 12. -.35718 12..8.8.14.39.8.7.14.39.7.7.14.39.9.9.9 CELESTIAL POLE OFFSET MODEL: NO MODEL 1LKI981 D: OLKI981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:33 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 11. TEST OUTPUT MAXIMUM SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS: SESS FILE STATION NAME 1 STATION NAME 2 SYNCH. ERROR (NS) 1 1 1 1 1 GPS1 2 GPS1 3 GPS1 4 GPS1 GPS2 GPS3 GPS4 GPS5.... 58

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 GPS1 GPS1 GPS1 GPS7 GPS7 GPS8 GPS8 GPS9 GPS6 GPS7 GPS7 GPS9 GPS9 GPS7 GPS7 GP1........ 1LKI981 D: OLKI981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:33 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 12. RESULTS (PART 1) NUMBER OF PARAMETERS (PART 1): PARAMETER TYPE #PARAMETERS #PRE-ELIMINATED #SET-UP #NO-OBS #REF #SINGULAR STATION COORDINATES AMBIGUITIES TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS 27 96 9 96 (BEFORE INV) 27 22 9 124 8 TOTAL NUMBER OF PARAMETERS 132 96 256 124 8 NUMBER OF DOUBLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATIONS (PART 1): TYPE FREQUENCY FILE #OBSERVATIONS PHASE PHASE L1 L2 ALL ALL 43854 43854 TOTAL NUMBER OF DOUBLE DIFF. OBSERVATIONS 8778 SIGMA OF SINGLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATION (PART 1): SIGMA OF SINGLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATION:.46 M (CONVERTED TO L1 PHASE) 59

DEGREE OF FREEDOM : 87584 1LKI981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:33 D: OLKI981 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STATION COORDINATES: (NOT SAVED) NUM STATION NAME PARAMETER A PRIORI VALUE NEW VALUE NEW- A PRIORI RMS ERROR 3-D ELLIPSOID 2-D ELLIPSE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 GPS2 X 2863312.4876 2863312.487 -.6.5 y 1127586.4513 1127586.4512 -.1.2 z 5567953.2561 5567953.2547 -.14.9 HEIGHT 32.8443 32.8428 -.15.1.1.9 LATITUDE 61 14 1. 53588 61 14 1.53583 -.2.1.1 86..1 85.9 LONGITUDE 21 29 41.14561 21 29 41.14567.1.1.1..1 3 GPS3 X 2862323.4428 2862323.4451.23.6 y 1126533.776 1126533.7716.1.5 z 5568664.772 5568664.833.61.1 HEIGHT 27.6613 27.6679.65.12.12.3 LATITUDE 61 14 49.568852 61 14 49.568877.8.1.1 176.5.1 176.5 LONGITUDE 21 28 59.767954 21 28 59.767962.1.4.4..4 4 GPS4 X 2862758.9415 2862758.942.5.5 y 1125923.2376 1125923.2378.2.2 z 5568566.154 5568566.163.9.9 HEIGHT 29.1133 29.1143. 11.1.1 1. LATITUDE 61 14 42.897724 61 14 42.897722 -.1.1.1 83.9.1 83.6 LONGITUDE 21 28 1.9875 21 28 1.9874..1.1 -.1.1 5 GPS5 X 2864192.3764 2864192.3676 -.88.6 y 1126421.6871 1126421.6837 -.34.2 z 5567725.8796 5567725.8617 -.179. 11 HEIGHT 22.2982 22.278 -.22.12.12 1.6 LATITUDE 61 13 46.892454 61 13 46.892442 -.4.1.1 98.4.1 97.7 LONGITUDE 21 28 6.96786 21 28 6.96788..1.1 -.3.2 6 GPS6 X 286391.3892 286391.398.16.5 y 1125229.5963 1125229.5967.4.2 z 5568112.548 5568112.5438.3.9 6

HEIGHT 25.654 25.688.34.1.1.7 LATITUDE 61 14 12.686451 61 14 12.686452..1.1 86.8.1 86.8 LONGITUDE 21 26 59.45935 21 26 59.45922 -.2.1.1..1 7 GPS7 X 2863465.853 2863465.8553.23.3 y 1124819.7828 1124819.7835.7.1 z 556843.2557 556843.267.5.6 HEIGHT 32.4126 32.4181.55.7.7.4 LATITUDE 61 14 33.586772 61 14 33.586781.3.1.1 94.1.1 94. LONGITUDE 21 26 44.784815 21 26 44.7848 -.2.1.1 -.1.1 9 GPS9 X 2863742.387 2863742.42.33.4 y 1123996.6145 1123996.6154.9.3 z 5568453.472 5568453.4796.76.7 HEIGHT 31.725 31.718.83.8.8 1.8 LATITUDE 61 14 35.187574 61 14 35.187597.7.1.1 14.1.1 14.7 LONGITUDE 21 25 46.644762 21 25 46.644737 -.4.2.2.7.2 8 GPS8 X 286319.746 286319.775.29.3 y 1124739.5538 1124739.5548.1.1 z 5568666.6848 5568666.6916.68.6 HEIGHT 25.884 25.8158.74.7.7.3 LATITUDE 61 14 49.85377 61 14 49.85396.6.1.1 94.1.1 94.1 LONGITUDE 21 26 5.715669 21 26 5.715659 -.2.1.1 -.1.1 1 GP1 X 286422.2625 286422.2579 -.46.4 y 1124451.9294 1124451.9273 -.21.3 z 5568123.3855 5568123.3775 -.8.7 HEIGHT 28.53 28.4935 -.94.8.8 1.6 LATITUDE 61 14 13.212233 61 14 13.212253.6.1.1 14.1.1 14.6 LONGITUDE 21 26 3.784754 21 26 3.784736 -.3.2.2.6.2 1LKI981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:33 D: OLKI981 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. ---------------------------------------------- TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS: ----------------------------------------- REQUEST STATION NAME ZENITH CORR. (M) RMS (M) -------------------------------------------- 1 GPS2.5.4 2 GPS3 -.26.4 3 GPS4 -.4.4 61

4 GPS5.69.4 5 GPS6 -.12.4 6 GPS7 -.2.2 7 GPS9 -.32.3 8 GPS8 -.27.2 9 GP1.33.3 1LKI981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:33 D: OLKI981 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- RMS ERRORS OF ELLIPS. COORDINATES AND COORDINATE DIFFER. IN MM (PART 1): ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ~ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NUM 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 8 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------.1.1.1.2.1.1.2.1.2 2.1.4.1.1.1.1.2.1.2 1. 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1 1 B.1.1.1.2.1.2.2.2.2 3 1 L.4.4.4.5.4.4.5.4.5 H 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 B.1.1.1.2.1.1.2.1.2 4 1 L.1.4.1.1.1.1.2.1.2 H 1.1 1.2 1. 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 B.2.2.2.1.2.1.2.1.2 5 1 L.1.5.1.1.1.1.2.1.2 H 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 B.1.1.1.2.1.1.2.1.2 6 1 L.1.4.1.1.1.1.2.1.2 H 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.6 1. 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 B.1.2.1.1.1.1.1.1.1 7 1 L.1.4.1.1.1.1.2.1.2 H 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2.7.8.7.8 B.2.2.2.2.2.1.1.1.1 9 1 L.2.5.2.2.2.2.2.2.1 H 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3.8.8.8.8 ~.1.2.1.1.1.1.1.1.1 8.1.4.1.1.1.1.2.1.2 1 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2.7.8.7.8 1 62

1 1 ~ 1.2.2 1.3.2.5 1.4.2.2 1.3.2.2 1.3.2.2 1.3.1.2.8.1.1.8.1.2.8.1.2.8 1LKI981 D: OLKI981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:33 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. SLOPE DISTANCES AND RMS ERRORS IN M (PART 1): --------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NUM 1 1 3 N 4 N 5 N 6 N 7 N 9 N 8 N 1 N --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1 169.8487 1856.9241 1477.3558 2436.7239 2811.6728 3649.8847 2949.4962 3262.811 N N 169.8495 1856.9242 1477.356 2436.7242 2811.6733 3649.8854 2949.4968 3262.815 RMS.2.1.1.1.1.2.1.2 3 1 756.3239 294.24 2126.8432 273.479 2914.4348 1924.5782 2855.9366 N N 756.3242 294.251 2126.8439 273.484 2914.4353 1924.5785 2855.937 RMS.4.3.4.4.5.4.5 4 1 1734.6515 1418.6646 1317.4851 2165.8769 1216.2397 218.428 N N 1734.6518 1418.6647 1317.4853 2165.8772 1216.24 218.428 RMS.2.1.1.2.1.2 5 1 1284.5638 1894.755 2571.688 2256.687 29.491 N N 1284.5643 1894.7513 2571.699 2256.697 29.4917 RMS.1.1.2.1.2 6 1 683.97 129.2791 1157.8153 83.766 N N 683.1 129.2796 1157.8159 83.766 RMS.1.2.1.2 7 1 868.5756 511.2571 878.5126 N N 868.5758 511.2574 878.5125 RMS.2.1.1 9 1 157.9154 726.6875 N N 157.9156 726.6877 RMS.2.1 8 1332.796 N N 1332.796 RMS.1 1 N N 63

IRMSI 1LKI981 D: OLKI981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:33 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. SLOPE DISTANCES AND RMS ERRORS IN M (PART 1): --------------------------- CONTINUATION ------- NUM 1 1 F ------------------- 2 1 1355.8621 N N 1355.8623 RMS.1 3 1 16.1927 N N 16.1934 RMS.3 4 1 643.4483 N N 643.4483 RMS.1 5 1 1131. 6197 N N 1131.622 RMS.1 6 1 1264.8248 N N 1264.825 RMS.1 7 1 1482.9925 N N 1482.9928 RMS.1 9 2343.5952 N N 2343.5957 RMS.2 8 1594. 513 N N 1594.517 RMS.1 1 277.4262 N N 277.4263 RMS.2 64

Appendix 111. Final result of the second measurements at Olkiluoto in 1998 1LKI982 F: OLKI982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:36 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. CAMPAIGNS 2. OBSERVATION FILES 3. GENERAL OPTIONS 4. STATIONS 5. SATELLITE ORBITS 6. ATMOSPHERE 7. RECEIVER CLOCK PARAMETERS 8. POLE COORDINATES AND TIME INFORMATION 9. ANTENNA PHASE CENTERS 1. CONSTANTS 11. PARAMETER CHARACTERIZATION LIST 12. TEST OUTPUT 13. RESULTS (PART 1) 14. RESULTS (PART 2) 1LKI982 F: OLKI982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:36 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. LIST OF INPUT AND OUTPUT FILENAMES GENERAL CONSTANTS POLE INFORMATION LOCAL GEODETIC DATUM SATELLITE INFO SATELLITE PROBLEMS PHASE CENTER ECCENTRICITIES APRIORI COORDINATES STANDARD ORBITS RADIATION PRESSURE COEFF. IONOSPHERE MODELS SITE ECCENTRICITIES SATELLITE CLOCKS ANTENNA ORIENTATIONS COORDINATE RESULTS ORBIT RESULTS X: [GEN]CONST. X: [GEN]RAP_1998.ERP X: [ GEN] DATUM. X: [GEN]SATELLIT.TTT X: [GEN]SAT_1998.CRX X: [GEN] PHASITRF. U: [OLKI982.STA]OLKI982.CRD U: [OLKI982.RB]OLKI982.STD U: [OLKI982.RB]OLKI982.RPR U: [OLKI982.ATM]OLKI9821.ION U: [OLKI982.RB]OLKI982.CLK 65

IONOSPHERE RESULTS IONEX OUTPUT FILE VAR/COVAR MATRIX COORD. VAR/COVAR MATRIX TOTAL NORMAL EQUATIONS RESIDUALS EARTH ROTATION PARAMETERS IERS FORMAT ERP OUTPUT TROPOSPHERE CORRECTIONS GRID PHASE CENTER OUTPUT HARM. PHASE CENTER OUTPUT 1LKI982 F: OLKI982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:36 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 1. CAMPAIGNS CAMPAIGN NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME OLKI982 1 GPS1 6 GPS6 2 GPS2 7 GPS7 3 GPS3 8 GPS8 4 GPS4 9 GPS9 5 GPS5 1 GP1 2. OBSERVATION FILES ---- OLKI982 -------------------- MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: -------------------- AMB.I.+S. #CLUSTERS FILE TYP FREQ. STATION 1 STATION 2 SESS FIRST OBSERV.TIME #EPO DT #EF #CLK ARC #SAT w 12 #AMB L1 L2 L5 RM ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS2 1 98-1-6 7:46: 1948 3 E E 1 27 N y N 36 2 2 36 2 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS2 1 98-1-7 ::3 871 3 E E 1 24 N y N 24 7 7 24 3 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS3 1 98-1-6 8:3:3 781 3 E E 1 23 N y N 23 23 23 23 4 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS4 1 98-1-6 9:6 749 3 E E 1 21 N y N 21 21 21 21 5 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS5 1 98-1-6 6:29 3 299 3 E E 1 27 N y N 4 3 3 4 6 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS5 1 98-1-7 : 3 789 3 E E 1 23 N y N 23 8 8 23 7 p L1, L2 GPS1 GPS6 1 98-1-6 1: 3 1679 3 E E 1 27 N y N 33 3 3 33 8 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS6 1 98-1-7 : 3 13 3 E E 1 27 N y N 28 9 9 28 9 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS7 1 98-1-6 9:32 3 1735 3 E E 1 27 N y N 33 3 3 33 1 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS7 1 98-1-7 : 3 16 3 E E 1 26 N y N 3 9 9 3 66

11 p L1,L2 GPS7 GPS8 1 98-1-6 15:5:3 979 3 E E 1 26 N y N 28 7 7 28 12 p L1,L2 GPS7 GPS8 1 98-1-7 :: 17 3 E E 1 26 N y N 3 9 9 3 13 p L1,L2 GPS7 GPS9 1 98-1-6 11:44:3 1471 3 E E 1 27 N y N 32 4 4 32 14 p L1,L2 GPS7 GPS9 1 98-1-7 :: 961 3 E E 1 25 N y N 29 8 8 29 15 p L1,L2 GPS9 GP1 1 98-1-6 16:1:3 939 3 E E 1 25 N y N 25 6 6 25 16 p L1,L2 GPS9 GP1 1 98-1-7 :: 961 3 E E 1 25 N y N 26 7 7 26 SATELLITES: ------- FILE #SAT SATELLITES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 2 24 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 3 23 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 22 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 4 21 2 3 4 6 7 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 22 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 5 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 6 23 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 1 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 7 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 8 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 9 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 1 26 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 11 26 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 12 26 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 13 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 14 25 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 15 25 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 16 25 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 OBSERVATION SELECTION: --------------------- SAMPLING RATE : 3 SEC ELEVATION CUT-OFF ANGLE : 2 DEGREES 1LKI982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:36 F: OLKI982 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. ---------- 3. GENERAL OPTIONS ------------------ A PRIORI SIGMA: A PRIORI SIGMA :.1 M (ZERO-DIFF. L1 PHASE) 67

CORRELATIONS AND SESSIONS: STRATEGY TIME INTERVAL CORRELATIONS CORRECTLY MODELLED 1. SEC (TO IDENTIFY EPOCH) SESS #FILE FILE NUMBERS 1 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION STRATEGY: AMBIGUITIES PRE-ELIMINATED SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS: STRATEGY : SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS NOT APPLIED 1LKI982 F: OLKI982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:36 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 4. STATIONS LOCAL GEODETIC DATUM: DATUM NAME ELL. PARAM./ SCALE SHIFTS TO WGS-84 ROTATIONS TO WGS-84 WGS - 84 A 1/F= se = 6378137. M 298.2572236 O.OOOOOD+OO DX DY DZ. M. M. M RX RY RZ. ". ". " A PRIORI STATION COORDINATES: NUM STATION NAME OBS E/F/C X U: [OLKI982.STA]OLKI982.CRD WGS-84 COORDINATES IN METERS ELLIPSOIDAL COORDINATES IN LOCAL DATUM y z LATITUDE LONGITUDE HEIGHT (M) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 GPS1 y FIXED 286321.167 112 6271.43 9 5568267.299 61 14 22.754183 21 28 21.633926 3.552 2 GPS2 y ESTIM 2863312.487 1127586.4518 5567953.2554 61 14 1.53587 21 29 41.145647 32.8435 3 GPS3 y ESTIM 2862323.4448 1126533.7723 5568664.761 61 14 49.568764 21 28 59.76811 27.6616 4 GPS4 y ESTIM 2862758.9434 1125923.2391 5568566.154 61 14 42.897658 21 28 1.98752 29.1144 68

5 GPSS 6 GPS6 7 GPS7 8 GPS8 9 GPS9 1 GP1 Y Y Y Y Y Y ESTIM ESTIM ESTIM ESTIM ESTIM ESTIM 2864192.375 286391.3913 2863465.8536 286319.762 2863742.389 286422.2635 1126421.687 1125229.5964 1124819.7831 1124739.5542 1123996.6149 1124451.934 5567725.8737 5568112.5454 556843.2568 5568666.6864 5568453.4747 5568123.3865 61 13 46.8924 61 14 12.686466 61 14 33.58677 61 14 49.85355 61 14 35.18766 61 14 13.212212 21 28 6.96814 22.2924 21 26 59.45899 25.74 21 26 44.784819 32.4139 21 26 5.715655 25.816 21 25 46.644782 31.75 21 26 3.784792 28.545 1LKI982 F: OLKI982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:36 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 5. SATELLITE ORBITS ARC CHARACTERISTICS: ARC START OF ARC END OF ARC SOURCE #SAT SATELLITES 1 98-1-6 :: 98-1-8 :: PR1998.281 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 OSCULATING ELEMENTS: U: [OLKI982.RB]OLKI982.STD REFERENCE SYSTEM: J2. REFERENCE EPOCH : 5192.3236111 MJD (1998 1 6 7 46.) SAT S.MAJ.AXIS ECCENTRIC. INCLINAT. NODE PERIGEE M. ANOMALY PER.PASS.TIME ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 26559192.5.416699 54.78233 136.3979 263.711136-164.29938 5192.5511485 2 2656188.1.1832893 53.726225-18.4114 231.181277-62.85471 5192.416657 3 265678.2.14929 54.329229-46.43622-221.259564 95.82912 5192.199274 4 26561153.9.47276 56.1545 15.736776-44.64354 72.199234 5192.2236116 5 26557935.3. 1364 53.8944-17.39231-2.2148 88.4259 5192.2169 6 2656751.8.695939 54.75147-44.28329-143.916862 112.12781 5192.1683121 7 26559566.2.13327 54.86715-46.13385 233.97426-134.95965 5192.593239 8 2655826.4.969375 54.96531-163.786935 13.28999-6.943562 5192.3332267 9 26559817.2.82789 54.9447-165.946956 22.7646 15.585765 5192.177387 1 26558148..292513 55.449637 74.53798-8.546499-6.467224 5192.47347 13 2655878.9.162492 55.6811 134. 6234-76.53346-13.33274 5192.342744 14 2656736.2. 112687 55.768193 77.159325 153.48664-95.29263 5192.455593 15 265599.5.78856 56.321442 18.1515 9.489286 31.986198 5192.2793138 16 26561438.4.328444 55.563282 77.44969 13.816 8.286176 5192.3121342 17 26558865.9.15249 56.3 95913 2.174382-24.915321 99.7345 5192.186473 18 2656284.7.717292 54.174 132.491892 99.817546-135.745625 5192.5116162 19 26558229.9.423235 53.15882-168.86583-162.893941 68.259631 5192.229838 69

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 26561818.9 265692.1 26561174.7 26562681.8 2656645.8 26561813. 2656595.9 26556651.6 26561649.3 26561289..1466795. 1113965. 1316523.836853.71229.163865.1293391.626656. 513855. 81314 55.416225 53.715469 55.59196 56.5815 53.684428 54.955956 53.929295 54.75664 54.312375 54.837431 74.88895-17.591576 77.117354 16.8732-167.955766 134.99737-166.887689 133.47858-15.8496-46.6664 2.88551-4.98922 2.489919-78.55413-116.25437-56.332242-13.55371 96.926786-139.952678 164.539532-8.94399-146.71279-173.51694 46.742751 245.274323-161.293387 89.797791-58.71674-316.974283 158.74241 5192.383738 5192.432419 5192.416341 5192.1893512 5192.957223 5192.5268196 5192.2588721 5192.5469536 5192.449389 5192.137963 SATELLITE PROBLEMS: SAT PROBLEM TYPE ACTION FROM TO 11 BAD PHASE+CODE 2 BAD PHASE+CODE 28 BAD PHASE+CODE OBS. REMOVED OBS. REMOVED OBS. REMOVED 97-6-4 97-1-1 97-5-6 :: :: :: -1-1 -1-1 -1-1 :: :: :: 1LKI982 F: OLKI982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:36 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 6. ATMOSPHERE TROPOSPHERE MODEL: TROPOSPHERE MODEL: SAASTAMOINEN METEO VALUES : EXTRAPOLATED REFERENCE HEIGHT :. M TEMPERATURE AT REF. HEIGHT: PRESSURE AT REF. HEIGHT: HUMIDITY AT REF. HEIGHT: 18. c 113.25 MBAR 5. % TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS: MAPPING FUNCTION USED FOR DELAY ESTIMATION: 1/COS(ZENITH-DISTANCE) PAR STATION NAME VALIDITY START VALIDITY END SIGMA (M) ABS/REL 1 GPS2 2 GPS3 3 GPS4 4 GPS5 1998 1 1998 1 1998 1 1998 1 5 24. 5 24. 5 24. 5 24. 1998 1 1998 1 1998 1 1998 1 8 8 8 8.....1.1.1.1 ABS ABS ABS ABS 7

5 GPS6 1998 1 5 24. 1998 1 8..1 ABS 6 GPS7 1998 1 5 24. 1998 1 8..1 ABS 7 GPS8 1998 1 5 24. 1998 1 8..1 ABS 8 GPS9 1998 1 5 24. 1998 1 8..1 ABS 9 GP1 1998 1 5 24. 1998 1 8..1 ABS IONOSPHERE MODELS: U: [OLKI982.ATM]OLKI9821.ION TYPE OF IONOSPHERE MODELS : LOCAL RADIUS OF THE EARTH : 6378.14 KM DEG. OF DEVELOP. ORIGIN OF DEVELOPMENT HEIGHT NORMAIZATION FACTORS MODEL TIME LAT. MIXED VALIDITY START VALIDITY END LOCAL TIME LAT. (D) LONG. (D) (KM) TIME(H) LAT. (D) ELE.CONT. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 2 1 2 1998 1 5 23. 1998 1 6 7. 1998 1 6 3. 61.23 21.47 4 2. 6..1D+18 2 2 1 2 1998 1 6 5. 1998 1 6 13. 1998 1 6 9. 61.23 21.47 4 2. 6..1D+18 3 2 1 2 1998 1 6 11. 1998 1 6 19. 1998 1 6 15. 61.23 21.47 4 2. 6..1D+18 4 2 1 2 1998 1 6 17. 1998 1 7 1. 1998 1 6 21. 61.23 21.47 4 2. 6..1D+18 5 2 1 2 1998 1 6 23. 1998 1 7 7. 1998 1 7 3. 61.23 21.47 4 2. 6..1D+18 6 2 1 2 1998 1 7 5. 1998 1 7 13. 1998 1 7 9. 61.23 21.47 4 2. 6..1D+18 POL. DEGREE IN MODEL TERM TIME LATIT. COEFFICIENT SIGMA 1 1.43337E+.685836E-2 2 1.216991E+.19623E-2 3 2.2218E+.162E-2 4 1 -.22946E+.38567E-2 5 1 1.269E-1.317894E-2 2 1.216817E+1.375166E-2 2 1.324441E+.12698E-2 3 2 -.13 5787E+.13672E-2 4 1 -.2195E+.161197E-2 5 1 1 -.483388E-1.165137E-2 3 1.19949E+1.567714E-2 2 1 -.35357E+.163196E-2 3 2 -.126918E+.1261E-2 4 1 -.214359E+. 25135E-2 5 1 1.943549E-2.242277E-2 4 1.926245E+.47615E-2 2 1 -.16365E+.11322E-2 3 2.78248E-1.999199E-3 4 1 -.73217E-1.18128E-2 5 1 1 -.242764E-1.149671E-2 71

5 1.519554E+.86886E-2 2 1.18254E+.226498E-2 3 2. 211185E+.2893E-2 4 1 -.255414E+.39676E-2 5 1 1.23683E-1.386918E-2 6 1.262432E+1.652924E-2 2 1.569246E+.21428E-2 3 2 -.186429E+.17996E-2 4 1 -.2681E+. 28132E-2 5 1 1 -.161944E-1.29898E-2 1LKI982 F: OLKI982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:36 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 8. POLE COORDINATES AND TIME INFORMATION A PRIORI POLE AND TIME INFORMATION FORM THE POLE FILE: DATUM TIME X-POLE ( 11 ) Y-POLE ( 11 ) UT1-UTC (S) GPS-UTC (S) RMS XP ( 11 ) RMS YP ( 11 ) RMS DT (S) EP-CPO (II) PS-CPO (II) RMS EP ( II ) RMS PS ( II) 98-1-6 :: 98-1-7 :: 98-1-8 ::.13287 -.681.13431 -.681.13581 -.689.43817 -.5192.4369 -.5195.4339 -.522 -.16689 12..14.15.6.6 -.167949 12..13.18.6.6 -.169725 12..14.18.6.6.21.19.2 CELESTIAL POLE OFFSET MODEL: NO MODEL 1LKI982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:36 F: OLKI982 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 11. TEST OUTPUT MAXIMUM SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS: SESS FILE STATION NAME 1 STATION NAME 2 SYNCH. ERROR (NS) 1 1 GPS1 GPS2. 72

1 2 GPS1 1 3 GPS1 1 4 GPS1 1 5 GPS1 1 6 GPS1 1 7 GPS1 1 8 GPS1 1 9 GPS1 1 1 GPS1 1 11 GPS7 1 12 GPS7 1 13 GPS7 1 14 GPS7 1 15 GPS9 1 16 GPS9 GPS2 GPS3 GPS4 GPS5 GPS5 GPS6 GPS6 GPS7 GPS7 GPS8 GPS8 GPS9 GPS9 GP1 GP1............... 1LKI982 F: OLKI982 ------------------- PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:36 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 12. RESULTS (PART 1) -------- NUMBER OF PARAMETERS (PART 1): ---------------------- PARAMETER TYPE #PARAMETERS #PRE-ELIMINATED #SET-UP #NO-OBS #REF #SINGULAR STATION COORDINATES AMBIGUITIES TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS 27 74 9 74 (BEFORE INV) 27 258 9 184 6 TOTAL NUMBER OF PARAMETERS 11 74 294 184 6 NUMBER OF DOUBLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATIONS (PART 1) : TYPE FREQUENCY FILE #OBSERVATIONS PHASE PHASE L1 L2 ALL ALL 93625 93625 TOTAL NUMBER OF DOUBLE DIFF. OBSERVATIONS 18725 73

SIGMA OF SINGLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATION (PART 1): -------- SIGMA OF SINGLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATION:.49 M (CONVERTED TO L1 PHASE) DEGREE OF FREEDOM : 187146 1LKI982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18 - DEC- 9 8 13 : 3 6 F: OLKI982 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. ----------------------------------------------------- STATION COORDINATES: (NOT SAVED) NUM STATION NAME PARAMETER A PRIORI VALUE NEW VALUE NEW- A PRIORI RMS ERROR 3-D ELLIPSOID 2-D ELLIPSE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 GPS2 X 2863312.487 2863312.4871.1.2 y 1127586.4518 1127586.4517 -.1.1 z 5567953.2554 5567953.2542 -.12.5 HEIGHT 32.8435 32.8424 -.1.5.5.3 LATITUDE 61 14 1. 53587 61 14 1. 53567 -.6.1. 91.8. 91.8 LONGITUDE 21 29 41.145647 21 29 41.145638 -.1..1..1 3 GPS3 X 2862323.4448 2862323.4468.2.5 y 1126533.7723 1126533.7738.15.4 z 5568664.761 5568664.786.25.8 HEIGHT 27.6616 27.6649.33.9.9 3.9 LATITUDE 61 14 49.568764 61 14 49.568735 -.9.2.2 23.5.2 24.8 LONGITUDE 21 28 59.76811 21 28 59.76857.7.3.3 1.3.3 4 GPS4 X 2862758.9434 2862758.9454.2.5 y 1125923.2391 1125923.2417.26.4 z 5568566.154 5568566.193.39.9 HEIGHT 29.1144 29.1191.48.1.1 4.2 LATITUDE 61 14 42.897658 61 14 42.897639 -.6.2.2 23.3.2 24.3 LONGITUDE 21 28 1.98752 21 28 1.98862.16.3.3 1.2.3 5 GPS5 X 2864192.375 2864192.3713 -.37.2 y 1126421.687 1126421.6855 -.15.1 z 5567725.8737 5567725.8648 -.89.5 HEIGHT 22.2924 22.2827 -.97.5.5.2 LATITUDE 61 13 46.8924 61 13 46.892375 -.8.1. 91.5. 91.5 LONGITUDE 21 28 6.96814 21 28 6.9681 -.1..1 -.1.1 6 GPS6 X 286391.3913 286391.3914.1.3 y 1125229.5964 1125229.5963 -.1.1 74

z 5568112.5454 5568112.5452 -.2.5 HEIGHT 25.74 25.73 -.1.5.5.3 LATITUDE 61 14 12.686466 61 14 12.686462 -.1.1. 92.2. 92.1 LONGITUDE 21 26 59.45899 21 26 59.458984 -.1..1..1 7 GPS7 X 2863465.8536 2863465.8566.3.3 y 1124819.7831 1124819.7842.11.1 z 556843.2568 556843.2633.65.5 HEIGHT 32.4139 32.4211.72.5.5.3 LATITUDE 61 14 33.58677 61 14 33.586782.4.1. 92.. 92. LONGITUDE 21 26 44.784819 21 26 44.784814 -.1..1..1 8 GPS8 X 286319.762 286319.794.32.3 y 1124739.5542 1124739.5554.12.1 z 5568666.6864 5568666.6949.85.5 HEIGHT 25.816 25.8198.91.6.6.2 LATITUDE 61 14 49.85355 61 14 49.85389.11.1.1 92.4.1 92.4 LONGITUDE 21 26 5.715655 21 26 5.715653..1.1.1.1 9 GPS9 X 2863742.389 2863742.426.37.3 y 1123996.6149 1123996.6163.14.1 z 5568453.4747 5568453.4829.82.5 HEIGHT 31.75 31.7141.91.6.6.4 LATITUDE 61 14 35.18766 61 14 35.187622.5.1. 91.9. 91.9 LONGITUDE 21 25 46.644782 21 25 46.644779...1 -.1.1 1 GP1 X 286422.2635 286422.261 -.34.3 y 1124451.934 1124451.9288 -.16.1 z 5568123.3865 5568123.3796 -.69.5 HEIGHT 28.545 28.4966 -.79.6.6.2 LATITUDE 61 14 13.212212 61 14 13.212212..1.1 92.7.1 92.6 LONGITUDE 21 26 3.784792 21 26 3.784778 -.2.1.1.1.1 1LKI982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:36 F: OLKI982 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. --------------------------------------------- TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS: ---------------------------------------------- REQUEST STATION NAME ZENITH CORR. (M) RMS (M) ------------------------------------------------- 1 GPS2.6.2 2 GPS3 -.22.3 3 GPS4 -.21.4 75

4 GPS5.4.2 5 GPS6.1.2 6 GPS7 -.29.2 7 GPS8 -.37.2 8 GPS9 -.36.2 9 GP1.3.2 1LKI982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC- 9 8 13 : 3 6 F: OLKI982 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- RMS ERRORS OF ELLIPS. COORDINATES AND COORDINATE DIFFER. IN MM (PART 1): ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- B.1.2.2.1.1.1.1.1.1 2 1 L..3.3....1.1.1 H.5 1. 1..5.6.6.6.6.6 B.2.2.3.2.2.2.2.2.2 3 1 L.3.3.4.3.3.3.3.3.3 H 1..9 1.2 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. B.2.3.2.2.2.2.2.2.2 4 1 L.3.4.3.3.3.3.3.3.3 H 1. 1.2 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.1 1. 1.1 B.1.2.2.1.1.1.1.1.1 5 1 L..3.3....1.1.1 H.5 1. 1..5.6.6.6.6.6 B.1.2.2.1.1.1.1.1.1 6 1 L..3.3....1.1.1 H.6 1. 1..6.5.6.6.6.6 B.1.2.2.1.1.1.1.1.1 7 1 L..3.3....1.1.1 H.6 1. 1..6.6.5.6.6.6 B.1.2.2.1.1.1.1.1.1 8 1 L.1.3.3.1.1.1.1.1.1 H.6 1. 1.1.6.6.6.6.6.7 B.1.2.2.1.1.1.1.1.1 9 1 L.1.3.3.1.1.1.1..1 H.6 1. 1..6.6.6.6.6.6 B 1.1.2.2.1.1.1.1.1.1 76

1 1 ~.1.6.3 1..3 1.1.1.6.1.6.1.6.1.7.1.6.1.6 1LKI982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:36 F: OLKI982 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. SLOPE DISTANCES AND RMS ERRORS IN M (PART 1) : NUM 1 1 3 N 4 N 5 N 6 N 7 N 8 N 9 N 1 N ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1 169.8462 1856.9227 1477.3565 2436.7253 2811.6734 2949.4966 3649.8854 3262.811 N N 169.8456 1856.9214 1477.3566 2436.7253 2811.6737 2949.4974 3649.8856 3262.813 RMS.2.3.1..1.1.1.1 3 1 756.3238 294.232 2126.8428 273.481 1924.5793 2914.4347 2855.936 N N 756.3228 294.234 2126.843 273.485 1924.58 2914.4353 2855.9365 RMS.3.2.2.3.3.3.2 4 1 1734.6511 1418.664 1317.4853 1216.249 2165.877 218.423 N N 1734.6514 1418.665 1317.4868 1216.2428 2165.8785 218.438 RMS.2.2.3.3.3.2 5 1 1284.566 1894.752 2256.699 2571.615 29.4913 N N 1284.5664 1894.7529 2256.715 2571.6113 29.4918 RMS.1.1.1.1.1 6 1 683.9 1157.8141 129.2785 83.753 N N 683.95 1157. 8153 129.2789 83.754 RMS.1.1.1.1 7 1 511.2564 868.5754 878.5127 N N 511.2571 868.5754 878.5131 RMS.1.1.1 8 1 157.9143 1332.7956 N N 157.9145 1332.7965 RMS.1.1 9 726.6891 N N 726.6896 RMS.1 1 N N RMS 77

1LKI982 F: OLKI982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:36 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. SLOPE DISTANCES AND RMS ERRORS IN M (PART 1): --------------------------- ------- NUM 1 1 F -------------------- 2 1 1355.8627 N N 1355.8629 RMS.1 CONTINUATION 3 1 16.199 N N 16.195 RMS.2 4 1 643.4462 N N 643.4452 RMS.2 5 1131.6213 N N 1131.6222 RMS.1 6 1264.8254 N N 1264.8255 RMS. 7 1 1482.9924 N N 1482.9926 RMS. 8 1 1594.511 N N 1594.516 RMS.1 9 2343.5951 N N 2343.5952 RMS. 1 277.4257 N N 277.4259 RMS.1 78

~---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79 ÅJ!J!endix IV. Results of six measurements at Kivetty (Zero epoch, 1996.) Baseline Observ- Baseline Length Differation New Previous ence epoch solutien solutien (Year) (m) (m) (mm) GPS1-GPS2.33 659.834 659.83 -.4.75 659.844 659.838 -.6 1.33 659.85 659.846 -.4 1.75 659.838 659.838. 2.37 659.84 2.76 659.838 GPS1-GPS3.33 1613.4862 1613.4865.3.75 1613.4861 1613.4862.1 1.33 1613.4869 1613.4868 -.1 1.75 1613.4854 1613.4854. 2.37 1613.4861 2.76 1613.4856 GPS1-GPS4.33 1591.965 1591.964 -.1.75 1591.964 1591.961 -.3 1.33 1591.969 1591.968 -.1 1.75 1591.956 1591.954 -.2 2.37 1591.965 2.76 1591.963 GPS1-GPS5.33 672.471 672.47 -.1.75 672.469 672.467 -.2 1.33 672.469 672.467 -.2 1.75 672.473 672.462-1.1 2.37 672.462 2.76 672.468 GPS1-GPS6.33 118.5881 118.5879 -.2.75 118.5883 118.5878 -.5 1.33 118.5887 118.5881 -.6 1.75 118.5883 118.5877 -.6 2.37 118.5877 2.76 118.5887 GPS1-GPS7.33 735.5625 735.5621 -.4.75 735.5625 735.5622 -.3 1.33 735.5643 735.5638 -.5 1.75 735.5634 735.5623-1.1 2.37 735.5643 2.76 735.5633

--------------- ---- 8 GPS2-GPS3.33 955.9395 955.941.6.75 955.9383 955.9389.6 1.33 955.9386 955.9388.2 1.75 955.9382 955.9383.1 2.37 955.9389 2.76 955.9386 GPS2-GPS4.33 1198.8839 1198.8834 -.5.75 1198.8834 1198.8829 -.5 1.33 1198.8843 1198.8839 -.4 1.75 1198.8828 1198.8822 -.6 2.37 1198.8847 2.76 1198.8851 GPS2-GPS5.33 1167.283 1167.2824 -.6.75 1167.2841 1167.2832 -.9 1.33 1167.2851 1167.2844 -.7 1.75 1167.2841 1167.2833 -.8 2.37 1167.2833 2.76 1167.2838 GPS2-GPS6.33 1829.896 1829.891 -.5.75 1829.819 1829.81 -.9 1.33 1829.8119 1829.8111 -.8 1.75 1829.813 1829.898 -.5 2.37 1829.899 2.76 1829.815 GPS2-GPS7.33 91.3171 91.3171..75 91.3179 91.3177 -.2 1.33 91.3184 91.3183 -.1 1.75 91.3175 91.317 -.5 2.37 91.3185 2.76 91.3174 GPS3-GPS4.33 112.3321 112.3316 -.5.75 112.3317 112.331 -.7 1.33 112.3327 112.3321 -.6 1.75 112.3313 112.331-1.2 2.37 112.3323 2.76 112.3328 GPS3-GPS5.33 231.1154 231.1155.1.75 231.1154 231.1153 -.1 1.33 231.1167 231.1164 -.3 1.75 231.1155 231.1149 -.6 2.37 231.1148 2.76 231.1148

81 GPS3-GPS6.33 277.648 277.65.2.75 277.648 277.646 -.2 1.33 277.661 277.655 -.6 1.75 277.642 277.638 -.4 2.37 277.644 2.76 277.645 GPS3-GPS7.33 1693.3975 1693.3979.4.75 1693.3978 1693.3979.1 1.33 1693.3982 1693.3981 -.1 1.75 1693.3963 1693.3964.1 2.37 1693.3989 2.76 1693.3979 GPS4-GPS5.33 168.7414 168.7414..75 168.7419 168.7417 -.2 1.33 168.7428 168.7428. 1.75 168.7419 168.7421.2 2.37 168.7413 2.76 168.7411 GPS4-GPS6.33 2462.3883 2462.3884.1.75 2462.3885 2462.3884 -.1 1.33 2462.3893 2462.389 -.3 1.75 2462.3881 2462.3881. 2.37 2462.3881 2.76 2462.3879 GPS4-GPS7.33 289.3257 289.3253 -.4.75 289.3258 289.3252 -.6 1.33 289.3273 289.3267 -.6 1.75 289.3251 289.3239-1.2 2.37 289.3277 2.76 289.3269 GPS5-GPS6.33 854.7454 854.7454..75 854.745 854.7449 -.1 1.33 854.7449 854.7446 -.3 1.75 854.7446 854.7445 -.1 2.37 854.745 2.76 854.7454 GPS5-GPS7.33 1379.3843 1379.3838 -.5.75 1379.3839 1379.3834 -.5 1.33 1379.3857 1379.3849 -.8 1.75 1379.3852 1379.383-2.2 2.37 1379.3847 2.76 1379.3844 GPS6-GPS7.33 164.962 164.9614 -.6.75 164.9618 164.9611 -.7 1.33 164.964 164.963-1. 1.75 164.9631 164.9612-1.9 2.37 164.9619 2.76 164.9626

Appendix V. Final result of the first measurements at Kivetty in 1998 1KIVE981 B: KIVE981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:23 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. CAMPAIGNS 2. OBSERVATION FILES 3. GENERAL OPTIONS 4. STATIONS 5. SATELLITE ORBITS 6. ATMOSPHERE 7. RECEIVER CLOCK PARAMETERS 8. POLE COORDINATES AND TIME INFORMATION 9. ANTENNA PHASE CENTERS 1. CONSTANTS 11. PARAMETER CHARACTERIZATION LIST 12. TEST OUTPUT 13. RESULTS (PART 1) 14. RESULTS (PART 2) 1KIVE981 B: KIVE981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:23 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. LIST OF INPUT AND OUTPUT FILENAMES GENERAL CONSTANTS POLE INFORMATION LOCAL GEODETIC DATUM SATELLITE INFO SATELLITE PROBLEMS PHASE CENTER ECCENTRICITIES APRIORI COORDINATES STANDARD ORBITS RADIATION PRESSURE COEFF. X: [GEN] CONST. X: [GEN]RAP_1998.ERP X: [GEN] DATUM. X [GEN]SATELLIT.TTT X [GEN]SAT_1998.CRX X [GEN]PHASITRF. U [KIVE981.STA]KIVE981.CRD U [KIVE98l.ORB]KIVE981.STD U [KIVE98l.ORB]KIVE981.RPR 82

IONOSPHERE MODELS SITE ECCENTRICITIES SATELLITE CLOCKS ANTENNA ORIENTATIONS COORDINATE RESULTS ORBIT RESULTS IONOSPHERE RESULTS IONEX OUTPUT FILE VAR/COVAR MATRIX COORD. VAR/COVAR MATRIX TOTAL NORMAL EQUATIONS RESIDUALS EARTH ROTATION PARAMETERS IERS FORMAT ERP OUTPUT TROPOSPHERE CORRECTIONS GRID PHASE CENTER OUTPUT HARM. PHASE CENTER OUTPUT U: [KIVE981.ATM]KIVE981.ION U: [KIVE981.RB]KIVE981.CLK 1KIVE981 B: KIVE981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:23 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 1. CAMPAIGNS CAMPAIGN NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME KIVE981 1 GPS1 3 GPS3 2 GPS2 4 GPS4 5 GPSS 6 GPS6 7 GPS7 2. OBSERVATION FILES KIVE981 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: FILE TYP FREQ. STATION 1 STATION 2 AMB.I.+S. #CLUSTERS SESS FIRST OBSERV.TIME #EPO DT #EF #CLK ARC #SAT W 12 #AMB L1 L2 LS RM 83

1 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS2 1 98-5-11 11:24:3 159 3 E E 1 27 N y N 3 4 4 3 2 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS2 1 98-5-12 :1: 836 3 E E 1 23 N y N 24 4 4 24 3 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS5 1 98-5-11 13:9:3 82 3 E E 1 22 N y N 23 5 5 23 4 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS6 1 98-5-11 12:49: 134 3 E E 1 27 N y N 29 5 5 29 5 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS6 1 98-5-12 :1: 524 3 E E 1 16 N y N 16 1 1 16 6 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS7 1 98-5-11 12:33:3 1371 3 E E 1 27 N y N 29 5 5 29 7 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS7 1 98-5-12 :1: 856 3 E E 1 24 N y N 24 4 4 24 8 p L1,L2 GPS2 GPS3 1 98-5-11 12:7: 1426 3 E E 1 27 N y N 29 4 4 29 9 p L1,L2 GPS2 GPS3 1 98-5-12 :: 838 3 E E 1 23 N y N 24 5 5 24 1 p L1,L2 GPS2 GPS4 1 98-5-11 11:48: 1464 3 E E 1 27 N y N 29 4 4 29 11 p L1,L2 GPS2 GPS4 1 98-5-12 :: 838 3 E E 1 24 N y N 25 5 5 25 SATELLITES: ------- FILE #SAT SATELLITES -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 2 23 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 23 24 26 27 29 3 31 3 22 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 25 26 27 29 3 31 4 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 5 16 2 3 7 8 9 1 13 15 17 18 19 21 23 26 27 31 6 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 7 24 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 23 24 26 27 29 3 31 8 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 9 23 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 23 24 26 27 29 3 31 1 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 11 24 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 OBSERVATION SELECTION: --------------------- SAMPLING RATE : 3 SEC ELEVATION CUT-OFF ANGLE : 2 DEGREES 1KIVE981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:23 B: KIVE981 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. -------- 3. GENERAL OPTIONS ------------------ A PRIORI SIGMA: A PRIORI SIGMA :.1 M (ZERO-DIFF. L1 PHASE) 84

CORRELATIONS AND SESSIONS: STRATEGY TIME INTERVAL CORRELATIONS CORRECTLY MODELLED 1. SEC (TO IDENTIFY EPOCH) SESS #FILE FILE NUMBERS 1 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION STRATEGY: AMBIGUITIES PRE-ELIMINATED SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS: STRATEGY : SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS NOT APPLIED 1KIVE981 B: KIVE981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:23 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 4. STATIONS LOCAL GEODETIC DATUM: DATUM NAME ELL. PARAM./ SCALE SHIFTS TO WGS-84 ROTATIONS TO WGS-84 WGS - 84 A 1/F= se = 6378137. M 298.2572236 O.OOOOOD+OO DX DY DZ. M. M. M RX RY RZ. ". ". " A PRIORI STATION COORDINATES: NUM STATION NAME OBS E/F/C U: [KIVE981.STA]KIVE981.CRD WGS-84 COORDINATES IN METERS X Y Z ELLIPSOIDAL COORDINATES IN LOCAL DATUM LATITUDE LONGITUDE HEIGHT (M) 85

1 GPS1 y FIXED 2632277.397 1266957.3328 565127.613 62 49 11.541281 25 42 8.131873 216.265 2 GPS2 y ESTIM 2632668.6763 1266433.2164 565946.834 62 49 6.746294 25 41 22.84619 21.6855 5 GPS5 y ESTIM 2631669.9826 1266914.5594 5651312.165 62 49 31.994996 25 42 24.11129 21.9799 6 GPS6 y ESTIM 26314.1527 1267721.3486 5651229.2636 62 49 27.69952 25 43 23.611374 186.766 7 GPS7 y ESTIM 2632837.9418 1267275.649 565672.9413 62 48 47.835439 25 42 11.1787 194.4939 3 GPS3 y ESTIM 2633182.469 1265629.9419 565879.435 62 49 2.443917 25 4 15.97371 193.891 4 GPS4 y ESTIM 2632226.4 729 126546.6768 565138.4162 62 49 37.375285 25 4 31.135 22.1832 1KIVE981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:23 B: KIVE981 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 5. SATELLITE ORBITS ARC CHARACTERISTICS: ARC START OF ARC END OF ARC SOURCE #SAT SATELLITES 1 98-5-11 :: 98-5-13 :: PR1998.133 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 OSCULATING ELEMENTS: U: [KIVE981.RB]KIVE981.STD REFERENCE SYSTEM: J2. REFERENCE EPOCH : 5944.4753472 MJD ( 1998 5 11 11 24 3.) SAT S.MAJ.AXIS ECCENTRIC. INCLINAT. NODE PERIGEE M. ANOMALY PER.PASS.TIME ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 2655862.7.41979 54.723279 141.957866-94.27945.224727 5944.47536 2 26561711.1.1771459 53.82238-12.286165-13.932382 14.495424 5944.336114 3 2656772.6.223 54.415129-4.365449 134.89378-93.46669 5944.6483 4 26562795.9.46461 55.978859 21.616141-45.52436-122.796337 5944.6454419 5 2655993.4. 1133 53.985916-11.289578-2.858361-19.327787 5944.6267611 6 2656129.8.65764 54.829959-38.274964 212.13923-76.36243 5944.581344 7 26558885.4.962821 54.952371-4.144427-128.671245 37.574971 5944.423317 8 26558373.2.999747 54.9691-157.874982-256.119924 156.72834 5944.258349 9 26559338.3.73518 54.84169-159.91319 18.9422-85.712572 5944.594512 1 26559239.1. 29914 55.378696 8.46169-15.148153 112.128928 5944.326 13 26559188.5.25648 54.945323 14.522939-91.371272 166.466672 5944.244883 14 26567.2.924 55.695656 83.38152-185.65318 44.95973 5944.4131543 15 26558621.6. 722195 56.27813 23.85884 89.72765-161.865334 5944.699566 16 26562662.3.29832 55.49133 83.35259 3.4929-174.32498 5944.7168163 17 2655899..99897 56.35115 25.997974 15.591516-89.93478 5944.598731 86

18 2656464.8 19 2655925.6 21 26561215. 22 26559665.4 23 26562634.3 24 26561123. 25 2656318.4 26 26561614.5 27 2656145.1 29 26557362.2 3 2656757. 31 2656967.4.674523 54.15489 138.51775. 41319 53.137667-162.6388.141633 55.343178 8.811975.17972 53.813 897-11.461521.127628 55.52711 83.1888.82499 56.543 21.876211.715243 53.674959-161.86565.153292 54.897535 14.898148. 1281163 53.918669-16.833247. 613525 54.696645 13 9. 45945.52927 54.49311-99.799388.819218 54.92374-4.62674 97. 558915 31.666244 197.19595-127.762132-16.94836 127.52462 18.222115 93.538545-116.67973 112.68532 255.785642-95.598758-144.98654-25.32251-14.16139 24.1796 182.54256-144.126963-112.797349-11.41264-268.137648 16.926545 42.86352-38.637212 5944.4314896 5944.6522846 5944.2987245 5944.345826 5944.3192595 5944.67756 5944.51424 5944.4419568 5944.6749588 5944.491151 5944.327252 5944.5288611 SATELLITE PROBLEMS: SAT PROBLEM TYPE ACTION FROM TO 11 BAD PHASE+CODE 2 BAD PHASE+CODE 28 BAD PHASE+CODE OBS. REMOVED OBS. REMOVED OBS. REMOVED 97-6-4 97-1-1 97-5-6 :: :: :: -1-1 -1-1 -1-1 :: :: :: 1KIVE981 B: KIVE981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:23 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 6. ATMOSPHERE TROPOSPHERE MODEL: TROPOSPHERE MODEL: SAASTAMOINEN METEO VALUES : EXTRAPOLATED REFERENCE HEIGHT :. M TEMPERATURE AT REF. HEIGHT: 18. c PRESSURE AT REF. HEIGHT: 113.25 MBAR HUMIDITY AT REF. HEIGHT: 5. % TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS: MAPPING FUNCTION USED FOR DELAY ESTIMATION: 1/COS(ZENITH-DISTANCE) PAR STATION NAME VALIDITY START VALIDITY END SIGMA (M) ABS/REL 87

1 GPS2 1998 5 1 24. 1998 5 13..1 ABS 2 GPS5 1998 5 1 24. 1998 5 13..1 ABS 3 GPS6 1998 5 1 24. 1998 5 13..1 ABS 4 GPS7 1998 5 1 24. 1998 5 13..1 ABS 5 GPS3 1998 5 1 24. 1998 5 13..1 ABS 6 GPS4 1998 5 1 24. 1998 5 13..1 ABS IONOSPHERE MODELS: U: [KIVE981.ATM]KIVE981.ION TYPE OF IONOSPHERE MODELS : LOCAL RADIUS OF THE EARTH : 6378.14 KM DEG. OF DEVELOP. ORIGIN OF DEVELOPMENT HEIGHT NORMAIZATION FACTORS MODEL TIME LAT. MIXED VALIDITY START VALIDITY END LOCAL TIME LAT. (D) LONG. (D) (KM) TIME(H) LAT. (D) ELE.CONT. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 2 1 2 1998 5 11 7. 1998 5 11 17. 1998 5 11 12. 62.81 25.7 4 2. 6..1D+18 3 2 1 2 1998 5 11 15. 1998 5 12 1. 1998 5 11 2. 62.81 25.7 4 2. 6..1D+18 4 2 1 2 1998 5 11 23. 1998 5 12 9. 1998 5 12 4. 62.81 25.7 4 2. 6..1D+18 5 2 1 2 1998 5 12 7. 1998 5 12 17. 1998 5 12 12. 62.81 25.7 4 2. 6..1D+18 POL. DEGREE IN MODEL TERM TIME LATIT. COEFFICIENT SIGMA 2 1.168133E+1.264535E-2 2 1 -.388645E-1.755912E-3 3 2 -.227325E-1. 413459E-3 4 1 -.15175E+.1762E-2 5 1 1 -.833153E-2.885722E-3 3 1.19823E+1.824637E-2 2 1 -.194313E+.26833E-2 3 2 -.14428E-1.1553 72E-2 4 1 -.126542E+.346797E-2 5 1 1.111449E+.321449E-2 4 1.988951E+.481958E-2 2 1.22159E+OO.145766E-2 3 2.67769E-1.815686E-3 4 1 -.878191E-1.2485E-2 5 1 1 -.14533E+.172547E-2 5 1.15911E+1.622494E-2 2 1 -.38774E-1.17614E-2 3 2 -.11191E-1.992946E-3 4 1 -.32559E+. 256711E-2 5 1 1.378152E-1. 213176E-2 88

1KIVE981 B: KIVE981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:23 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 8. POLE COORDINATES AND TIME INFORMATION A PRIORI POLE AND TIME INFORMATION FORM THE POLE FILE: DATUM TIME X-POLE ( 11 ) Y-POLE ( 11 ) UT1-UTC (S) GPS-UTC (S) RMS XP ( 11 ) RMS YP ( 11 ) RMS DT (S) EP-CPO (II) PS-CPO (II) RMS EP (II) RMS PS (II) 98-5-11 :: -.11341.34956 -.3928 12..5.5 -.834 -.42.11.21 98-5-12 :: -.11292.35166 -.484 12..5.5 -.848 -.412.11.21 98-5-13 :: -.11245.35378 -.42375 12..6.5 -.86 -.416.11.21.5.5.8 CELESTIAL POLE OFFSET MODEL: NO MODEL 1KIVE981 B: KIVE981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:23 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 11. TEST OUTPUT --------- MAXIMUM SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS: -------------------------- SESS FILE STATION NAME 1 STATION NAME 2 SYNCH. ERROR (NS) --------- 1 1 GPS1 GPS2. 1 2 GPS1 GPS2. 1 3 GPS1 GPS5. 1 4 GPS1 GPS6. 1 5 GPS1 GPS6. 1 6 GPS1 GPS7. 1 7 GPS1 GPS7. 1 8 GPS2 GPS3. 89

1 1 1 9 1 11 GPS2 GPS2 GPS2 GPS3 GPS4 GPS4... 1KIVE981 B: KIVE981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:23 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 12. RESULTS (PART 1) NUMBER OF PARAMETERS (PART 1): PARAMETER TYPE #PARAMETERS #PRE-ELIMINATED #SET-UP #NO-OBS #REF #SINGULAR STATION COORDINATES AMBIGUITIES TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS 18 12 6 12 (BEFORE INV) 18 92 6 8 6 TOTAL NUMBER OF PARAMETERS 36 12 116 8 6 NUMBER OF DOUBLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATIONS (PART 1): TYPE FREQUENCY FILE #OBSERVATIONS PHASE PHASE L1 L2 ALL ALL 58798 58798 TOTAL NUMBER OF DOUBLE DIFF. OBSERVATIONS 117596 SIGMA OF SINGLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATION (PART 1): SIGMA OF SINGLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATION:.57 M (CONVERTED TO L1 PHASE) DEGREE OF FREEDOM 117566 1KIVE981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:23 9

B: KIVE981 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. ------------------------------------------------------ STATION COORDINATES: (NOT SAVED) NUM STATION NAME PARAMETER A PRIORI VALUE NEW VALUE NEW- A PRIORI RMS ERROR 3-D ELLIPSOID 2-D ELLIPSE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 GPS2 X 2632668.6763 2632668.6742 -.21.3 y 1266433.2164 1266433.2155 -.9.2 z 565946.834 565946.8255 -.49.6 HEIGHT 21.6855 21.681 -.54.7.7.4 LATITUDE 62 49 6.746294 62 49 6.746289 -.1.1.1 93.4.1 93.5 LONGITUDE 25 41 22.84619 25 41 22.84626.1.1.1..1 5 GPS5 X 2631669.9826 2631669.989 -.17.5 y 1266914.5594 1266914.5585 -.9.2 z 5651312.165 5651312.1621 -.29.1 HEIGHT 21.9799 21.9764 -.35.11. 11.3 LATITUDE 62 49 31.994996 62 49 31.9958.4.1.1 85.6.1 85.5 LONGITUDE 25 42 24.11129 25 42 24.11127..1.1.1.1 6 GPS6 X 26314.1527 26314.1515 -.12.3 y 1267721.3486 1267721.3477 -.9.2 z 5651229.2636 5651229.2617 -.19.7 HEIGHT 186.766 186.742 -.23.8.8.5 LATITUDE 62 49 27.69952 62 49 27.69966.4.1.1 92.1.1 92.2 LONGITUDE 25 43 23.611374 25 43 23.611351 -.3.1.1..1 7 GPS7 X 2632837.9418 2632837.9419.1.3 y 1267275.649 1267275.649..2 z 565672.9413 565672.944 -.9.6 HEIGHT 194.4939 194.4932 -.7.7.7.4 LATITUDE 62 48 47.835439 62 48 47.835424 -.5.1.1 92.8.1 92.8 LONGITUDE 25 42 11.1787 25 42 11.17866 -.1.1.1..1 3 GPS3 X 2633182.469 2633182.466 -.3.3 y 1265629.9419 1265629.9421.2.2 z 565879.435 565879.421 -.14.6 HEIGHT 193.891 193.8888 -.13.7.7.4 LATITUDE 62 49 2.443917 62 49 2.44391 -.5.1.1 93.1.1 93.1 LONGITUDE 25 4 15.97371 25 4 15.973725.3.1.1..1 4 GPS4 X 2632226.4729 2632226.4759.3.3 91

y z 126546.6768 565138.4162 126546.6785 565138.4234.17.72.2.6 HEIGHT LATITUDE LONGITUDE 22.1832 62 49 37.375285 25 4 31.135 22.1912 62 49 37.375291 25 4 31.1366.8.2.2.7.1.1.7.1.1.4 93.5 -.1.1.1 93.5 1KIVE981 B: KIVE981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:23 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS: REQUEST STATION NAME ZENITH CORR. (M) RMS (M) 1 GPS2 2 GPS5 3 GPS6 4 GPS7 5 GPS3 6 GPS4.19. 13.13.1.3 -.28.3.4.3.3.3.3 1KIVE981 B: KIVE981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:23 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. RMS ERRORS OF ELLIPS. COORDINATES AND COORDINATE DIFFER. IN MM (PART 1): NUM 1 2 5 6 7 3 4 ---------------------------------------------------.1.1.1.1.1.1 2 1 ~.1.1.1.1.1.1 H.7 1.1.8.7.7.7 B.1.1.1.1.1.1 5 1 L.1.1.1.1.1.1 H 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 B.1.1.1.1.1.1 6 1 L.1.1.1.1.1.1 H.8 1.1.8.8.8.8 B.1.1.1.1.1.1 92

7 1 ~ 1.1.1.1.1.1.1.7 1.1.8.7.7.7 B.1.1.1.1.1.1 3 1 L.1.1.1.1.1.1 H.7 1.1.8.7.7.7 B.1.1.1.1.1.1 4 1 L.1.1.1.1.1.1 H.7 1.1.8.7.7.7 1KIVE981 B: KIVE981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:23 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. SLOPE DISTANCES AND RMS ERRORS IN M (PART 1): -------- ------------------------ NUM 1 5 N 6 N 7 N 3 N --------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1 1167.283 1829.812 91.3184 955.9391 N N 1167.2832 1829.899 91.3185 955.9389 RMS.1.1.1.1 5 1 854.7454 1379.3839 231.1147 N N 854.745 1379.3847 231.1147 RMS.1.1.1 6 1 164.9614 277.647 N N 164.9619 277.644 RMS.1.1 7 1 1693.3993 N N 1693.3989 RMS.1 3 1 N N RMS 4 N 1 1198.8845 1198.8847.1 168.7416 168.7413.1 2462.3886 2462.3881.1 289.3274 289.3277.1 112.3316 112.3323.1 1 1 1 F 659.839 659.84.1 672.458 672.462.1 118.5878 118.5877.1 735.5638 735.5643.1 1613.4863 1613.4861.1 4 1 N N RMS 1591.966 1591.965.1 93

Appendix VI. Final result of the second measurements at Kivetty in 1998 1KIVE982 C: KIVE982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:27 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. CAMPAIGNS 2. OBSERVATION FILES 3. GENERAL OPTIONS 4. STATIONS 5. SATELLITE ORBITS 6. ATMOSPHERE 7. RECEIVER CLOCK PARAMETERS 8. POLE COORDINATES AND TIME INFORMATION 9. ANTENNA PHASE CENTERS 1. CONSTANTS 11. PARAMETER CHARACTERIZATION LIST 12. TEST OUTPUT 13. RESULTS (PART 1) 14. RESULTS (PART 2) 1KIVE982 C: KIVE982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:27 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. LIST OF INPUT AND OUTPUT FILENAMES GENERAL CONSTANTS POLE INFORMATION LOCAL GEODETIC DATUM SATELLITE INFO SATELLITE PROBLEMS PHASE CENTER ECCENTRICITIES APRIORI COORDINATES STANDARD ORBITS RADIATION PRESSURE COEFF. X [GEN]CONST. X [GEN]RAP_1998.ERP X [GEN]DATUM. X [GEN]SATELLIT.TTT X: [GEN]SAT_1998.CRX X: [GEN] PHASITRF. U: [KIVE982.STA)KIVE982.CRD U: [KIVE982.RB)KIVE982.STD U: [KIVE982.RB)KIVE982.RPR 94

IONOSPHERE MODELS SITE ECCENTRICITIES SATELLITE CLOCKS ANTENNA ORIENTATIONS COORDINATE RESULTS ORBIT RESULTS IONOSPHERE RESULTS IONEX OUTPUT FILE VAR/COVAR MATRIX COORD. VAR/COVAR MATRIX TOTAL NORMAL EQUATIONS RESIDUALS EARTH ROTATION PARAMETERS IERS FORMAT ERP OUTPUT TROPOSPHERE CORRECTIONS GRID PHASE CENTER OUTPUT HARM. PHASE CENTER OUTPUT U: [KIVE982.ATM]KIVE982.ION U: [KIVE982.RB]KIVE982.CLK 1KIVE982 C: KIVE982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:27 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 1. CAMPAIGNS CAMPAIGN NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME KIVE982 1 GPS1 3 GPS3 2 GPS2 4 GPS4 5 GPSS 6 GPS6 7 GPS7 2. OBSERVATION FILES KIVE982 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: FILE TYP FREQ. STATION 1 STATION 2 AMB.I.+S. #CLUSTERS SESS FIRST OBSERV.TIME #EPO DT #EF #CLK ARC #SAT W 12 #AMB L1 L2 LS RM 95

1 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS2 1 98-1-4 7:54:3 1931 3 E E 1 27 N y N 37 2 2 37 2 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS2 1 98-1-5 ::3 889 3 E E 1 24 N y N 24 6 7 24 3 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS5 1 98-1-4 8:41: 1838 3 E E 1 27 N y N 36 2 2 36 4 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS5 1 98-1-5 ::3 785 3 E E 1 23 N y N 23 7 7 23 5 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS6 1 98-1-4 8:19:3 1881 3 E E 1 27 N y N 37 2 2 37 6 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS6 1 98-1-5 ::3 847 3 E E 1 24 N y N 24 6 7 24 7 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS7 1 98-1-4 7:54:3 128 3 E E 1 11 N y N 11 5 5 11 8 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS7 1 98-1-5 9:12: 1776 3 E E 1 27 N y N 36 2 2 36 9 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS7 1 98-1-6 ::3 632 3 E E 1 2 N y N 2 7 7 2 1 p L1,L2 GPS2 GPS3 1 98-1-4 9:26: 1748 3 E E 1 27 N y N 35 4 4 35 11 p L1,L2 GPS2 GPS3 1 98-1-5 :: 846 3 E E 1 24 N y N 24 7 7 24 12 p L1,L2 GPS2 GPS4 1 98-1-4 9:5:3 1789 3 E E 1 27 N y N 36 2 2 36 13 p L1,L2 GPS2 GPS4 1 98-1-5 :: 799 3 E E 1 23 N y N 23 7 7 23 SATELLITES: ------- FILE #SAT SATELLITES ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 2 24 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 3 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 4 23 1 2 3 6 8 9 1 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 5 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 6 24 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 7 11 1 4 5 7 8 14 15 16 25 29 3 8 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 9 2 1 2 3 6 9 1 13 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 1 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 11 24 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 12 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 13 23 1 2 3 6 8 9 1 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 OBSERVATION SELECTION: --------------------- SAMPLING RATE : 3 SEC ELEVATION CUT-OFF ANGLE : 2 DEGREES 1KIVE982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:27 C: KIVE982 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. GENERAL OPTIONS 96

A PRIORI SIGMA: A PRIORI SIGMA :.1 M (ZERO-DIFF. 11 PHASE) CORRELATIONS AND SESSIONS: STRATEGY TIME INTERVAL CORRELATIONS CORRECTLY MODELLED 1. SEC (TO IDENTIFY EPOCH) SESS #FILE FILE NUMBERS 1 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION STRATEGY: AMBIGUITIES PRE-ELIMINATED SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS: STRATEGY : SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS NOT APPLIED 1KIVE982 C: KIVE982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:27 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 4. STATIONS LOCAL GEODETIC DATUM: DATUM NAME ELL. PARAM./ SCALE SHIFTS TO WGS-84 ROTATIONS TO WGS-84 WGS - 84 A 1/F= se = 6378137. M 298.2572236 O.OOOOOD+OO DX DY DZ. M. M. M RX RY RZ. ". ". " A PRIORI STATION COORDINATES: U: [KIVE982.STA]KIVE982.CRD 97

WGS-84 COORDINATES IN METERS ELLIPSOIDAL COORDINATES IN LOCAL DATUM NUM STATION NAME OBS E/F/C X y z LATITUDE LONGITUDE HEIGHT (M) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 GPS1 y FIXED 2632277.397 1266957.3328 565127.613 62 49 11.541281 25 42 8.131873 216.265 2 GPS2 y ESTIM 2632668.6713 1266433.2178 565946.8226 62 49 6.746291 25 41 22.84861 21.6768 5 GPS5 y ESTIM 2631669.9819 1266914.559 5651312.1649 62 49 31.99517 25 42 24.11125 21.9794 6 GPS6 y ESTIM 26314.1527 1267721.3486 5651229.2666 62 49 27.69996 25 43 23.611374 186.792 7 GPS7 y ESTIM 2632837.9413 1267275.647 565672.9413 62 48 47.835455 25 42 11.17873 194.4937 3 GPS3 y ESTIM 2633182.4577 1265629.9428 565879.389 62 49 2.44392 25 4 15.973856 193.8849 4 GPS4 y ESTIM 2632226.4697 126546.6777 56513 8.4111 62 49 37.375281 25 4 31.155 22.1775 1KIVE982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:27 C: KIVE982 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 5. SATELLITE ORBITS ARC CHARACTERISTICS: ARC START OF ARC END OF ARC SOURCE #SAT SATELLITES 1 98-1-4 :: 98-1-7 :: PR1998.28 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 OSCULATING ELEMENTS: U: [KIVE982.RB]KIVE982.STD REFERENCE SYSTEM: J2. REFERENCE EPOCH : 519.3295139 MJD (1998 1 4 7 54 3.) SAT S.MAJ.AXIS ECCENTRIC. INCLINAT. NODE PERIGEE M. ANOMALY PER.PASS.TIME ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 265597.2.417251 54.78894 136.11366 263.7659-164.15748 519.5568532 2 26561778.3.1832535 53.721941-18.324535 231.18375-62.71366 519.4163784 3 26561..15336 54.334737-46.35289-221.2 6247 95.964861 519.196664 4 265695.1.469335 56.13599 15.812466-44.7661 72.47273 519.2292274 5 2655864.7. 13965 53.886149-17.35487-19.722885 87.61656 519.281825 6 2656858..695233 54.75745-44.199942-143.948958 112.296157 519.173988 7 26559428.7.133789 54.872661-46.585 233.965638-133.868448 519.514912 8 26558315.8.969277 54.9475-163.78954 13.3343-6.832953 519.3389763 9 26559898.4.81193 54.92978-165.8676 21.975261 15.838314 519.182933 1 2655818.9. 291139 55.445476 74.61484-8.765679-6.173236 519.4128428 13 2655799.3.161246 55.12471 134.75872-76.769958-12.95681 519.3474565 98

14 2656854.6 15 2655926.5 16 26561428.7 17 26558847.8 18 2656277. 19 26558257. 21 265617. 22 2656851.2 23 2656172. 24 26562641.8 25 2656568.1 26 26561925.3 27 2656547.7 29 26556558.9 3 2656174.8 31 26561365.3. 113459 55.764218 77.242259. 71121 56.3193 18.85761.326955 55.559431 77.52457.14974 56.39317 2.249597.717834 54.17548 132.576425.422868 53.15198-168.725514.14666 55.41214 74.964417. 111343 53.711299-17.5468. 1317182 55.588186 77.2767.83662 56.5791 16.155239.71291 53.68363-167.875815.16313 54.96169 135.7328.1292712 53.928291-166.8873.626758 54.76176 133.553934.514939 54.38325-15.754157.812319 54.842945-45.977553 153.37588-94.99818 9.57365 32.52943 13.157375 8.355338-25.68372 99.427227 99.786964-135.62479-162.73594 68.23248 2.885164-4.819375 2.467349-78.294114-116.24284-56.249832-13.562215 97.148563-139.94487 164.619628-8.947768-146.489165-173.54377 47.2823 245.299646-161.337998 89.72124-58.443865-316.978449 158.83756 519.461888 519.2851237 519.3179412 519.191822 519.517327 519.235241 519.386525 519.4379532 519.474223 519.1949471 519.115152 519.5324174 519.2644149 519.5529169 519.41464 519.195135 SATELLITE PROBLEMS: SAT PROBLEM TYPE ACTION FROM TO 11 BAD PHASE+CODE 2 BAD PHASE+CODE 28 BAD PHASE+CODE OBS. REMOVED OBS. REMOVED OBS. REMOVED 97-6-4 97-1-1 97-5-6 :: :: :: -1-1 -1-1 -1-1 :: :: :: 1KIVE982 C: KIVE982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:27 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 6. ATMOSPHERE TROPOSPHERE MODEL: TROPOSPHERE MODEL: SAASTAMOINEN METEO VALUES : EXTRAPOLATED REFERENCE HEIGHT :. M TEMPERATURE AT REF. HEIGHT: 18. c PRESSURE AT REF. HEIGHT: 113.25 MBAR HUMIDITY AT REF. HEIGHT: 5. % TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS: 99

MAPPING FUNCTION USED FOR DELAY ESTIMATION: 1/COS(ZENITH-DISTANCE) PAR STATION NAME VALIDITY START VALIDITY END SIGMA (M) ABS/REL ----------------- 1 GPS2 1998 1 3 24. 1998 1 7..1 ABS 2 GPS5 1998 1 3 24. 1998 1 7..1 ABS 3 GPS6 1998 1 3 24. 1998 1 7..1 ABS 4 GPS7 1998 1 3 24. 1998 1 7..1 ABS 5 GPS3 1998 1 3 24. 1998 1 7..1 ABS 6 GPS4 1998 1 3 24. 1998 1 7..1 ABS IONOSPHERE MODELS: U: [KIVE982.ATM]KIVE982.ION TYPE OF IONOSPHERE MODELS : LOCAL RADIUS OF THE EARTH : 6378.14 KM DEG. OF DEVELOP. ORIGIN OF DEVELOPMENT HEIGHT NORMAIZATION FACTORS MODEL TIME LAT. MIXED VALIDITY START VALIDITY END LOCAL TIME LAT. (D) LONG. (D) (KM) TIME(H) LAT. (D) ELE.CONT. ------------------------------------------------ 1 2 1 2 1998 1 3 23. 1998 1 4 9. 1998 1 4 4. 62.81 25.7 4 2. 6..1D+18 2 2 1 2 1998 1 4 7. 1998 1 4 17. 1998 1 4 12. 62.81 25.7 4 2. 6..1D+18 3 2 1 2 1998 1 4 15. 1998 1 5 1. 1998 1 4 2. 62.81 25.7 4 2. 6..1D+18 4 2 1 2 1998 1 4 23. 1998 1 5 9.8 1998 1 5 4.4 62.81 25.7 4 2. 6..1D+18 5 2 1 2 1998 1 5 8.2 1998 1 5 17. 1998 1 5 12.6 62.81 25.7 4 2. 6..1D+18 6 2 1 2 1998 1 5 15. 1998 1 6 1. 1998 1 5 2. 62.81 25.7 4 2. 6..1D+18 7 2 1 2 1998 1 5 23. 1998 1 6 9. 1998 1 6 4. 62.81 25.7 4 2. 6..1D+18 POL. DEGREE IN MODEL TERM TIME LATIT. COEFFICIENT SIGMA 1 1.555471E+.6497E-2 2 1.381694E+.156479E-2 3 2.128331E+.997556E-3 4 1 -.127469E+OO.25118E-2 5 1 1 -.723628E-1.221652E-2 2 1.2614E+1.359685E-2 2 1 -.453923E-1.926662E-3 3 2 -.111841E+OO.478829E-3 4 1 -.15515E+.147273E-2 5 1 1.138296E-1.121173E-2 3 1.8776E+.38582E-2 2 1 -.248264E+.954692E-3 3 2.67984E-1.617779E-3 4 1 -. 578715E-1.1517E-2 1

5 1 1.729145E-2.18267E-2 4 1.875421E+.868534E-2 2 1.442226E+.219964E-2 3 2.135597E+.126478E-2 4 1 -.114954E+.362382E-2 5 1 1 -.147149E+.3369E-2 5 1. 211186E+1.356644E-2 2 1 -.173498E+.96285E-3 3 2 -. 871483E-1.635262E-3 4 1 -.172791E+.147683E-2 5 1 1 -.269319E-1.125221E-2 6 1. 721471E+. 399572E-2 2 1 -.25832E+.96771E-3 3 2.676647E-1.625184E-3 4 1 -.14788E+.153759E-2 5 1 1.15489E-1.19339E-2 7 1.683281E+.721626E-2 2 1.3956E+.188774E-2 3 2.146294E+OO.122671E-2 4 1 -.16824E+.33349E-2 5 1 1 -.779848E-1. 271385E-2 1KIVE982 C: KIVE982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:27 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 8. POLE COORDINATES AND TIME INFORMATION A PRIORI POLE AND TIME INFORMATION FORM THE POLE FILE: DATUM TIME X-POLE (II) Y-POLE ( 11 ) UT1-UTC (S) GPS-UTC (S) RMS XP (II) RMS YP ( 11 ) EP-CPO ( 11 ) PS-CPO ( 11 ) RMS EP ( 11 ) RMS PS (II) ---------------------------------------------------------- RMS DT (S) 98-1-4 ::.12975.44129 -.162394 12.. 11.1 -.729 -.5227.6.6 98-1-5 ::.13146.43989 -.16421 12.. 13.12 -.71 -.529.6.6 98-1-6 ::.13287.43817 -.16689 12..14.15 -.681 -.5192.6.6 98-1-7 ::.13431.4369 -.167949 12.. 13.18 -.681 -.5195.6.6.18.2.21.19 11

CELESTIAL POLE OFFSET MODEL: NO MODEL 1KIVE982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:27 C: KIVE982 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 11. TEST OUTPUT --------------- MAXIMUM SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS: -------------------------- SESS FILE STATION NAME 1 STATION NAME 2 ---------------------------------- SYNCH. ERROR (NS) 1 1 GPS1 1 2 GPS1 1 3 GPS1 1 4 GPS1 1 5 GPS1 1 6 GPS1 1 7 GPS1 1 8 GPS1 1 9 GPS1 1 1 GPS2 1 11 GPS2 1 12 GPS2 1 13 GPS2 GPS2 GPS2 GPS5 GPS5 GPS6 GPS6 GPS7 GPS7 GPS7 GPS3 GPS3 GPS4 GPS4............. 1KIVE982 C: KIVE982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:27 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 12. RESULTS (PART 1) NUMBER OF PARAMETERS ( PART 1) : PARAMETER TYPE #PARAMETERS #PRE-ELIMINATED #SET-UP #NO-OBS #REF #SINGULAR STATION COORDINATES AMBIGUITIES TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS 18 18 6 18 (BEFORE INV) 18 12 6 12 8 12

TOTAL NUMBER OF PARAMETERS 42 18 144 12 8 NUMBER OF DOUBLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATIONS (PART 1) : TYPE FREQUENCY FILE #OBSERVATIONS PHASE PHASE L1 L2 ALL ALL 78471 78471 TOTAL NUMBER OF DOUBLE DIFF. OBSERVATIONS 156942 SIGMA OF SINGLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATION (PART 1) : SIGMA OF SINGLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATION:.4 M (CONVERTED TO L1 PHASE) DEGREE OF FREEDOM 15698 1KIVE982 C: KIVE982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:27 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. STATION COORDINATES: (NOT SAVED) NUM STATION NAME PARAMETER A PRIORI VALUE NEW VALUE NEW- A PRIORI RMS ERROR 3-D ELLIPSOID 2-D ELLIPSE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 GPS2 X 2632668.6713 2632668.6731.18.2 y 1266433.2178 1266433.2153 -.25.1 z 565946.8226 565946.8229.3.4 HEIGHT 21.6768 21.6772.5.5.5.2 LATITUDE 62 49 6.746291 62 49 6.746281 -.3.1. 92.2. 92.2 LONGITUDE 25 41 22.84861 25 41 22.84646 -.3..1 -.1.1 5 GPS5 X 2631669.9819 2631669.9818 -.1.2 y 1266914.559 1266914.5591.1.1 z 5651312.1649 5651312.1655.6.4 13

HEIGHT 21.9794 21.9799.5.5.5.2 LATITUDE 62 49 31.99517 62 49 31.99527.3.1. 93.4. 93.4 LONGITUDE 25 42 24.11125 25 42 24.11138.2..1..1 6 GPS6 X 26314.1527 26314.1482 -.45.2 y 1267721.3486 12 67721.3465 -.21.1 z 5651229.2666 5651229.2577 -.89.4 HEIGHT 186.792 186.69 -.12.5.5.3 LATITUDE 62 49 27.69996 62 49 27.69916.3.1. 92.4. 92.4 LONGITUDE 25 43 23.611374 25 43 23.611375...1..1 7 GPS7 X 2 63283 7. 9413 2632837.9427.14.2 y 1267275.647 1267275.651.4.1 z 565672.9413 565672.9439.26.4 HEIGHT 194.4937 194.4967.3.5.5. LATITUDE 62 48 47.835455 62 48 47.835453..1. 93.4. 93.4 LONGITUDE 25 42 11.17873 25 42 11.17856 -.2..1..1 3 GPS3 X 2633182.4577 2633182.4589.12.2 y 1265629.9428 1265629.9419 -.9.1 z 565879.389 565879.386 -.3.4 HEIGHT 193.8849 193.8849..5.5.2 LATITUDE 62 49 2.44392 62 49 2.443896 -.8.1. 93.. 92.9 LONGITUDE 25 4 15.973856 25 4 15.973766 -.13..1 -.1.1 4 GPS4 X 2632226.4697 2632226.4734.37.2 y 126546.6777 126546.6777..1 z 565138.4111 565138.4191.8.4 HEIGHT 22.1775 22.1862.87.5.5.2 LATITUDE 62 49 37.375281 62 49 37.37533.7.1. 93.5. 93.5 LONGITUDE 25 4 31.155 25 4 31.1395 -.16..1..1 1KIVE982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:27 C: KIVE982 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. ---------------------------------------------- TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS: -------------------------------------------- REQUEST STATION NAME ZENITH CORR. (M) RMS (M) ------------------------------------------------- 1 GPS2.39.2 2 GPS5 -.3.2 3 GPS6.37.2 14

4 5 6 GPS7 GPS3 GPS4 -.1.25 -. 13.2.2.2 1KIVE982 C: KIVE982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:27 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. RMS ERRORS OF ELLIPS. COORDINATES AND COORDINATE DIFFER. IN MM (PART 1): NUM 1 2 5 6 7 3 4 ---------------------------------------------------.1.1.1.1.1.1 2 1 ~....1.. H.5.5.5.6.5.5 B.1.1.1.1.1.1 5 1 L....1.. H.5.5.5.7.5.5 B.1.1.1.1.1.1 6 1 L....1.. H.5.5. 5.7.5.5 B.1.1.1.1.1.1 7 1 L.1.1.1..1.1 H.6.7.7.5.7.7 B.1.1.1.1.1.1 3 1 L....1.. H.5.5.5.7.5.5 B.1.1.1.1.1.1 4 1 L....1.. H.5.5.5.7.5.5 15

1KIVE982 C: KIVE982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:27 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. SLOPE DISTANCES AND RMS ERRORS IN M (PART 1): ------------- --------------------------------------------------------- NUM 1 5 N 6 N 7 N 3 N 4 N 1 F ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 1 1167.281 1829.874 91.3154 955.943 1198.8852 659.88 N N 1167.2838 1829.815 91.3174 955.9386 1198.8851 659.838 RMS...1... 5 1 854.7452 1379.384 231.113 168.7393 672.465 N N 854.7454 1379.3844 231.1148 168.7411 672.468 RMS..1...1 6 1 164.9621 277.63 2462.3862 118.5883 N N 164.9626 277.645 2462.3879 118.5887 RMS.1... 7 1 1693.3971 289.3255 735.5633 N N 1693.3979 289.3269 735.5632 RMS.1.1.1 3 1 112.3314 1613.4842 N N 112.3328 1613.4856 RMS.1. 4 1 N N 1591.947 1591.963 RMS. 16

-------------------- -- 17 A~~endix VII. Results of six measurements at Romuvaara (Zero epoch, 1996.) Baseline Observ- Baseline Length Differation New Previous ence epoch solutien solutien (Year) (m) (m) (mm) GPS1-GPS2.33 1176.417 1176.4164 -.6.75 1176.4167 1176.4162 -.5 1.33 1176.4191 1176.4177-1.4 1.75 1176.4163 1176.4162 -.1 2.37 1176.4173 2.76 1176.4174 GPS1-GPS3.33 541.26 541.257 -.3.75 541.243 541.241 -.2 1.33 541.255 541.252 -.3 1.75 541.245 541.242 -.3 2.37 541.252 2.76 541.245 GPS1-GPS4.33 731.8939 731.8937 -.2.75 731.8969 731.8967 -.2 1.33 731.896 731.8957 -.3 1.75 731.8971 731.8968 -.3 2.37 731.8946 2.76 731.8973 GPS1-GPS5.33 614.7352 614.7351 -.1.75 614.7342 614.7343.1 1.33 614.7346 614.7346. 1.75 614.7338 614.7337 -.1 2.37 614.7344 2.76 614.7339 GPS1-GPS6.33 678.1962 678.1958 -.4.75 678.1973 678.197 -.3 1.33 678.1964 678.196 -.4 1.75 678.1966 678.1963 -.3 2.37 678.1959 2.76 678.1959 GPS1-GPS7.33 1222.3882 1222.3881 -.1.75 1222.3896 1222.3891 -.5 1.33 1222.3886 1222.3883 -.3 1.75 1222.3887 1222.388 -.7 2.37 1222.3879 2.76 1222.3878

18 GPS2-GPS3.33 783.9749 783.9747 -.2.75 783.9761 783.9759 -.2 1.33 783.9772 783.9762-1. 1.75 783.9752 783.9753.1 2.37 783.9764 2.76 783.9761 GPS2-GPS4.33 692.3733 692.3731 -.2.75 692.3748 692.3747 -.1 1.33 692.3767 692.376 -.7 1.75 692.3752 692.3749 -.3 2.37 692.3735 2.76 692.3739 GPS2-GPS5.33 1397.2231 1397.2227 -.4.75 1397.2234 1397.223 -.4 1.33 1397.2237 1397.2226-1.1 1.75 1397.2219 1397.2217 -.2 2.37 1397.2229 2.76 1397.2227 GPS2-GPS6.33 1686.6812 1686.682-1..75 1686.6812 1686.685 -.7 1.33 1686.6838 1686.682-1.8 1.75 1686.684 1686.6798 -.6 2.37 1686.689 2.76 1686.681 GPS2-GPS7.33 194.413 194.4122 -.8.75 194.4137 194.4127-1. 1.33 194.416 194.4143-1.7 1.75 194.413 194.4123 -.7 2.37 194.4127 2.76 194.4133 GPS3-GPS4.33 717.539 717.539..75 717.582 717.582. 1.33 717.57 717.57. 1.75 717.584 717.58 -.4 2.37 717.552 2.76 717.568 GPS3-GPS5.33 616.5371 616.5369 -.2.75 616.5362 616.5361 -.1 1.33 616.5355 616.5353 -.2 1.75 616.5356 616.5353 -.3 2.37 616.5353 2.76 616.5356

19 GPS3-GPS6.33 124.858 124.85 -.8.75 124.852 124.847 -.5 1.33 124.855 124.849 -.6 1.75 124.846 124.84 -.6 2.37 124.848 2.76 124.839 GPS3-GPS7.33 1679.323 1679.319 -.4.75 1679.324 1679.317 -.7 1.33 1679.326 1679.32 -.6 1.75 1679.315 1679.37 -.8 2.37 1679.316 2.76 1679.36 GPS4-GPS5.33 1225.9 1225.89 -.1.75 1225.126 1225.125 -.1 1.33 1225.17 1225.15 -.2 1.75 1225.122 1225.117 -.5 2.37 1225.89 2.76 1225.114 GPS4-GPS6.33 145.392 145.384 -.8.75 145.394 145.389 -.5 1.33 145.397 145.388 -.9 1.75 145.387 145.382 -.5 2.37 145.389 2.76 145.31 GPS4-GPS7.33 1248.3633 1248.3627 -.6.75 1248.3623 1248.3615 -.8 1.33 1248.3627 1248.3618 -.9 1.75 1248.3612 1248.369 -.3 2.37 1248.3627 2.76 1248.3628 GPS5-GPS6.33 1188.228 1188.225 -.3.75 1188.229 1188.227 -.2 1.33 1188.225 1188.223 -.2 1.75 1188.224 1188.221 -.3 2.37 1188.221 2.76 1188.217 GPS5-GPS7.33 1795.944 1795.942 -.2.75 1795.945 1795.94 -.5 1.33 1795.942 1795.9399 -.3 1.75 1795.9395 1795.9387 -.8 2.37 1795.9393 2.76 1795.9386 GPS6-GPS7.33 636.4878 636.4879.1.75 636.4877 636.4874 -.3 1.33 636.488 636.4879 -.1 1.75 636.4872 636.4865 -.7 2.37 636.4875 2.76 636.4869

Appendix VIII. Final result of the first measurements at Romuvaara in 1998 1ROMU981 G: ROMU981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:44 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. CAMPAIGNS 2. OBSERVATION FILES 3. GENERAL OPTIONS 4. STATIONS 5. SATELLITE ORBITS 6. ATMOSPHERE 7. RECEIVER CLOCK PARAMETERS 8. POLE COORDINATES AND TIME INFORMATION 9. ANTENNA PHASE CENTERS 1. CONSTANTS 11. PARAMETER CHARACTERIZATION LIST 12. TEST OUTPUT 13. RESULTS (PART 1) 14. RESULTS (PART 2) 1ROMU981 G: ROMU981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:44 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. LIST OF INPUT AND OUTPUT FILENAMES GENERAL CONSTANTS POLE INFORMATION LOCAL GEODETIC DATUM SATELLITE INFO SATELLITE PROBLEMS PHASE CENTER ECCENTRICITIES APRIORI COORDINATES STANDARD ORBITS RADIATION PRESSURE COEFF. X [GEN)CONST. X [GEN)RAP_1998.ERP X [GEN)DATUM. X [GEN)SATELLIT.TTT X [GEN)SAT_1998.CRX X [GEN)PHASITRF. U: [ROMU981.STA)ROMU981.CRD U: [ROMU981.RB)ROMU981.STD U: [ROMU981.RB)ROMU981.RPR 11

IONOSPHERE MODELS SITE ECCENTRICITIES SATELLITE CLOCKS ANTENNA ORIENTATIONS COORDINATE RESULTS ORBIT RESULTS IONOSPHERE RESULTS IONEX OUTPUT FILE VAR/COVAR MATRIX COORD. VAR/COVAR MATRIX TOTAL NORMAL EQUATIONS RESIDUALS EARTH ROTATION PARAMETERS IERS FORMAT ERP OUTPUT TROPOSPHERE CORRECTIONS GRID PHASE CENTER OUTPUT HARM. PHASE CENTER OUTPUT U: [ROMU981.ATM)ROMU981.ION U: [ROMU981.RB)ROMU981.CLK 1ROMU981 G: ROMU981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:44 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 1. CAMPAIGNS CAMPAIGN NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME ROMU981 1 GPS1 2 GPS2 3 GPS3 7 GPS7 4 GPS4 5 GPSS 6 GPS6 2. OBSERVATION FILES ROMU981 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: FILE TYP FREQ. STATION 1 STATION 2 AMB.I.+S. #CLUSTERS SESS FIRST OBSERV.TIME #EPO DT #EF #CLK ARC #SAT W 12 #AMB L1 L2 L5 RM 111

1 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS3 1 98-5-13 9:14: 1769 3 E E 1 27 N y N 32 3 3 32 2 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS3 1 98-5-14 :1: 863 3 E E 1 24 N y N 24 3 3 24 3 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS4 1 98-5-13 9:18:3 176 3 E E 1 27 N y N 32 2 2 32 4 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS4 1 98-5-14 :1: 91 3 E E 1 26 N y N 26 3 3 26 5 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS5 1 98-5-13 8:4: 1837 3 E E 1 27 N y N 33 2 2 33 6 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS5 1 98-5-14 :1: 654 3 E E 1 21 N y N 21 4 4 21 7 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS6 1 98-5-13 9:39: 1719 3 E E 1 27 N y N 32 2 2 32 8 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS6 1 98-5-14 :1: 94 3 E E 1 26 N y N 26 3 3 26 9 p L1,L2 GPS3 GPS2 1 98-5-13 9:14: 2556 3 E E 1 27 N y N 47 2 2 47 1 p L1,L2 GPS6 GPS7 1 98-5-13 9:39: 214 3 E E 1 27 N y N 4 2 2 4 SATELLITES: ------- FILE #SAT SATELLITES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 2 24 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 23 24 25 26 29 3 31 3 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 4 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 5 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 6 21 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 1 13 15 17 18 19 21 23 26 27 29 3 31 7 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 8 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 9 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 1 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 OBSERVATION SELECTION: --------------------- SAMPLING RATE : 3 SEC ELEVATION CUT-OFF ANGLE : 2 DEGREES 1ROMU981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:44 G: ROMU981 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. -------- 3. GENERAL OPTIONS -------------- A PRIORI SIGMA: A PRIORI SIGMA :.1 M (ZERO-DIFF. L1 PHASE) 112

CORRELATIONS AND SESSIONS: STRATEGY TIME INTERVAL CORRELATIONS CORRECTLY MODELLED 1. SEC (TO IDENTIFY EPOCH) SESS #FILE FILE NUMBERS 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION STRATEGY: AMBIGUITIES PRE-ELIMINATED SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS: STRATEGY : SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS NOT APPLIED 1ROMU981 G: ROMU981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:44 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 4. STATIONS LOCAL GEODETIC DATUM: DATUM NAME ELL. PARAM./ SCALE SHIFTS TO WGS-84 ROTATIONS TO WGS-84 WGS - 84 A 1/F= se = 6378137. M 298.2572236 O.OOOOOD+OO DX DY DZ. M. M. M RX RY RZ. ". ". " A PRIORI STATION COORDINATES: U: [ROMU981.STA)ROMU981.CRD NUM STATION NAME OBS E/F/C WGS-84 COORDINATES IN METERS X Y Z ELLIPSOIDAL COORDINATES IN LOCAL DATUM LATITUDE LONGITUDE HEIGHT (M) 1 GPS1 3 GPS3 Y Y FIXED ESTIM 241839.372 241512.9952 13 8869.513 6 138769.3876 572515.2143 572721.8228 64 13 2. 6339 64 13 19.254922 29 55 54.11859 29 55 41.827554 241.66 222.441 113

4 GPS4 y ESTIM 241183.6638 1388327.7852 572712.9447 64 13 18.179841 29 56 34.976882 228.666 5 GPSS y ESTIM 241165. 8448 1387498.1874 572528.98 64 13 5.389564 29 55 9.24766 214.6813 6 GPS6 y ESTIM 241171.3 55 1388657.9327 57227.4916 64 12 44.88964 29 56 23.33982 236.4899 2 GPS2 y ESTIM 249792.7465 1387832.99 572997.1477 64 13 39.21697 29 56 17.584924 229.6862 7 GPS7 y ESTIM 241852.686 1389251.9111 57225.367 64 12 4.79646 29 57 9.66454 224.23 1ROMU981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:44 G: ROMU981 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 5. SATELLITE ORBITS ARC CHARACTERISTICS: ARC START OF ARC END OF ARC SOURCE #SAT SATELLITES 1 98-5-13 :: 98-5-15 :: PR1998.135 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 OSCULATING ELEMENTS: U: [ROMU981.RB]ROMU981.STD REFERENCE SYSTEM: J2. REFERENCE EPOCH : 5946.3847222 MJD (1998 5 13 9 14.) SAT S.MAJ.AXIS ECCENTRIC. INCLINAT. NODE PERIGEE M. ANOMALY PER.PASS.TIME ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 2656132.5.427899 54.726252 141.88291-94.72976-6.632334 5946.468718 2 26558648.6.1768187 53.82125-12.36219-131.191899 43.418838 5946.3245935 3 26561761.6.19386 54.416755-4.449917 135.178763-155.9731 5946.599547 4 2656591.8.464334 55.97547 21.53952-44.56986 174.84957 5946.1425554 5 2656233.9.15294 53.988493-11.36862 338.13638-169.655353 5946.6197149 6 26559733.9.663683 54.829353-38.35333 212.312481-137.864 5946.5756498 7 2 65613 61.8.96928 54.955292-4.22356-128.435378-23.99825 5946.4179614 8 2656143.9.992431 54.89756-157.949296-255.713465 95.1132 5946.2531265 9 2656285.4.73843 54.79338-159.987146 18.588439-146.77247 5946.58799 1 2656162.5.288919 55.38531 8.389912-13.455854 49.47973 5946.3167867 13 265626.5.2264 54.948671 14.444677-89.427958 13.184437 5946.2417994 14 2656998.5.9617 55.7934 82.962639 172.483-14.81329 5946.442254 15 2656268.5.716321 56.276645 23.779588-27.631832 137.15874 5946.194771 16 2656476.3.36576 55.49333 83.275115 3.64385 124.17131 5946.2127455 17 2656155.7. 986911 56.35749 25.923466 15.24692-15.53581 5946.5925584 18 2655958.1.671559 54.16139 138. 44168 98.63786-3.182888 5946.4265233 19 2656293.5.392925 53.134657-162.71723-163.23275 171.22387 5946.1475563 114

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 265585466 26561946 265596686 265581437 26569322 2655964 26568333 265595776 265598554 265588141 1415157 175763 1276884 8845 78211 147287 1278847 616234 523282 813674 55 346133 53 815724 5552342 56538298 53668194 54896815 53 914187 5469965 544986 54921794 874266-11.53596 8294462 21.83283-161945483 14817748-1691328 139 325453-9987817 -414597-161243273 66515689 18387667 321435-117 16133 51.73994 2562729-157398394 215339175-8752314 -14363372-36989466 -17719377 154333389 246438981-71.781472 91.536195 4597877 43193929-1227247 5946292683 5946343832 5946 313671 5946626897 5946552924 5946435951 5946179668 5946 4841342 594632145 59465235235 SATELLITE PROBLEMS: SAT PROBLEM TYPE ACTION FROM TO 11 BAD PHASE+CODE 2 BAD PHASE+CODE 28 BAD PHASE+CODE OBSo REMOVED OBSo REMOVED OBSo REMOVED 97-6-4 97-1-1 97-5-6 :: :: :: -1-1 -1-1 -1-1 :: :: :: 1ROMU981 G: ROMU981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:44 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4 6o ATMOSPHERE TROPOSPHERE MODEL: TROPOSPHERE MODEL: SAASTAMOINEN METEO VALUES : EXTRAPOLATED REFERENCE HEIGHT : OoOO M TEMPERATURE AT REFo HEIGHT: PRESSURE AT REFo HEIGHT: HUMIDITY AT REFo HEIGHT: 18 c 113 25 MBAR 5o % TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS: MAPPING FUNCTION USED FOR DELAY ESTIMATION: 1/COS(ZENITH-DISTANCE) PAR STATION NAME VALIDITY START VALIDITY END SIGMA (M) ABS/REL 1 GPS3 1998 5 12 24 1998 5 15 1 ABS 115

2 GPS4 3 GPS5 4 GPS6 5 GPS2 6 GPS7 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 5 12 24. 5 12 24. 5 12 24. 5 12 24. 5 12 24. 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998 5 15 5 15 5 15 5 15 5 15......1.1.1.1.1 ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS IONOSPHERE MODELS: U: [ROMU981.ATM]ROMU981.ION TYPE OF IONOSPHERE MODELS RADIUS OF THE EARTH LOCAL 6378.14 KM DEG. OF DEVELOP. ORIGIN OF DEVELOPMENT HEIGHT MODEL TIME LAT. MIXED VALIDITY START VALIDITY END LOCAL TIME LAT. (D) LONG. (D) (KM) NORMAIZATION FACTORS TIME(H) LAT. (D) ELE.CONT. 1 2 1 2 1998 5 13 4. 1998 5 13 17. 1998 5 13 1.5 64.21 29.93 4 2 2 1 2 1998 5 13 15. 1998 5 14 1. 1998 5 13 2. 64.21 29.93 4 3 2 1 2 1998 5 13 23. 1998 5 14 9. 1998 5 14 4. 64.21 29.93 4 4 2 1 2 1998 5 14 7. 1998 5 14 17. 1998 5 14 12. 64.21 29.93 4 2. 6..1D+18 2. 6..1D+18 2. 6..1D+18 2. 6..1D+18 POL. DEGREE IN MODEL TERM TIME LATIT. COEFFICIENT SIGMA 1 1.174737E+1.68336E-2 2 1.368754E-1.142323E-2 3 2 -.31858E-1. 54116E-3 4 1 -.244261E+.22733E-2 5 1 1. 213413E-1.13495E-2 2 1.129636E+1.444596E-2 2 1 -.15164E+.13844E-2 3 2 -.23861E-1.784743E-3 4 1 -.61976E-1.18674E-2 5 1 1.134162E+.15239E-2 3 1.138632E+1.36575E-2 2 1.22283E+.1866E-2 3 2.22521E-1.62882E-3 4 1 -.388197E-2.14971E-2 5 1 1 -.114159E+.123171E-2 4 1.16746E+1.35885E-2 2 1 -.353512E-1. 99186E-3 3 2.579739E-2.56236E-3 4 1 -.231787E+.144693E-2 5 1 1.346318E-1.121354E-2 116

1ROMU981 G: ROMU981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:44 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 8. POLE COORDINATES AND TIME INFORMATION A PRIORI POLE AND TIME INFORMATION FORM THE POLE FILE: DATUM TIME X-POLE (II) Y-POLE (II) UT1-UTC (S) GPS-UTC (S) RMS XP (II) RMS yp (II) RMS DT (S) EP-CPO (II) PS-CPO (II) RMS EP (II) RMS PS (II) 98-5-13 :: -.11245.35378 -.42375 12..6.5 -.86 -.416.11.21 98-5-14 :: -.11197.35594 -.43821 12..7.5 -.867 -.3997.34.11 98-5-15 :: -.11144.35792 -.45227 12..6.5 -.878 -.46.34.11.8.11.11 CELESTIAL POLE OFFSET MODEL: NO MODEL 1ROMU981 G: ROMU981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:44 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 11. TEST OUTPUT ------------- MAXIMUM SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS: ------------------------------ SESS FILE STATION NAME 1 STATION NAME 2 SYNCH. ERROR (NS) --------- 1 1 GPS1 GPS3. 1 2 GPS1 GPS3. 1 3 GPS1 GPS4. 1 4 GPS1 GPS4. 1 5 GPS1 GPS5. 1 6 GPS1 GPS5. 1 7 GPS1 GPS6. 1 8 GPS1 GPS6. 1 9 GPS3 GPS2. 1 1 GPS6 GPS7. 117

1ROMU981 G: ROMU981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:44 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 12. RESULTS (PART 1) NUMBER OF PARAMETERS (PART 1): PARAMETER TYPE #PARAMETERS #PRE-ELIMINATED #SET-UP #NO-OBS #REF #SINGULAR STATION COORDINATES AMBIGUITIES TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS 18 6 (BEFORE INV) 18 52 6 52 TOTAL NUMBER OF PARAMETERS 24 76 52 NUMBER OF DOUBLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATIONS (PART 1) : TYPE FREQUENCY FILE #OBSERVATIONS PHASE PHASE L1 L2 ALL ALL 74268 74268 TOTAL NUMBER OF DOUBLE DIFF. OBSERVATIONS 148536 SIGMA OF SINGLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATION (PART 1): SIGMA OF SINGLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATION:.27 M (CONVERTED TO L1 PHASE) DEGREE OF FREEDOM 148512 1ROMU981 G: ROMU981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:44 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 118

STATION COORDINATES: (NOT SAVED) NUM STATION NAME PARAMETER A PRIORI VALUE NEW VALUE NEW- A PRIORI RMS ERROR 3-D ELLIPSOID 2-D ELLIPSE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 GPS3 X 241512.9952 241512.997.18.1 y 138769.3876 138769.3886.1.1 z 572721.8228 572721.8273.45.3 HEIGHT 222.441 222.446.5.3.3.2 LATITUDE 64 13 19.254922 641319.254926.1.. 91.5. 91.5 LONGITUDE 29 55 41.827554 29 55 41.82755 -.1.... 4 GPS4 X 241183.6638 241183.6658.2.1 y 1388327.7852 1388327.7863. 11.1 z 572712.9447 572712.9497.5.3 HEIGHT 228.666 228.6661.55.3.3.3 LATITUDE 64 13 18.179841 64 13 18.179844.1.. 91.5. 91.4 LONGITUDE 29 56 34.976882 29 56 34.97688..... 5 GPS5 X 241165.8448 241165.8473.25.1 y 1387498.1874 1387498.1888.14.1 z 572528.98 572528.965.57.3 HEIGHT 214.6813 214.6876.63.3.3.3 LATITUDE 64 13 5.389564 64 13 5.38956 -.1.. 9.1. 9.1 LONGITUDE 29 55 9.24766 29 55 9.24764... -.1. 6 GPS6 X 241171.355 241171.372.17.1 y 1388657.9327 1388657.9337.1.1 z 57227.4916 57227.495.34.3 HEIGHT 236.4899 236.4938.39.3.3.3 LATITUDE 64 12 44.88964 64 12 44.88955 -.3.. 91.3. 91.3 LONGITUDE 29 56 23.33982 29 56 23.339819..... 2 GPS2 X 249792.7465 249792.7479.14.1 y 13 87832.99 1387832.16.7.1 z 572997.1477 572997.1516.39.3 HEIGHT 229.6862 229.694.42.3.3.2 LATITUDE 64 13 39.21697 64 13 39.21616.3.. 9.7. 9.7 LONGITUDE 29 56 17.584924 29 56 17.58492 -.1.. -.1. 7 GPS7 X 241852.686 241852.71.24.1 y 13 892 51.9111 1389251.9125.14.1 z 57225.367 57225.3724.54.3 119

HEIGHT LATITUDE LONGITUDE 224.23 64 12 4.79646 29 57 9.66454 224.263 64 12 4.796399 29 57 9.66457.61 -.2..3...3...2 9.2 -.1.. 9.3 1ROMU981 G: ROMU981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:44 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS: REQUEST STATION NAME ZENITH CORR. (M) RMS (M) ------------------------------------------------- 1 GPS3 -.17.1 2 GPS4 -.19.1 3 GPSS -.23.1 4 GPS6 -.16.1 5 GPS2 -.13.1 6 GPS7 -.25.1 1ROMU981 G: ROMU981 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- RMS ERRORS OF ELLIPS. COORDINATES AND COORDINATE DIFFER. IN MM (PART 1): --------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- NUM 1 3 4 5 6 2 7 ---------------------------------------------------...... 3...... 1 ~ H.3.3.3.3.3.4 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:44 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. B...... 4 1 L...... H.3.3.3.3.3.3 B...... 5 1 L...... H.3.3.3.3.3.4 B...... 6 1 L...... H.3.3.3.3.3.3 B...... 12

2 1 ~ 1.......3.3.3.3.3.4...... 7...... ~ 1 1.4.3.4.3.4.3 1ROMU981 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:44 G: ROMU981 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. SLOPE DISTANCES AND RMS ERRORS IN M (PART 1): NUM 1 4 N 5 N 6 N 2 N 7 N 1 F ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 1 717.552 616.5352 124.845 783.9763 1679.313 541.252 N N 717.552 616.5354 124.848 783.9764 1679.316 541.252 RMS..... 1. 4 1 1225.89 145.385 692.3733 1248.3624 731.8947 N N 1225.89 145.389 692.3735 1248.3627 731.8946 RMS.... 1. 5 1 1188.22 1397.2226 1795.9392 614.7347 N N 1188.221 1397.2229 1795.9393 614.7344 RMS... 1. 6 1 1686.684 636.4875 678.1957 N N 1686.689 636.4875 678.1959 RMS.. 1. 2 1 194.4122 1176.4171 N N 194.4127 1176.4173 RMS.. 7 1 N N 1222.3878 1222.3879 RMS. 121

Appendix IX. Final result of the second measurements at Romuvaara in 1998 1ROMU982 H: ROMU983 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:49 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. CAMPAIGNS 2. OBSERVATION FILES 3. GENERAL OPTIONS 4. STATIONS 5. SATELLITE ORBITS 6. ATMOSPHERE 7. RECEIVER CLOCK PARAMETERS 8. POLE COORDINATES AND TIME INFORMATION 9. ANTENNA PHASE CENTERS 1. CONSTANTS 11. PARAMETER CHARACTERIZATION LIST 12. TEST OUTPUT 13. RESULTS (PART 1) 14. RESULTS (PART 2) 1ROMU982 H: ROMU983 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:49 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. LIST OF INPUT AND OUTPUT FILENAMES GENERAL CONSTANTS POLE INFORMATION LOCAL GEODETIC DATUM SATELLITE INFO SATELLITE PROBLEMS PHASE CENTER ECCENTRICITIES APRIORI COORDINATES STANDARD ORBITS RADIATION PRESSURE COEFF. X [GEN]CONST. X [GEN]RAP_1998.ERP X [GEN]DATUM. X [GEN]SATELLIT.TTT X [GEN]SAT_1998.CRX X: [GEN] PHASITRF. U: [ROMU982.STA)ROMU982.CRD U: [ROMU982.RB]ROMU982.STD U: [ROMU982.RB)ROMU982.RPR 122

IONOSPHERE MODELS SITE ECCENTRICITIES SATELLITE CLOCKS ANTENNA ORIENTATIONS COORDINATE RESULTS ORBIT RESULTS IONOSPHERE RESULTS IONEX OUTPUT FILE VAR/COVAR MATRIX COORD. VAR/COVAR MATRIX TOTAL NORMAL EQUATIONS RESIDUALS EARTH ROTATION PARAMETERS IERS FORMAT ERP OUTPUT TROPOSPHERE CORRECTIONS GRID PHASE CENTER OUTPUT HARM. PHASE CENTER OUTPUT U: [ROMU982.ATM]ROMU982.ION U: [ROMU982.RB]ROMU982.CLK 1ROMU982 H: ROMU983 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:49 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 1. CAMPAIGNS CAMPAIGN NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME NUM STATION NAME ROMU982 1 GPS1 2 GPS2 3 GPS3 7 GPS7 4 GPS4 5 GPSS 6 GPS6 2. OBSERVATION FILES ROMU982 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: FILE TYP FREQ. STATION 1 STATION 2 AMB.I.+S. #CLUSTERS SESS FIRST OBSERV.TIME #EPO DT #EF #CLK ARC #SAT W 12 #AMB L1 L2 L5 RM 123

1 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS3 1 98-1-2 9:58:3 1683 3 E E 1 27 N y N 33 1 1 33 2 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS3 1 98-1-3 ::3 1128 3 E E 1 27 N y N 28 6 6 28 3 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS4 1 98-1-2 1:12:3 1655 3 E E 1 27 N y N 33 1 2 33 4 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS4 1 98-1-3 ::3 921 3 E E 1 24 N y N 24 5 5 24 5 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS5 1 98-1-2 9:43:3 1713 3 E E 1 27 N y N 33 1 2 33 6 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS5 1 98-1-3 ::3 978 3 E E 1 26 N y N 27 7 7 27 7 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS6 1 98-1-2 1:25: 163 3 E E 1 27 N y N 33 1 1 33 8 p L1,L2 GPS1 GPS6 1 98-1-3 ::3 859 3 E E 1 24 N y N 24 6 6 24 9 p L1,L2 GPS3 GPS2 1 98-1-2 9:58:3 1683 3 E E 1 27 N y N 33 1 2 33 1 p L1,L2 GPS3 GPS2 1 98-1-3 :: 842 3 E E 1 24 N y N 24 6 6 24 11 p L1,L2 GPS6 GPS7 1 98-1-2 1:35:3 169 3 E E 1 27 N y N 33 1 2 33 12 p L1,L2 GPS6 GPS7 1 98-1-3 :: 86 3 E E 1 24 N y N 24 6 6 24 SATELLITES: ---------- FILE #SAT SATELLITES ---------------------------------------------------- 1 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 2 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 3 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 4 24 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 5 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 6 26 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 7 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 8 24 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 9 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 1 24 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 11 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 12 24 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 OBSERVATION SELECTION: --------------------- SAMPLING RATE : 3 SEC ELEVATION CUT-OFF ANGLE : 2 DEGREES 1ROMU982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:49 H: ROMU983 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. GENERAL OPTIONS ------------------ A PRIORI SIGMA: 124

A PRIORI SIGMA :.1 M (ZERO-DIFF. 11 PHASE) CORRELATIONS AND SESSIONS: STRATEGY TIME INTERVAL CORRELATIONS CORRECTLY MODELLED 1. SEC (TO IDENTIFY EPOCH) SESS #FILE FILE NUMBERS 1 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION STRATEGY: AMBIGUITIES PRE-ELIMINATED SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS: STRATEGY : SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS NOT APPLIED 1ROMU982 H: ROMU983 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:49 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 4. STATIONS LOCAL GEODETIC DATUM: DATUM NAME ELL. PARAM./ SCALE SHIFTS TO WGS-84 ROTATIONS TO WGS-84 WGS - 84 A 1/F= se = 6378137. M 298.2572236 O.OOOOOD+OO DX DY DZ. M. M. M RX RY RZ. ". ". " A PRIORI STATION COORDINATES: NUM STATION NAME OBS E/F/C U: [ROMU982.STA]ROMU982.CRD WGS-84 COORDINATES IN METERS X Y Z ELLIPSOIDAL COORDINATES IN LOCAL DATUM LATITUDE LONGITUDE HEIGHT (M) 125

1 GPS1 y FIXED 241839.372 138869.5136 572515.2143 64 13 2.6339 2 9 55 54.11859 241.66 3 GPS3 y ESTIM 241512.9957 138769.3887 572721.822 64 13 19.254883 29 55 41.82766 222.447 4 GPS4 y ESTIM 241183.6629 1388327.787 572712.9448 64 13 18.179839 29 56 34.97731 228.667 5 GPS5 y ESTIM 241165.8443 1387498.188 572528.899 64 13 5.389555 29 55 9.24823 214.684 6 GPS6 y ESTIM 241171.3 51 1388657.9331 57227.4931 64 12 44.8899 29 56 23.339861 236.4912 2 GPS2 y ESTIM 249792.7492 1387832.97 572997.1485 64 13 39.21643 29 56 17.584812 229.6879 7 GPS7 y ESTIM 241852.692 1389251.9113 57225.3683 64 12 4.79647 29 57 9.66445 224.217 1ROMU982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:49 H: ROMU983 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 5. SATELLITE ORBITS ARC CHARACTERISTICS: ARC START OF ARC END OF ARC SOURCE #SAT SATELLITES 1 98-1-2 :: 98-1-4 :: PR1998.276 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 OSCULATING ELEMENTS: U: [ROMU982.RB]ROMU982.STD REFERENCE SYSTEM: J2. REFERENCE EPOCH : 5188.415625 MJD (1998 1 2 9 58 3.) SAT S.MAJ.AXIS ECCENTRIC. INCLINAT. NODE PERIGEE M. ANOMALY PER.PASS.TIME -------------------------------------------------- 1 26561984.1.41999 54.793522 136.191 262.97498-15.259376 5188.5614212 2 2656267.1.183194 53.719951-18.238993-128.593886-4.884516 5188.42239 3 26559191.9.156943 54.33945-46.27783-221.162687 153.948269 5188.224227 4 26558221.6.47271 56.891 15.88628-45.644955 131.41289 5188.233643 5 26558746.. 135596 53.886237-17.225575-18.186152 144.43317 5188.2161451 6 26561251.7. 691165 54.761834-44.1269-144.26617 17.668227 5188.1792398 7 26562395.4.129738 54.879854-45.973874 233.39346-75.159497 5188.5197319 8 26561426.3.9815 54.92331-163.63464 13.433554 51.128275 5188.344887 9 26561894.4.793682 54.9336-165.788433-337.91482 163.775917 5188.1887778 1 2656834.9.297385 55.447284 74.69539-9.289723-1.655341 5188.4179177 13 2656517.3.17199 55.1784 134.781218-76.815956 45.124166 5188.3531281 14 2656556..17537 55.763852 77.319571 152.4618-35.921992 5188.465377 15 26561699.9.714398 56.317171 18.161469-268.81769 89.499522 5188.29166 126

16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 3 31 26558778.8 2656615.4 26561342. 2656684.7 2656875.8 26563156. 26558415.2 2656121.1 26557763.7 26558874. 265617.5 26558463. 26559355.3 26558343.5.32715.153.72524.424646.14654. 112922. 131162. 83721.72958.16616.1296268.6268.56834.821714 55.556997 56.39112 54.179441 53.147717 55.41922 53.712933 55.585733 56.57412 53.677416 54.96318 53.923393 54.766817 54.3628 54.845893 77.64493 2.321626 132.657487-168.64861 75.4789-17.4233 77.281977 16.2377-167.798399 135.149116-166.73325 133.629358-15.673753-45.91533 12.151476 67.423944-24.699782 157.16415 99.341392-77.116616-161.557895 125.94984-158.88478 17.31439 2.259531-19.94555-116.2549 1. 569987-14.192374 155.9282 22.228551-137.556149-8.5592-88.83351-173.678888 15.27575 245.154257-13.282784 89.787765 -.45497 43.238525-143.32948 5188.3222521 5188.1979516 5188.5224364 5188.2423669 5188.39236 5188.4432468 5188.413458 5188.199756 5188.66115 5188.5386479 5188.2698225 5188.558655 5188.4161866 5188.6141113 SATELLITE PROBLEMS: SAT PROBLEM TYPE ACTION FROM TO 11 BAD PHASE+CODE 2 BAD PHASE+CODE 28 BAD PHASE+CODE OBS. REMOVED OBS. REMOVED OBS. REMOVED 97-6-4 97-1-1 97-5-6 :: :: :: -1-1 -1-1 -1-1 :: :: :: 1ROMU982 H: ROMU983 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:49 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 6. ATMOSPHERE TROPOSPHERE MODEL: TROPOSPHERE MODEL: SAASTAMOINEN METEO VALUES : EXTRAPOLATED REFERENCE HEIGHT :. M TEMPERATURE AT REF. HEIGHT: 18. c PRESSURE AT REF. HEIGHT: 113.25 MBAR HUMIDITY AT REF. HEIGHT: 5. % TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS: MAPPING FUNCTION USED FOR DELAY ESTIMATION: 1/COS(ZENITH-DISTANCE) 127

PAR STATION NAME VALIDITY START VALIDITY END SIGMA (M) ABS/REL ----------------------------------------------- 1 GPS3 1998 1 1 24. 1998 1 4..1 ABS 2 GPS4 1998 1 1 24. 1998 1 4..1 ABS 3 GPS5 1998 1 1 24. 1998 1 4..1 ABS 4 GPS6 1998 1 1 24. 1998 1 4..1 ABS 5 GPS2 1998 1 1 24. 1998 1 4..1 ABS 6 GPS7 1998 1 1 24. 1998 1 4..1 ABS IONOSPHERE MODELS: U: [ROMU982.ATM]ROMU982.ION TYPE OF IONOSPHERE MODELS : LOCAL RADIUS OF THE EARTH : 6378.14 KM DEG. OF DEVELOP. ORIGIN OF DEVELOPMENT HEIGHT NORMAIZATION FACTORS MODEL TIME LAT. MIXED VALIDITY START VALIDITY END LOCAL TIME LAT. (D) LONG. (D) (KM) TIME(H) LAT. (D) ELE.CONT. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 2 1 3 2 1 4 2 1 5 2 1 6 2 1 7 2 1 8 2 1 2 1998 1 2 1998 1 2 1998 1 2 1998 1 2 1998 1 2 1998 1 2 1998 1 2 5. 1998 1 2 13. 1998 1 2 9. 64.21 29.93 4 2. 6..1D+18 2 11. 1998 1 2 19. 1998 1 2 15. 64.21 29.93 4 2. 6..1D+18 2 17. 1998 1 2 22. 1998 1 2 19.5 64.21 29.93 4 2. 6..1D+18 2 2. 1998 1 3 1. 1998 1 2 22.5 64.21 29.93 4 2. 6..1D+18 2 23. 1998 1 3 6. 1998 1 3 2.5 64.21 29.93 4 2. 6..1D+18 2 23. 1998 1 3 6. 1998 1 3 2.5 64.21 29.93 4 2. 6..1D+18 3 4. 1998 1 3 11.8 1998 1 3 7.9 64.21 29.93 4 2. 6..1D+18 MODEL TERM POL. DEGREE IN TIME LATIT. COEFFICIENT SIGMA 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 1 1.19493E+1. 855134E-2.45783E+.276284E-2 -.262E+.22914E-2 -.15965E+.38737E-2.22598E-1. 41397E-2 3 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 1 1.1296E+1 -.69523E+ -.294517E-1 -.567448E+.193679E-1.24153E-1.76629E-2.529758E-2.857527E-2.68273E-2 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 1 1.91885E+.538857E-2 -.525911E-2 -.142545E+.249756E+.324564E-1.13366E-1.11711E-1.129482E-1.128144E-1 128

5 1.52938E+.333753E-1 2 1 -.22849E-1.14728E-1 3 2 -.156847E-1.123788E-1 4 1.37199E-1.141974E-1 5 1 1.46541E-1.14319E-1 6 1.41438E+.83419E-2 2 1 -.434723E-3.233543E-2 3 2.13442E+.216153E-2 4 1.546152E-1.391732E-2 5 1 1 -.895828E-1.33361E-2 7 1.41438E+OO.83419E-2 2 1 -.434723E-3.233543E-2 3 2.13442E+.216153E-2 4 1.546152E-1.391732E-2 5 1 1 -.895828E-1.33361E-2 8 1.139565E+1.576384E-2 2 1. 211166E+.161893E-2 3 2 -.873792E-1.145595E-2 4 1 -.54788E-1.242944E-2 5 1 1 -.587787E-1.259239E-2 1ROMU982 H: ROMU983 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:49 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 8. POLE COORDINATES AND TIME INFORMATION A PRIORI POLE AND TIME INFORMATION FORM THE POLE FILE: DATUM TIME X-POLE (") Y-POLE (") UT1-UTC (S) GPS-UTC (S) RMS XP (") RMS YP ( ") EP-CPO (") PS-CPO (") RMS EP (") RMS PS (") --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RMS DT (S) 98-1-2 ::.12644.44387 -.159363 12..9.7 -.745 -.5232.6.6 98-1-3 ::.12799.44264 -.16765 12..1.8 -.745 -.5232.6.6 98-1-4 ::.12975.44129 -.162394 12..11.1 -.729 -.5227.6.6.15.14.18 CELESTIAL POLE OFFSET MODEL: NO MODEL 129

1ROMU982 H: ROMU983 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:49 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 11. TEST OUTPUT --------------- MAXIMUM SYNCHRONIZATION ERRORS: ------------------------------ SESS FILE STATION NAME 1 STATION NAME 2 ---------------------------------- 1 1 GPS1 1 2 GPS1 1 3 GPS1 1 4 GPS1 1 5 GPS1 1 6 GPS1 1 7 GPS1 1 8 GPS1 1 9 GPS3 1 1 GPS3 1 11 GPS6 1 12 GPS6 GPS3 GPS3 GPS4 GPS4 GPSS GPSS GPS6 GPS6 GPS2 GPS2 GPS7 GPS7 SYNCH. ERROR (NS)............ 1ROMU982 H: ROMU983 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:49 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. 12. RESULTS (PART 1) NUMBER OF PARAMETERS (PART 1): PARAMETER TYPE #PARAMETERS #PRE-ELIMINATED #SET-UP #NO-OBS #REF #SINGULAR STATION COORDINATES AMBIGUITIES TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS 18 8 6 8 (BEFORE INV) 18 88 6 8 4 TOTAL NUMBER OF PARAMETERS 32 8 112 8 4 13

NUMBER OF DODBLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATIONS (PART 1): TYPE FREQDENCY FILE #OBSERVATIONS PHASE PHASE L1 L2 ALL ALL 78723 78723 TOTAL NUMBER OF DODBLE DIFF. OBSERVATIONS 157446 SIGMA OF SINGLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATION (PART 1): SIGMA OF SINGLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVATION:.72 M (CONVERTED TO L1 PHASE) DEGREE OF FREEDOM 157418 1ROMU982 H: ROMU983 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:49 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. STATION COORDINATES: (NOT SAVED) NUM STATION NAME PARAMETER A PRIORI VALDE NEW VALDE NEW- A PRIORI RMS ERROR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-D ELLIPSOID 2-D ELLIPSE 3 GPS3 X 241512.9957 241512.9959.2.3 y 138769.3 887 138769.389.3.2 z 572721.822 572721.8245.25.7 HEIGHT 222.447 222.4431.24.8 LATITDDE 64 13 19.254883 64 13 19.25498.8.1 LONGITDDE 29 55 41.82766 29 55 41.827617.1.1.8.3.1 91.3.1 91.3.1..1 4 GPS4 X 241183.6629 241183.6631.2.3 y 1388327.787 1388327.7877.7.2 z 572712.9448 572712.9487.39.8 HEIGHT 228.667 228.6645.38.9 LATITDDE 64 13 18.179839 64 13 18.17988.12.1 LONGITDDE 29 56 34.97731 29 56 34.97771.5.1.9.3.1 91.4.1 91.4.1 -.1.1 5 GPS5 X 241165.8443 241165.8466.23.3 131

y 1387498.188 z 572528.899 1387498.1891. 11 572528.941.42.2.8 HEIGHT 214.684 LATITUDE 64 13 5.389555 LONGITUDE 29 55 9.24823 214.6853.49 64 13 5.389541 -.4 29 55 9.2486 -.2.8.1.1.8.1.1.2 91.4 -.1.1.1 91.4 6 GPS6 X 241171.3 51 y 1388657.9331 z 57227.4931 241171.382.31 13 88657.9349.18 57227.4989.58.3.2.8 HEIGHT 236.4912 LATITUDE 64 12 44.8899 LONGITUDE 29 56 23.339861 236.498.68 64 12 44.88967 -.7 29 56 23.339862..9.1.1.9.1.1.3 91.9..1.1 92. 2 GPS2 X 249792.7492 y 1387832.97 z 572997.1485 249792.7474 -.18 1387832.95 -.2 572997.153.18.3.2.8 HEIGHT 229.6879 LATITUDE 64 13 39.21643 LONGITUDE 29 56 17.584812 229.6888.9 64 13 39.216116.22 29 56 17.584866.7.9.1.1.9.1.1.3 91.6..1.1 91.6 7 GPS7 X 241852.692 y 1389251.9113 z 57225.3683 241852.739.47 1389251.9141.28 57225.3789.16.3.2.8 HEIGHT 224.217 LATITUDE 64 12 4.79647 LONGITUDE 29 57 9.66445 224.2136. 119 64 12 4.796396 -.3 29 57 9.66452.1.9.1.1.9.1.1.3 92...1.1 92. 1ROMU982 H: ROMU983 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:49 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. TROPOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS: REQUEST STATION NAME ZENITH CORR. (M) RMS (M) ------------------------------------------------- 1 GPS3 -.11.3 2 GPS4 -.22.3 3 GPS5 -.14.3 4 GPS6 -.23.3 5 GPS2 -.15.3 6 GPS7 -.45.3 132

1ROMU982 PROGRAM GPSEST 18-DEC-98 13:49 H: ROMU983 BERNESE GPS SOFTWARE VERSION 4. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- RMS ERRORS OF ELLIPS. COORDINATES AND COORDINATE DIFFER. IN MM (PART 1): ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------- NUM 1 1 3 4 5 6 2 7 ---------------------------------------------------.1.1.1.1.1.1 3.1.1.1.1.1.1 1 ~ H.8.9.8.9.9.9 B.1.1.1.1.1.1 4 1 L.1.1.1.1.1.1 H.9.9.9.9.9.9 B.1.1.1.1.1.1 5 1 L.1.1.1.1.1.1 H.8.9.8.9.9.9 B.1.1.1.1.1.1 6 1 L.1.1.1.1.1.1 H.9.9.9.9.9.9 B.1.1.1.1.1.1 2 1 L.1.1.1.1.1.1 H.9.9.9.9.9.9 B.1.1.1.1.1.1 7 1 L.1.1.1.1.1.1 H.9.9.9.9.9.9 133