https://helda.helsinki.fi Pohjoinen on punainen? Kopra, Sanna-Kaisa 2018-11 Kopra, S-K 2018, ' Pohjoinen on punainen? Kiina ja Arktiksen uusi alueellistuminen ', Kosmopolis : rauhan-, konfliktin- ja maailmanpolitiikan tutkimuksen aikakauslehti, Vuosikerta. 48, Nro 3, Sivut 22-39. http://hdl.handle.net/10138/298366 Downloaded from Helda, University of Helsinki institutional repository. This is an electronic reprint of the original article. This reprint may differ from the original in pagination and typographic detail. Please cite the original version.
Artikkeli Pohjoinen on punainen? Kiina ja Arktiksen uusi alueellistuminen Liisa Kauppila ja Sanna Kopra Tämä artikkeli analysoi Kiinan roolia Arktisen alueen muutoksessa uuden alueellistumisen teorioiden näkökulmasta. Se korostaa Arktiksen olevan sosiaalisesti konstruoitu alue, jota määrittelevät prosessit ovat murroksessa globalisaation ja ilmastonmuutoksen vuoksi. Artikkeli väittää, että etenkin Kiinan nousu suurvallaksi muokkaa maapallon pohjoisimpien osien dynamiikkaa ja edistää niin sanotun Aasian ja Arktiksen toiminnallisen alueen rakentumista sekä diskursiivisesti että materiaalisesti. Artikkeli pohtii myös lyhyesti tämän käynnissä olevan arktisen tilallisen muutoksen laajempia poliittisia, taloudellisia ja ympäristöllisiä vaikutuksia. Avainsanat: alue, alueellistuminen, arktinen, Kiina, talouskehitys Johdanto: Kiinan nousu ja globalisaation aikakausi ± ± ± ± ±ƒ ƒ ± ± ; ƒ ± ± ± ; ± ± ; ± ± ± ƒ± ƒ ; ± ;± ± ± ƒ ; ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ) ) ± ± ±; ) ± ƒƒ ; ; ; ± ƒ ; ;; ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ±± ; ± ± ƒ ; ) ; ; ; ƒ ; ;;± ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ƒƒ ± ± ± ;ƒ )± ± ƒƒ ; ± ± ± ± ± ;ƒ ;; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ; ± ƒ ; ±± ± ± ; ± ± ; ; ±± ± ± ;ƒ ))± ; ;± ƒ) ± ± ± )± ;; ± ± ± ; ƒ ; ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ƒ) ± ; ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ;± ; ± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ) ;ƒ ;±±) ; ± ± ; ; ± ± ;ƒ ;± ± ± ;ƒ±± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ;;± ƒ ± ± ƒ ±; ;± ; ± ; 22 Kosmopolis Vol. 48: 3/2018
± ± ; ; ± ±± ± ± ƒ± ƒ ± ; ; ƒ ; ± ; ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ; ; ± ± ± ± ;ƒ )± ; ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ƒ ; ;±± ; ;;± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ; ±; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± å ± å ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ƒ) ; ƒ ƒ ; ; ) ± ± ± ; ±; ± ± ƒ ±; ± ± ) ) ± ± ± ± ƒ ; ± ± ± ; ;;± ± ; ƒ ; ± ; ± ; ± ±± ± ± ± ± ƒ ; ; ± ± ;ƒ )± ƒ ± ; ƒ ; ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ; ;± ± ;;± ± ;; ƒ ; ± ± ± ±; ) ± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ± ± ± ; ;± ƒ ± ;; ƒ±ƒ ±± ± ± ± ƒƒ± ± ±± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ; ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ; ; ± ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ± ; ))± ƒ) ƒ±±; ± ± ±± ± ± ; ; ; ; ; ± ± ± ± ; ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ƒ ; )± ± ƒƒ ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ; ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ƒ± ƒ ± ± ± ;ƒ ;±±) ; ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ± ; ± ±± ± ƒ) ; ; ; ± ± ƒ ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ )± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ± ; ± ; ;;± ± ± ; ; ƒ ); ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ƒ) ±± ±± Kosmopolis 23
Liisa Kauppila ja Sanna Kopra ± ƒ ƒ ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ± ƒ ; ) ; Toiminnallisten talousalueiden sosiaalinen rakentuminen ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ; ± ± ; ;; ± ± ± ƒ ƒƒ± ƒ ± ; ± ƒ ; ± ± ± ± ƒ ; ƒ ; ±± ± ± ; ± ± ;;± ;; ) ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ; ; ± ) ; ) ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ; ± ; ± ± ; ; ± ±; ) ± ƒ) ± ± ; ;; ± ; ;; ± ± ƒ ) ± ƒ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ±; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±; ; ±± ± ± ± ± ) ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ƒ ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ƒ ) ; ± ; ; ±; ) ; å ±± ± å ± ± ±± ; ± å ±å ± ± ± ; ± ± ; ; ) ; ± ± ± ± ;ƒ ; ± ƒ ; ± ; ± ; ƒ ; å ƒ± ƒ ; å å ± å ; ; å å ± ± ± ±; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ;; ± ± ± ;; ± ƒ ±; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ;ƒ ; ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒƒ ; ± ± ± ; ± ; ± ;; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ±± ± ƒ ; ±; ± ±± ; ± ; ƒ ± ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ; ;; ± 24 Kosmopolis
Kiina ja Arktiksen uusi alueellistuminen ± ± ± ± ± ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±; ƒƒ ƒ ±; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ±;; ƒ ; ƒ ; ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ;; ) ± )ƒ ; ; ; ± ± ; ;; ; ± ± ; ±ƒƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ;; ƒ ± ± ± ;; ± ± ± ± ;ƒ ;; ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ƒ ; ±± ± ± ƒ) ± ± ± ƒ ; ± ± ; ƒ ; ; ; ;± ± ± ;;± ± ± ± ; ; ƒ ) ; ƒ ƒ ; ƒ ; ;; ± ƒ ; ;± ƒ ± ; ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ± ƒ ; ± ) ± ƒ ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ;± ± ;; ± ä ƒ ƒ ± ± ) ;; ± ä ± ; ± ± ± ; ; ± ; ; ± ± ƒ ± ƒ ; ± ± ; ; ƒ) ƒ±±; ƒ) ± ƒ ; ± ± ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ± ;ƒ ; ; )± ± ƒƒ ; ± ± ± ± ±; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ;; ±± ±; ; ± ;; ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ±±; ± ± ±± ± ± ± ƒ±±ƒ± ± ±; ; ± ±± ± ± ƒ± ƒ ± ± ± ±± ± ± å ƒ ƒƒ å ± 1 Tällä hetkellä vuonna 1996 perustettu Arktinen neuvosto on alueen tärkein hallitusten välinen keskustelufoorumi. Sen jäseniä ovat kahdeksan arktista valtiota sekä arktisten alkuperäiskansojen edustajat. Ei-arktiset valtiot sekä ei-valtiolliset toimijat voivat hakea neuvoston tarkkailijastatusta. Kiina on ollut Arktisen neuvoston tarkkailija vuodesta 2007 lähtien, ja se sai pysyvän tarkkailijan aseman vuonna 2013. Tämä takaa Kiinalle mahdollisuuden osallistua Arktisen neuvoston toimintaan, mutta ei anna äänestysoikeutta. Kosmopolis 25
Liisa Kauppila ja Sanna Kopra ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ; ± ± ±± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ; ; ; ; ± ± ; ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ƒ± ƒ; Kiina ja arktiset alueellistumisprosessit ± ; ; ± ƒ ; ±± ± ƒ ;;± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ƒ± ƒ ± ; ± ; ;ƒ ;±±) ; ± ± ± ± ± ƒƒ ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ±± ± ± ; ƒ ± ƒƒ ; ± ± ± ; )± ± ƒƒ ± ± ± ± ± Fasilitoiva taso ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ƒ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ; ;± ƒ ± ± ± ±; ; ± ; ;± ± ± ± ± ± ±; ƒ) ± ± ; ±; ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ; ; ; ±± ;; ) ; ± ± ƒ) ± ±± ± ± ± ± ƒ ; ; ; ± ± ± ƒ ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ± ± ± ±± ± ƒ ƒ ; ± ± ± ; ƒ ± ± ; ± ± ±± ± ; ±; ƒ ƒ ±; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±; ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ƒ ) ; ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ; ± ; ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± 2 Talouskasvu nähdään Kiinan kommunistisen puolueen legitimiteetin tärkeimpänä ennakkoehtona ja keinona pönkittää Kiinan nousevaa asemaa suurvaltana. Kiinassa vallalla olevan diskurssin mukaan talouskasvu ja modernisaatio ovat keskeisessä roolissa maan pyrkiessä pyyhkimään pois sadan vuoden häpeää ( ), joka kiinalaisten historioitsijoiden mukaan lankesi maan kohtaloksi sen taannuttua takapajuisuuden ja kansallisen heikkouden tilaan 1800-luvun alkupuolella tulkinnasta riippuen joko länsivaltojen aggression seurauksena tai tämän edistämänä (ks. Gries 2004, 50 51). Talouden rakennemuutos puolestaan viittaa teollisuustuotannon merkityksen vähenemiseen suhteessa kotimaiseen kulutukseen ja palvelusektorin kokoon. Ulkomaisten investointien ja halvan työvoiman sijaan suositaan vihreämpää kasvua, parempaa tuottavuutta sekä teknologisia innovaatioita. 26 Kosmopolis
Kiina ja Arktiksen uusi alueellistuminen ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ; )± ; ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ; ƒƒ ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ; ± ± ;ƒ ; å ;; å ± ; ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ±±; ) ± ± ± ± ;;± ƒ ; ; ; ; ; ± ± ± ± ±± ± ; ± ± ± ± ; ; ± ±± ± ƒ ± ± ± ;ƒ±± ƒ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ) ± ± ± ± ƒ ±; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ;± ƒ ± ; ± ±± ± ;ƒ±± ƒ ± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ; ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ; ;; ± ± ± ± ;ƒ ; ; ; ± ƒ) ±± ± ± ƒ) ƒ± ; ± ƒ ƒ ƒ ; ± ± ±; ;± )± ±± ƒ) ± ±; ; ; å ± ± ± ± å ±± ± ± ƒ ƒ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ; )± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ) ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ± ± ±± ± ;ƒ±± ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ;± ± ± ±± ± ± ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ± ƒ ƒ ƒƒ ± ± ± ± ± ;ƒ ;± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± Kosmopolis 27
Liisa Kauppila ja Sanna Kopra ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) )± ± ± ± ± ± ± ;; ± ± ±± ƒ ƒ ; ± ± ± ; ± ;; ;± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ±; ;± ± ± ± ± ; ± ƒ ƒ ƒ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±; ;± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ƒ) ) ± ± ; ± ;; ;± ± ± ƒ ƒ) ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ±ƒ ± ƒ ± ± ;±± ; ± ± ;ƒ ;;± ; ; ; ± ± ; ; ± ± ± ± ; ; ; ± ± ± ± ; ± ƒ ; ± ; ; ± ± ± ± ƒ) ; ±± ƒ ; ± ; ; ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ) ; ± ± ; ; ± ± ± ±; ; ± ± ; ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ƒ± ƒ ; ± ± ± ƒ ± ; ± ± ± ±± ± ä ± ± ± ± ± ; ±; ƒ ; ) ƒƒ ä ± ; ;±ƒ ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ; ±± ; ± ;; ±; ± ; ; ƒ ƒ) ; ± ± ± ± ± ±± ±; ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ; ±±ƒ ; ; ; ± ; ± ± ;;± ± ± ±± ± ±; ) ; ± ± ; ±± ;±± ±; ;± ± ± ; ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ; ; ; ±; ; ; ;; ; ±; ;± ± ; ± ±; ; ; ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ; ± ; ± ;; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ; ; ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ;± ± ± ƒ ± ± ; ; ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ; ± ± ;±± ; ± ; ±; ƒ ; ) ; ; ± ± 28 Kosmopolis
Kiina ja Arktiksen uusi alueellistuminen ± ± ;; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ; ; ; ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ;;± ± ± ±± ± ƒ ƒ) )± ± ± ƒ) ƒƒ± ; ;;± ƒ ± ± ƒ ; ± ± ± ; ± ƒ ƒ ; ;± ƒ ± ± ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ƒ ; ± ± ± ; ; ; ; ;±; ± ± ± ± ± ;; ƒ) ± ± ± ;; ± ± ± ƒ ) ± ; ± ± ±± ± ; ± ± ± ± ƒ ; ƒ ;; ; ; [ ; ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ƒ± ƒ ; ± ±± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ƒ ƒ±ƒ ± ƒ ;;± ƒ ; ;;± ƒ ; ; ;; ± ± ± ; ± ± ± Ò ƒƒ ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ;; ) ± ± ± ± ± ±± ±±; ; ) ;± ; ;;± ± ƒ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ; ƒ ƒ ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ;; ) ; ±±ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ;; ) ± ± ± ;; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ƒ± ƒ; ƒ) ±± ± ; ); ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ƒ ± ƒ ƒ ± ;; ƒ± ; ; ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ±; ± ± ± ± ± ;; ) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ;;± å ; å ± å ƒ ; å ± ± ± ;; ) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±;± ; ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ;ƒ ;; ƒ ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Kosmopolis 29
Liisa Kauppila ja Sanna Kopra ± ± ± ; ;± ƒ) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ƒ± ; ; ± ƒ ;;± ; ); ; ; ;; ± ± ± ; ; ± ƒ ± ± ƒ ; ) ; ± ± ± ±± ± ƒ ± ± ; ±± ± ƒ ±; ± ± ±ƒ ƒ ƒ ± ± ƒ± ± ± ; ± ± ; ; ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ƒ )± ± ± ; ±± ± ƒ ƒ ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ; ; ± ± ; ± ±ƒ ; ± ± ±± ± ;;± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ; ±; ; ±± ± ± ± ƒ) ; ; ± ± ± ;; ± ; ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ±± ± ƒ) ; ; ± ƒ ; ; ; ƒ ± ;; ) ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ; ± ;; ƒ ƒ) ;;± ± ± ƒ ; ) ƒ ƒ ƒ ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ± ± ä ± ± ± ± ƒ) ƒ ± ±; ƒ ; ± ± ± ƒ ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ƒ ƒ) ; ± ;ƒ ;± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±; ; ƒ ƒ ±; ±± ± ± ±; ± ; ; ± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ ƒ ; ; ±± ; ± ± ± ;; ; ± ± ± ;; ;; ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ;; ; ƒ ± ;ƒ ;; ± ± ; ;; ± ;; ± ± ± ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ; ± ; ; ; ± 30 Kosmopolis
Kiina ja Arktiksen uusi alueellistuminen ; ± ± ± ± ±± ± ;; ;± ;; ; ;± ± ± ± ; ± ± ; ± ƒ ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ±± ƒ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ± ± ; ± ±± ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ; ;± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ä ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ; ;ƒ ; ; ; ± ƒ ± ± ƒ) ;±ƒ ± å ±å ± ;; ± ƒ ƒ) ; ± ± ; ±; ; ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ;;± ± ± ; ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ; ; ; ; ; ± ; ƒ) )ƒ ƒ; ± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ±± ± ƒ) ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ; ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± Virtojen taso ; ±± ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ; ± ± å ; ;å ± ± ± ; ; ƒƒ ; ± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ) ; ± ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ; ± ƒ ƒ)± ;ƒ±± ƒ ± ± ƒ ;; ±± ±± ± ä ± ± ä ƒ) ± ± ± ; ;ƒ ;±±) ; ± ± ± ƒ ) ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ;ƒ±± ƒƒ ± ƒ ) ± ±± ± ± ±± ± ± ; ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ƒ ; ± ; ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ƒ )± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ƒ ; ± ƒ) ± ; ƒ ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ; ± ±± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ ± ±± ± ; ± ;; ;; ; ; ±± ± ± ± Kosmopolis 31
Liisa Kauppila ja Sanna Kopra ± ± ± ; ; ± ; ; ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ;ƒ ;; ± ;ƒ±± ƒ ; ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ±; ± ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ;; ± ± ± ± ± ± ;; ; ± ± ± ; ;; ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ƒƒ ƒ ƒ) ; ± ± ± ± ± ; ƒ ƒ ; ± ; ;; ± ƒ ƒ± ± ± ± ;;± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ± ; ;; ; ; ± ;; ± ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ƒ ; ƒ) ƒ ƒ) ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ;;± ± ± ±± ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ;ƒ±± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ± ± ± ƒ ƒ) ± ; ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ;; ± ± ± ƒ ± ; ;; ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ± ;± ± ƒ) ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ)± ± ; ; ; ƒ ; ƒ ; ; ;; ± ± ± ; ;; ƒ ; ƒ ƒ) ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ± ƒ ± ± ± ƒ ± ; ± ƒ ƒ) ± ± ± ; ; ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ±± ƒ ; ; ; ± ± ƒ ; ± ± ± ± ; ; ± ; ± ;± ƒ) ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ƒ ±± ± ± ±± ±±;ƒ ; ;± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ) ; ± ± ± ƒ) ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ±; ) ± ±± ;ƒ ;± ƒ) ± ;ƒ ;± ± ± ± ± ± ± ;ƒ ; ; ; ± ±± ± ;ƒ ; ; ;;±±) ± ± ± ;;±±) ; ; ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ; ±± ;ƒ ; ; ± ; ± ± ; ±ƒ 32 Kosmopolis
Kiina ja Arktiksen uusi alueellistuminen ;ƒ ;; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ;ƒ ; ; ± ± ; ± ;ƒ ; ; ± ƒ ±± ± ±± ± ± ± ; ƒ ƒ ± ± ±± ± ± ± ƒ) ± ± ±± ± ; ± ± ; ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ;; ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ;;± ƒ±ƒ ± ± ±± ; ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ± å ± å ±; ƒƒ ;±; ± ± ; ) ƒ ; ; ƒ) ƒ ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ±;ƒ ;ƒ ƒ ; ƒ) ± ƒ ;±; ± ; ;; ;; ±±; ) ± ±± ± ± ƒ å ± å ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ƒ) ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ƒ) ƒ± ± ± ± ;; ; ;;± ƒ ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ;; ; ± ƒ) ± ;± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ;± ± ± ; ;±; ±± ±± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ;± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ;; ;± ± Loppupäätelmät ± ± ± ; ± ±± ± ;;± ƒ ; å ± ± å ± ƒ) ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ;;± ± ± ± ; ± ± ; ± ƒ ƒ)± ƒ± ƒ ;; ± ; ; ; ;; ; ;ƒ ;±±) ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ;; ± ±± ± ; ; ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ ± )± ; ;;± ± ± ± ä ƒ ;; ;;± ;;± ; ± ä ƒ ; ;; ƒ ; ; ;;± ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ; ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ; ;± ± ƒ± ± ± ± ± ;ƒ ;; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ; ;±± ; ;;± ; ; ± ; ± ƒ ± ±ƒ ƒ ; ; ƒ ; ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± Kosmopolis 33
Liisa Kauppila ja Sanna Kopra ±;± ; ƒ)± ± ± ± ± ) ± ± ƒ ±; ƒƒ ± ƒ ƒ)± ƒ ± ± ± ƒ ; ; ; ; ; ± ;±± ± ± ƒ ± ± ; ; ƒ ;; ; ; ; ) ä ƒ) ;;± ± ± ƒ ƒ ; ± ± ±± ± ƒ ±; ; ƒ)± ±; ±; ƒ ± ; ± ± ; ; ;;± ;;± ± ± ±± ± ƒ ƒ; ;; ; ± ; ;;± ±± ; ; ; ; ; ; ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ±± ± ; ƒ ; )± ± ) ƒ± ± ƒ) ; ±± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ; ; ± ± ;; ± ± ±± ± ± ; ; ; ± ± ± ƒ± ƒ ; ƒ) ƒ)± ; ± ± ; ± ± ± ;; ) ± ;; ; ) ± ± ±± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ) ƒ) ±± ± ± ± ; ; ± ± ; ± ƒ ± ƒ ; ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ; ; ;;± ± ± ± ;ƒ ; ± ± ± ± ± ±± ƒ ; ± ± ± ; ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ±; ; ; ƒ) ± ± ;; ;; ; ; ± ± ± ; ; ; ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ) ƒ ;; ± ± ± ; ; ± ± ; ; ±; ; ± ± ± ; ;ƒ±± ; ; ; ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ) ; ± ;; ± ± ± ; ; ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ±± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ; ± ; ± ±± ƒ ; ; ±± ± ; ƒ) ; ;;± ± ± ±; ) ± ± ± ± ± ;ƒ ;; ƒ) ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ±± ± ± ± ; ;;± ± ± ±± ± ± ƒ± ƒ ; ƒ ; ± ± ±; ± ƒ) ; ± ± ; ± ƒ ± ) ± ± ; ; ± ± ± ƒ ; ± ± ƒ) ; ± ± ± ƒ ƒ) ± ; ± ± ± ± ; ; ;±± ; ; ;± ƒ ± ;; 34 Kosmopolis
Kiina ja Arktiksen uusi alueellistuminen ;; ; ; ± ± ± ; ; ƒ ƒ) ; ; ; ± ± ƒ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ; ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ; ; ± ± ;; ;; ; ; ± ± ± ; ;± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ;ƒ ) ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ƒ ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ± ± ± ; ± ;; ;;± ± ± ;±± ; ; ;;± ;; ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ;ƒ±± ; ;;± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ƒ±±ƒ± ;ƒ ;±±) ; Kiitokset ;; ± ƒ ;; ) ; ; ±±ƒ ± ± ±± ;; ± ± ; ;± ± ± ± ; ; ; ; ± ƒ) ƒ ; ƒ ± Lähteet ; ƒ ; ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ƒ ; ± ± ± ± ± å å ä ƒ ƒ ÒÒ Ò Ò Ò ±± å ƒ ± ± ±å ± ƒ ± ± ä ± ± å ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ä ± ± ±± å ± ± ± ± ± å ± ± ± ± ä ± ± ± å ± ± ± ± ±å ± ƒ ÒÒ ± ƒ ±Ò Ò Ò Ò ± ± ± ÒÒ ± ± Ò ± ± Kosmopolis 35
Liisa Kauppila ja Sanna Kopra ± ± ± ± ± ÒÒ ± ± Ò Ò ± Ò ± Ò ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ;± ƒ ± R ÒÒ Ò Ò ± Ò ± é ç ± ±å ± ± ç å ÒÒ ±Ò ±Ò Ò ± ± ± ± ÒÒ ±Ò ±Ò Ò ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ ± ƒ ä ± é ± ± ± ƒ ± é ± ± ƒ ƒ ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ; ; ± ƒ ± ±± ± ;ƒ ;± ; R ± ± ± R ä å é ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ å ä ± ) ± ± > ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ) ± ± > ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ƒ±± ± ± ƒ ä ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ÒÒ ± Ò ± ± Ò Ò Ò Ò ÒÒ Ò ±Ò Ò ±Ò ±± Ò ±± ℵℵ ± ℵℵ Ò Ò Ò ƒ Ò 36 Kosmopolis
Kiina ja Arktiksen uusi alueellistuminen ±± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ƒ ÒÒ Ò ± ± Ò ± Ò ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ƒ ± ÒÒƒ ± Ò ±Ò Ò Ò ± ± ± ÒÒƒ ± Ò ±Ò Ò± Ò Ò ± ± ±é ƒ ÒÒ Ò ± ± Ò Ò Ò Ò ± ± å ± ± ± ±ƒ ± ± ± é ± ± å ÒÒ Ò Ò ± ± ± Ò ± ± ± ±ƒ ± ± ± ± ± ± å ± ± ± ± ± å ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ;ƒ ; ; R ÒÒ ±Ò ± ±Ò Ò Ò ± ± ℵ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ÒÒ ± ±Ò Ò ± Ò Ò Ò Ò ± ± ℵ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± )± ± ± ƒ ± ;; ) ; ± R ÒÒ ±Ò ± Ò ± ± Ò Ò Ò ± ± ℵ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± é ƒ ÒÒ ± ± Ò ± Ò Ò Ò ℵ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±± ± ± ± ± é ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ÒÒ ± ± ± Ò Ò ± ± Ò Ò Ò ± ℵ ± ± ± ± ƒ ƒ ;± ± ± ± ƒ ± ä ±± Ò ƒƒ ± ± ± ƒ ± ± Kosmopolis 37
Liisa Kauppila ja Sanna Kopra ±± å ± ± ± ± ± ;; ; ;; ± ± Ò ± ± ƒ ÒÒ ƒ Ò Ò Ò ℵ ƒℵ ℵ ℵ ℵ ℵ ± ± ± é ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± ± å ± é ± ƒ ± ± ± å ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ä å ä ± ± ± ÒÒ ± ± ± ± ± ÒÒ ± Ò ±Ò Ò Ò ± ℵ ± ÒÒ ± Ò ±Ò Ò Ò ± ℵ ƒ å ÒÒ å ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± å ± ± ± ÒÒ ± ƒ ± ± ± ÒÒ ± ± ±Ò ±Ò Ò Ò Ò ℵ ± ± ± ) ± ± ± ÒÒ Ò ) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ± ± ± å ä ± ± ± ±± ; ± ± ; )± ± ƒƒ ± ± ± ± ± ±± Ò ± 38 Kosmopolis
Kiina ja Arktiksen uusi alueellistuminen å ± ± ± å Ò ± ± Ò ÒÒ ± ± å å ƒ) ; ± ± ± ± ± R ± ± ± ± ÒÒ ±Ò ƒ ±Ò Ò Ò ± ± ℵ ± å å ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ; ; R ƒ ƒ ÒÒ ±Ò Ò Ò ± ± ± ƒ å ± é ± ± å ± ƒ ä ± ± ± ± å å ± ± ± ± ± ± ƒ ;R R ä ± ± ± å ± ± ± å ± ƒ ÒÒ ± ƒ ±Ò Ò ±Ò Ò Ò ± ± ℵ ± å ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± å ƒ ± ± ä ± ± å å ± ;ƒ ;± R ƒ ƒ ÒÒ ±Ò Ò ℵ Ò ± ± å ± ± ± ƒ å ± ± ± ä ± ± ± å ± ± ± ± ±å ± ƒ ÒÒ ± ƒ ±Ò Ò ±Ò Ò Ò ± ± ℵ Kosmopolis 39