Diesel and gas engines: Exhaust gas emissions control and measurements

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1 TUAS Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory Pekka Nousiainen, M.Sc, Senior Lecturer Diesel and gas engines: Exhaust gas emissions control and measurements

Targets Development of low emission diesel- and gas engines Improvement of energy economy of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) Aftertreatment systems research Research and development of alternative

2 Targets Development of low emission diesel- and gas engines Improvement of energy economy of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) Aftertreatment systems research Research and development of alternative fuels Scenarios on engine and fuel development plus energy economy Expert services (consultancy, documentation, simulation, etc.) Education of Internal Combustion engines (Department of Mechanical Engineering / Energy technology) Laboratory has specialized for off-road engines and large ship / power plant engines, Finnish industry is a main customer at the moment

3 Fuel issue Auto- ja kuljetusalan perussoppi. Osa 6. Moottori

4 Off-road engines

5 Ship and power plant engines

6 Laboratory Engine adjustments and measurements 4 eddy-current dynamometers kw Modern exhaust emission measurement devices: Staff: * For Steady State and transients * Gaseous emissions * Smoke, particle mass and size distribution * 6 Research- and Laboratory Engineers * 1 Mechanic * 4 part time Senior Researchers * Students (4-6 per year) Two separate laboratories in the area

7 The location of the laboratory

8 Measurement devices Engine test beds Four Schenck-Horiba eddy- current dynamometers Two ready for transients Gaseous emissions NDIR (CO, CO 2 ) FID (HC) CLD (NO x ) Paramagnetic O 2 FTIR 20 compounds (e.g. CH 4, NH 3 ) Electrochemical cells Laser-based NH 3 indicators NO x sensors Smoke AVL 415 S Heated, unheated Opacimeters Particle size distributions Dekati ELPI Thermodenuder Particle mass Dekati FPS Dekati ejector diluters Gravimetric impactors AVL Micro Soot Sensors Air mass flow ABB sensyflow

9 R&D activities at the moment R&D of off-road diesel engines (AGCO Sisu Power, Ecocat) Emissions reduction, energy economy Marine and power plant engines (Wärtsilä) Scrubbers, machine room air conditioning Liquid biofuels (University of Vaasa, oil producers) For distributed energy production and non-road machines, not vehicle fuels

10 R&D activities at the moment R&D of tractor engines (Valtra Inc.) Fuel additive studies (Wärtsil rtsilä, additive producers) FCEP research program, Cleen Ltd

11 Some results Off-road diesel engines

Test cycles Steady cycle Transient cycle (NRTC) Mode Speed Torque # % 1 Rated 100 2

12 Test cycles Steady cycle Transient cycle (NRTC) Mode Speed Torque # % 1 Rated Rated 75 3 Rated 50 4 Rated 10 5 Intermediate Intermediate 75 7 Intermediate 50 8 Idle 0

13 Miller timing Energy news. Wärtsilä 32. Relative air flow rpm BMEP, bar 0 % 33 % 49 % 67 % 82 % NOx, g/kwh 1500 rpm % BMEP, bar 0 % 33 % 49 % 67 % 82 % BSFC, g/kwh rpm -2-3% BMEP, bar 0 % 33 % 49 % 67 % 82 %

14 Combustion bowl optimization ISO 8178 C1 results PM NMHC+NOx SFC MAN. SAE HDDEC Baseline -3 As before Spray coning angle Number, 1/cm 3 1.E+07 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 Intermediate speed, 75% load Baseline Optimized SFC (g/kwh) Full load Baseline -3 As before E Aerodynamic diameter [nm] Speed (rpm)

Pulse turbocharging 1.2 NRSC Relative emissions 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 PM NOx CO HC Baseline Pulse 1 Pulse 2 BWTS. Relative emissions 1.2 1.

15 Pulse turbocharging 1.2 NRSC Relative emissions PM NOx CO HC Baseline Pulse 1 Pulse 2 BWTS. Relative emissions NRTC PM NOx CO HC Baseline Pulse 1 Pulse 2 Opacity peaks NRTC 5 % 10 % 20 % Baseline Pulse 1 Pulse 2

16 Partial / open flow / flow through filter 1.E+12 1.E+11 Rated speed, 50% load Baseline pdpf BSPM, 1/kWh 1.E+10 1.E+09 1.E+08 Emitec. 1.E Aerodynamic diameter, nm NRTC Pressure (mbar) Backpressure Temperature Temperature before pdpf (ºC) % :00 0:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30 Time 0 NOx PM CO HC Baseline pdpf

17 DPFs / wall flow filters Number [1/cm 3 ] 1.E+08 1.E+07 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 Intermediate speed, 50% load w/o DPF DPF 1 DPF 2 DPF 3 1.E Aerodynamic diameter [nm]

18 Particle size distributions of different engine generations (years ) BSPM (particles/kwh) 1.E+13 1.E+12 1.E+11 1.E+10 1.E+09 1.E+08 Rated speed, full load D CR, 2V CR, 2V, EGR CR, 4V, EGR CR, 4V, SCR BSPM (particles/kwh) 1.E+12 1.E+11 1.E+10 1.E+09 1.E+08 Intermediate speed, full load D D, WG CR, 2V CR, 2V, EGR CR, 4V, EGR CR, 4V, SCR 1.E Aerodynamic diameter (nm) 1.E Aerodynamic diameter (nm) BSPM (particles/kwh) 1.E+13 1.E+12 1.E+11 1.E+10 1.E+09 Rated speed, 10% load D CR, 2V CR, 2V, EGR CR, 4V, EGR CR, 4V, SCR BSPM (particles/kwh) 1.E+13 1.E+12 1.E+11 1.E+10 1.E+09 1.E+08 Intermediate speed, 50% load D CR, 2V CR, 2V, EGR CR, 4V, EGR CR, 4V, SCR VP, EGR 1.E Aerodynamic diameter (nm) 1.E Aerodynamic diameter (nm)

19 Some results Engine biofuels

20 Brake thermal efficiency Relative efficiency , 100% 1500, 100% 1500, 83% 1500, 56% DFO FO CO DFO=Diesel Fuel Oil, FO= Fox Oil, CO= Chicken Oil

21 HC, crude bio-oils HC, g/kwh rpm, 100% 1500 rpm, 100% 1500 rpm, 75% DFO FO CO

22 Nox emissions 10 NOx, g/kwh , 100% 1500, 100% 1500, 83% 1500, 56% DFO FO CO

23 Effect of DPF, PM mass 1500 rpm, 100% 1 Raw PM mass, g/kwh Filtered DFO FO CO

24 Effect of DPF, PM number 1.E+12 CO fuel, 1500 rpm, 83% Raw Filtered BSPM 1/kWh 1.E+10 1.E+08 1.E Aerodynamic diameter, nm

25 BSPM, 1/kWh 1.E+13 1.E+12 1.E+11 1.E+10 1.E+09 PM#, biodiesels 1800 rpm, full load DFO RME StME SalME LinME FME 1.E Aerodynamic diameter, nm

26 With biodiesels, Biodiesels, conclusions BTE was very similar to DFO NO x tended to increase but could be reduced HC decreased relative to DFO CO was fairly similar to DFO Smoke decreased PM mass was considerably lower compared with DFO PM number was better than or fairly similar to DFO but nuclei-mode particles increased at some loads

Internal Combustion Engine studies @ mechanical engineering 1st. and 2nd. year Common studies for all 3rd. year Common studies 3rd. and 4th.

27 Internal Combustion Engine mechanical engineering 1st. and 2nd. year Common studies for all 3rd. year Common studies 3rd. and 4th. year Machine automation 4th. year Production technology 4th. year Product development 4th. year Energy and ICEngine technology 4th. year Naval architecture

28 Thank You! Further information: Senior Lecturer, M.Sc. (Eng.) Pekka Nousiainen Tel

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